Table of Contents 10400

7/28/2019 Table of Contents 10400

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The law of the seathird edition

R. R. Churchill and A. V. Lowe

Juris Publishing

( ~MANCHESTER

UNIVERSITY PRESS


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p

List of tablesList of figuresSeries editor's forewordPrefaceAbbreviationsTable of cases and incidentsTable of conventions

1 IntroductionScope of the book

Contents

Early development of the subjectSources of the modem law of the seaAttempts at codi ficationInternational organisationsThe present legal regime

2 BaselinesIntroductionThe normal baselineStraight baselinesBaysRiver mouthsHarbour worksLow-tide elevationsIslandsReefsCharts and publicityPresent-day customary international law relating to baselinesValidity of baselines

3 Internal watersDefinitionLegal status

v

page xxixmxivxv

XIXxxiiiII35

13222431313333414647484951535356606060


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Contents

The right of access to ports and other internal waters 61Jurisdiction in internal waters 65

4 The territorial sea 71Development of the concept 71Legal status of the bed, subsoil and supeIjacent air space of

the territorial sea 75The breadth of the territorial sea 77The right of innocent passage 81Rights and duties of the coastal State 92

5 Straits 102Definition 102The regime under customary law and the Territorial Sea 102ConventionThe regime under the Law of the Sea Convention 104The LOSC regime and customary law 11OSpecial regimes 114

6 Archipelagos 118Development of a special regime for archipelagos 118Definition of an archipelago and an archipelagic State 120Archipelagic baselines 123Archipelagic waters 125Customary international law 129Conclusions 130

7 The contiguous zone 132Development of the concept 132Breadth of the contiguous zone 135Legal status of the contiguous zone 137

8 The continental shelf 141Introduction 141The legal status of the continental shelf 142The seaward limit of the continental shelf 145The continental shelves of islands 15OThe rights and duties of the coastal State 151Non-independent territories 157

9 The exclusive economic zone 160Evolution of the EEZ 160Delimitation of the EEZ 162The legal status of the EEZ 165The rights and duties of the coastal State in the EEZ 166

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The rights and duties of other States in the EEZ 170Relationship between the rights of the coastal State and therights of other States 175

The attribution of other rights in the EEZ 175Significance of the EEZ 17610 Delimitation of maritime boundaries 181Introduction 181Territorial sea boundaries 182Continental shelf alld EEZ boundaries 184State practice on delimitation 197Co-operative arrangements 19811 High seas 203IntToduction 203Defmition 203The legal status of the high seas 204Freedom of the high seas 205Jurisdiction on the high seas 20812 The international sea bed area 223

lntroduction 223The background to the Law of tbe Sea Convention provisions 224Resolutions ( and 1I: preparatory investment protection 230Tlte Reciprocating States Regime 232PrepCom, the LOSC regime and the 1994 ImplementationAgreement 236Principles of the Law of the Sea Convention regime 238The International Sea Bed Authority 239The system of exploitation 248The common heritage 252

13 Navigation 255Introduction 255Nationality of ships 257Rights 'of navigation 263Safety of shipping 264Evaluation of IMO conventions 272Other IMO conventions 276

14 Fishing 279Background to the international law of fisheries 279International fisheries law prior to the mid-I970s 284Developments since the mid-1970s 287The fisheries regime of the EEZ 289The management of shared stocks 294Vl l


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Contents

The regulation of fishing on the high seas 296Straddling stocks 305Rules for particular species 311Conclusions 321

15 The prevention of marine pollution and protection of themarine environment 328Introduction 328Sources of marine pollution 329Marine pollutants 331The framework of international law relating to marine pollution 332Pollution from ships 338Dumping 363Pollution from sea-bed activities within national jurisdiction 370Pollution from mining in the international sea bed area 377Land-based sources of marine pollution 379Atmospheric pollution 389Protection of special areas 392Other matters 395Conclusions 395

16 Marine scientific researcb and tbe transfer of technology 400Introduction 400Scope of the competence to conduct marine scientific research 400The legal status of research installations 412International co-operation in marine scientific research 415The transfer of marine technology 416

