Birds and Mammals

Birds

The Physics of Flight

Mammals

Table of Contents

Birds and Mammals

The California Condor

Birds and Mammals

Do you see any similarities?

Birds and Mammals

Archaeopteryx is the earliest known bird fossil

Birds and Mammals

Bird Characteristics• What is a bird?• A bird is an endothermic vertebrate that has feathers and a

four-chambered heart and lays eggs (internal fertilization).

Birds and Mammals - Birds

Characteristics of BirdsThe bodies of most birds have adaptations for flight.

Birds and Mammals

Bird Feathers

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Uses of Bird Feathers

Birds and Mammals - Birds

Characteristics of BirdsAir sacs and a four-chambered heart help birds obtain oxygen and move it to their cells.

Birds and Mammals - Birds

Characteristics of Birds• Birds have four-chambered hearts and

double-loop circulatory systems that efficiently move oxygen to their cells.

• The human heart also has four chambers

• Compare this to a three chambered heart of an adult Amphibian

or• The two chambered heart of a Fish

Birds and Mammals

Bird Anatomy

Birds and Mammals - Birds

Characteristics of Birds• Some birds like this hawk have a crop and a gizzard.

• The crop stores food, and the gizzard crushes food.

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Bird Digestive Organs

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Don’t worry…it’s almost lunch time!

Birds and Mammals

Previewing VisualsWhen you preview, you look ahead at the material to be read. Preview Figure 1. Then write two questions you have about the diagram in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, answer your questions.

Q. How are birds adapted for flight?

A. They have lightweight bones, wings, and contour feathers.

Q. What is the function of contour feathers?

A. They give shape to the body and help the bird balance and steer during flight.

Adaptations for Flight

- Birds

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End of Section:Birds

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Composition of Earth’s Atmosphere

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Birds and Mammals

Wright Brothers First Flight, North Carolina

Birds and Mammals - The Physics of Flight

Staying in the AirThe difference in pressure above and below the wings as a bird moves through the air produces an upward force, called lift, that causes the bird to rise.

Birds and Mammals

Birds in Flight

Three types: Flapping, Soaring & Gliding, and Diving

Birds and Mammals

Bird Diversity

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Relating Cause and EffectA cause makes something happen. An effect is what happens. As you read, identify the physical properties of a bird’s wing that cause lift. Write them down in a graphic organizer like the one below.

Lift

Air flows around the wing.

The shape of the wing causes a difference in air pressure that produces an upward force.

Contour feathers give the wings a smooth shape.

- The Physics of Flight

Cause

Effect

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End of Section:The Physics of

Flight

Birds and Mammals

Mammal Diversity

This circle graph shows the percentages of species of some groups of mammals.

- Mammals

Birds and Mammals

Mammal Diversity

21.8 %

Reading Graphs:

What percentage of species are bats?

- Mammals

Birds and Mammals

Mammal Diversity

78.2 %

Calculating:

What percentage of species are not bats?

- Mammals

Birds and Mammals

Mammal Diversity

The group with the greatest number of species, rodents, would be the tallest.

Graphing:

Suppose you used the data shown in the circle graph to make a bar graph. Which bar would be tallest?

- Mammals

Birds and Mammals

Mammal Diversity

100; no, you do not have to add them because it is a circle chart—the entire chart stands for 100 percent of the items counted— in this case, mammal species.

Predicting:

What total should all the percentages in the pie chart add up to? Do you have to add the percentages to obtain your answer? Explain.

- Mammals

Birds and Mammals

Building VocabularyA definition states the meaning of a word or phrase by telling about its most important feature or function. After you read the section, reread the paragraphs that contain definitions of Key Terms. Use all the information you have learned to write a definition of each Key Term in your own words.

Key Terms: Examples:

- Mammals

mammal The yak is a member of the group of vertebrates called mammals.

mammary gland Every young mammal is fed with milk produced by organs in its mother’s body. These organs are called mammary glands.

diaphragm Mammals breathe in and out because of the combined action of rib muscles and a large muscle called the diaphragm.

Key Terms: Examples:monotreme

marsupial

gestation period

Egg-laying mammals are called monotremes.

Marsupials are mammals whose young are born at an early stage of development and usually continue to develop in a pouch on their mother’s body.

Marsupials have a very short gestation period, the length of time between fertilization and birth.

Key Terms: Examples:placental mammal

placenta

Unlike a monotreme or a marsupial, a placental mammal develops insides its mother’s body until its body systems can function independently.

The name of this group comes from the placenta, an organ in pregnant female mammals that passes materials between the mother and the developing embryo.

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End of Section:Mammals

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Graphic Organizer

Milk from pores or slits on mother’s skin

Hatch from egg

Characteristic Monotremes Marsupials Placental Mammals

How Young Begin Life

How Young Are Fed

Example

Born live, crawl into mother’s pouch

Born live

Milk produced by mother in her pouch

Milk produced by mother

Spiny anteater or duck-billed platypus

Koala, kangaroo, or opossum

Human, giraffe, bear, rabbit, whale, etc.

Birds and Mammals

End of Section:Graphic Organizer