17 Military use. of the sea 421Introduction 421The law of the sea and laws of war 421Military uses of the sea in peacetime 426Special treaties concerning military uses 428Demilitarisation of the seas 430

18 Landlocked and geographically disadvantaged States 433Introduction 433The navigational rights of landlocked States 434The access of landlocked and geographically disadvantaged

States to marine resources 435The access of landlocked States to the sea 44019 Settlement of dispute. 447Settlement of disputes under general international law 447

Settlement of disputes under the Law of the Sea Convention 453General principles applicable in dispute settlement 459viii


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Contents

Appendix I Claims to maritime zones 463Appendix 2 Ratifications of the UN Convention on the Law

of the Sea, its implementation Agreements and the GenevaConventions 473Index 481

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Index

Abu Dh.biarbitration 144continental shelf arrangement withQatar 200Admiral Flata SSR Kuznetzav (1991)

115Aegean Sea

continental shelf delimitation 185 , 459Agenda 21 302- 3,308, 322, 336,380,395aircraft: see overnight

Amocu Cadiz 328, 329 , 356anadromous species 207, 316- 17Antarcticabaselines in 33EEl claims 165fisheries 29B - 9, 320, 391marine pollution 335, 343 , 358Antigua and Barbudaarchipelagic lcgislation 122EEZ legislation 352Arabian Gulfmarine pollution 333 , 343 , 356, 357,373,375,387,391

archipelagic baselines 50, 52, 56, 119- 25archipclagic sea lanes passage lOS ,

127- 30, 429see a/so transil passagearchipel'gic States 47, 52, 60, 120-3archipelagic waters 125 - 9,205research 404- 5, 413suspension of passage 127archipelagos 50, 52, 118-31definition 120-3Arctic 106marine pollution 335, 374

Argentinabaselines 47, 55fisheries 3082oo-mile claim 80artificial islands 47 , 50- I, 55 , 153 , 155 ,

167-8,203, 205,207,211see alli;o installations; islandsAustraliaAntarctic claims 165marit ime boundary wi th Indonesia 196,

199maritime boundary with Papua New

Guinea 196 , 295BahamasarchipeJagic legislation 122Baltic

claims to sovereignly over 204fisheries 296marine pollution 23, 333, 343 , 357 ,368, 373 , 375 , 384- 5, 390, 393research 40strai ts 109-10, 114,268BangladeshEEl legi,lation 172 , 351straight baselines 40BarbadosEEl legislation 172

481

baselines 8, 31- 59, 123-5customary rules 32, 53- 6Hague Conference 32harbour works 47-8, 55, 125LOSe provisions 31 _59low-water mark 33reef, 51 - 2, 55-6TSe provision' 31 - 59


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indexsee aLw archipelagic baselines; bays;

deltas; islands; low-tide elevations;rivers; straight baselines

bays 32, 41 - 6, 53, 54- 5. 60 , 125see alsu historic bays and watersBeira patrol 423Belgium

maritime boundaries with France 197Belize

baselines legislation 56EEl legislation 172, 352territorial sea legislation 86

biodiversity 336-7 , 393- 4Black Seafisheries 321

marine pollution 334, 368- 9, 386- 7,391

blockade 217, 423 , 425 - 6boundaries see delimitationBrazilEEl legislation 152, 427lobster dispute with France 152, 427territorial sea delimitation with

Uruguay 182200-mile claim 80bridges 3, 109-10British seas 204Bulgaria

EEZ legislation 352, 408Byukershoek. C. van 5, 72, 77cables and pipelincs

in archipelagic waters 126- 7on continental shelf 156in EEl 174in territorial sea 94under high seas 205, 207, 209,218see alsu immersion, right of

Camcroonbaselines legislation 55

Canadabays 44continental shelf jurisdiction 154- 5fisheries 305- 6maritime boundary with France 194maritime boundary with USA (Gulf of

Maine) 193- 4,452passage through Arctic 106

canals 64 - 5cannonshot rule 77

Cape Verdcarchipelagic legislation 122, 128EEl legislation 172,174, 175,176,351

Caribbeanmarine pollution 334, 3R5, 391, 393Caspian Sea 60catadromous specics 207, 316-17charts and publicity 37, 53, 149Chile

Civil Code 134Presential sea 220, 308200-mile claim 163

Code of Conduct for ResponsibleFisheries see Food and AgricultureOrganisation

codification 13-18,26see also Hague Conference; HarvardLaw School; In stitute ofInternational Law; International LawAssociation; International LawCommission; UNCLOS I; UNCLOS11; UNCLOS III

'cod wars' 284, 426, 449see also Fisheries Jurisdiction cases inTable Qf Cases

collisions 267-8on the high seas 208-9in territorial !:lea 98Colombia

EEZ boundaries 197, 200straight baselines 39territorial sea boundaries 182

Commission for the Conservation ofAntarctic Marine Living Resources297, 298-9, 30 I

Commission on the Limits of theContinental Shelf 149, 190

common heritage of mankind 16,227.229. 239, 252- 3see also International Sea Bed Area;International Sea Bed Authority

Comorosarchipelagic legislation 122, 128constructive presence 133. 134.

215 - 16contiguous zone 49-50, 132- 40, 152,

169, 175

482

breadth of 135-7development of concept 132-5, 152,

218 , 426


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Index

jurisdiction in 137-9see also Table of Claims in Appendixcontinental shelf 7, 11,49-50, 141-58,206

character and resources 141-2delimitation 31 , 147-8, 184-92, 197-8development of concept 142-5fisheries 285, 286, 320of islands 150-1outer continental shelf 156, 204- 7,220overlap with EEZ 145, 148, 166, 179pollution 155 , 369-70, 371-7provisional exploitation arrangements

192research 153, 157,402- 3,405-12,413-14righlS of coastal State 151-7seaward limit 145-51sedentary species 142, 151 - 3, 156,207, 285, 320shared (cross boWldary) oilfields 153,198- 200see also deep sea bed; International SeaBed Area; sea bed; Table oJ Claims,in Appendixconventions see treatiesCorfu Channel incident 83, 88, 103-4,426, 453see also Corfu Channel case, in TableoJCasesCosta RicaEEZ boWldary with Colombia 197

fisheries legislation 92, 292Cote d ' lvoireEEZ legislation 351, 407CRISTAL 361, 377

Cubabaselines 123territorial sea claims 93, 135and US ships 87Cuban quarantine 217, 425- 6customary international law 7-12, 18,26in municipal courts 447- 8and treaties 7-8see also treatiescustoms zones 78, 132- 5see also contiguous zone; HoveringActs; 'Liquor laws' ; Table of Claims

in Appendix

Declaration of Principles Governing theSea Bed 227-8, 234-5Declaration of Santo Domingo 22, 160deep sea bed 15-2 1,223-54

deep sea-bed mining 223- 4, 230, 246,251effect on land-based miners 223-4LOSC regime 238-53Reciprocating States Regime 232-5see also Internationa1 Sea Bed Area;International Sea Beal AuthorityDeep Sea Ventures Inc. claim 226deep-water ports 21 -delimitation between opposite and

adjacent States 181-202contiguous zones 136, 181continental shelf 147 , 184- 92,197-8EEZ 192-8settlement of disputes concerning191 - 2, 196,449 , 455- 6territorial sea 182- 3see a/so continental shelf; exclusiveeconomic zone: territorial seadeltas 37- 8, 47

demilitarisation of Ihe seas 226, 430-1Denmarkarchipelagic claim 121continental shelf delimitation 184,186maritime boundary with Norway 189.194-5Sweden fisheries arrangement 196

territorial sea delimitation 182see also Nordic StatesDe Visscher, C. 11diplomatic protection 257-g, 448-9,459- 60dispute settlement 21,309,447- 62arbitration 450-1 , 457-8concerning delimitation 191-2, 196,

449,455-6fact-finding and conciliationcommission 450, 454, 457International Sea Bed Authority 252,454, 458-9local remedies rule 451locus standi 451under LOSC 453-61concerning military activities 455-6negotiations 449-50

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Indexsee also exclusive economic zone;International Court of Justice;

International Sea Bed Authority;International Tribunal for the Law ofthe Sea

distressright of entry to port in case of 63right to anchor in territorial sea in case

of81,107drug trafficking

in the contiguous zone 133 , 139in the EEZ 171on the high seas 213-14 , 218-20in the territorial sea 97dumping see marine pollution

East Africamarine pollution 334, 391, 393East Asiamarine pollution 334Ecuador

archipelagic claim 121baselines 39, 40maritime boumdarics 182, 197

EEZ see exclusive economic zoneEgypt

baselines legislation 38Ekofi,k blow-out 328, 330Enterprise, the (Deep Sea Bed) 229,

231 , 239, 244, 248 , 250, 253, 454,458

constitution 244financing 248see also International Sea Bed

Authorityestuariesbaselines in 46- 7, 60European Community 18 , 19 ,23, 63fisheries 284, 29 1, 295, 296, 301, 306,

321 - 2LOSe participation 18 , 23marine pollution 335, 384shipping 263, 269, 275exclusion zones 424--5Falkland Islands/Malvinas 424-5

exclusive economic zone 18 , 31, 136,160- 80, 205cables and pipelines 174coastal State rights 166-9delimitation 162-5, 192-8

development of concept 160 - 1disputes concerning fisheries 289, 309,455

disputes concerning unattributed rights152,175 - 6,215fisheries 167,289- 96,305 ,309installations 167-8legal status 161 - 2, 165-6military activities in 171, 173, 427-8navigation 170- 3non-coastal State rights 170-4non-independent territories 164-5non-living resources 166overflight 172-3overlap with con tinental shelf 145, 148 ,

166pollution control 169, 347-52, 354,

364-5, 3 6 ~ 7 0relationship between coastal and other

States rights 175research 168-9, 405-12, 413-14unattributcd rights 175 - 6see also Tuble of Claims, in Appendixexclusive fishing zone 15,31,49,79,135, 139, 161 , 167, 192-8,204,284,286, 309research in 403, 409-10see also Table 0/ Claims, in Appendix.

Exxon Valdez 328, 329, 353Falkland Islands

exclusion zones 424-5fi shing zones 31 , 295, 3 0 ~Faroesbaselines 121

Fauchille, P. 72, 76Federal Republic of Gennanycontinental shelf delimitation 184 , 186dcep sea-bed min ing legislation 232-3straight baselines 118straits 112territorial sea claim 48, 80

Fijiarchipelagic legislation 122, 125islands and EEZ 164reef< 52, 56fisheries 177--9, 2 7 ~ 3 2 7anadromous species 314- 16archipelagic waters 126avoidance of gear conflicts 287

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lndex

catadromous species 316-17conservation 285-7, 2&9, 296-7continental shelf 285, 286, 320drinnets 299-30 IEEZ 167, 289- 96, 305, 309fish catches 279-80highly migratury species 311-14high seas 285, 286, 296-305, 322internal waters 284, 286management objectives 282- 3marine mammals 317- 20sedentary species 142, 151-3, 156,

207,285,286 ,3 20straddling stucks 305 - I 0territorial sea 84, 85, 94, 284, 286()'ee aLso exclusive economic zone;exclusive fishing zone; intemationalfisheries commissionsFitzmaurice, G, G, 80, 83flags of convenience 255-6, 258- 61,

273 - 4, 301-4 passim, 315, 318, 346see also ships , nationality offlag State jurisdiction 203, 208-9, 257,

273-4, 286, 303, 309-10see also marine pollutionFood and Agriculture Organisation 23.260,297, 302,303,-304,313,321-2,415,418Code of Conduct for ResponsibleFisheries 303, 304, 322force

in innocent passage 85threat or use of 107. 208, 422in transit passage 107Forum Fishcries Agency 293, 300, 312FranceBrazil , lobster dispute with 152coutinental shelf arrangement withSpain 200continental shelf boundary with UK186, 188, 189deep sea-bed mining legislation 232EEZ boundary with Tonga 197islands and EEZ 164maritime boundaries with Belgium 197maritime bowuiary with Canada 194maritime legislation 72, 86, 133straits 113temporary delimitation with Tuvalu192

Fean",is, J. P. A. 14 , 15,75 ,135freedom of the high seas 4, 170-4,205- 8, 225- 6see also fisheries: immersion, right of;

marine scientific research ;navigation; overflight; weaponstestingFrigg Field 200

see also 1976 NorwayUK agreementin Table of COllventions

GabonEEZ legislation 408GambiaEEZ boundary with Senegal 197GATTIWTO 64, 113, 250, 292, 319General Assembly resolutionslegal eITeet of9- 10 , 227- 8, 234-5

see also Declaration of PrinciplesGoverning the Sea Bed; MoratoriumRe solut ionGeneral Belgrano (1982) 424General Fisheries Council for the

Mediterranean 297, 416general prinCiples of international law12Gentilis, A. 4, 72, 204geographically disadvantaged States433- 40, 445access to EEZ resources 290, 437--40access to high-seas resources 436definition 438and international sea-bed regime 228,241, 436-7see a/so landlocked StatesGESAMP 328, 330, 341, 370, 415GhanaEEZ legislation 408200-mile claim 80Gidel, G_ 13 , 79 , 135global c1imatc change 38, 53 , 400GrenadaEEZ legislation 172

Grotius, H. 4, 7 1, 72, 77, 204Group of 77 17, 228, 234-5Guineamaritime boWldary with Guinea Bissau194Guinea Bissaumaritime boundary with Guinea 194

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IndexGuyana

EEl legislation 171 - 2territorial sea legislation 71

Hague (League of Nations Codification)Conference (1930) 14-15, 17,26,32, 74, 76, 82- 3, 88, 93, 96, 134- 5

HaitiEEl boundary with Colombia 197EEl legislation 172, 351US interdiction of refugees 217

harbour worksbaseline around 47- 8, 55, 125

Harvard Law School 14highly migratory species 311- 14high seas 203 -22definition 203-4fisheries 285, 286, 296-305, 322legal status 204- 5peaceful use of 208, 430-1research 401, 404, 414see also freedom of the high seas;sea bed

historic bays and waters 24, 41, 43-5,205, 455- 6Honduras

leghdation on research in EEZ 408hot pursuit 133,134,137,169,214-16Hovering Acts 132

see also customs zonesIceland

baselines 119, 123fishing limits 284, 285legislation on research in EEZ 408see also


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IndexInternational Commission for theScient ific Exploration of the

Mediterranean 416International Council for the Explorationof the Sea 24, 295, 411, 416International Court of Justice 5- 6, ]91,

235 , 450- 3, 457see also Table ofCases and

Cunventionsinternational fisheries commissions286-7,297- 9,311 - 16 pa.


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Kiev (1976) lISKiribati

archipelagic legislation 122baselines 56Korea see South KoreaKuwaitbaselines legislation 54

landlocked States 17, 228, 433-46access to EEZ resources 290, 437-40access to high-seas resources 436access to the sea 440-5international sea-bed regime 228, 241,

436- 7navigation rights 434--5La Pradelle, P. G. de 72League of NationsConferences on Communications andTntnsit 434

see also Hague (League of NationsCodification) ConferenceLibya

cont inen tal she lf boundaries 187-90historic bay claim (Gulf of Sidra) 45 ,57

Lima Declaration on the Law of the Sea160

Index

marine pollution 328- 99accidental 353 , 374-6archipeJagic wa ters 127-8atroo


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territorial sea 8S, 94, 108, 401 , 404-5,413maritime zones see archipelagos;contiguous zone; continental shelf;exclusive economic zone; exclusivefishing zone; high seas; internal

waters; Itltemational Sea Bed Area;straits; territorial seaFor claims, see AppendixMarshall Islandsarchipelagic basel ines 122baselines legislation 56Martens, G, F. von 5Mauritius

EEZ Iegi,lation 171-2McNair (Lord) 80Mediterraneanfisheries 297, 301marine pollution 333 , 337, 343, 357,

368. 373-5, 377. 386, 390specially protected areas 392- 3Memoranda of Understanding on PortState Control 274- 6merchant ships see shipsMexicoEEZ legislation 408islands 163-4Micronesiabaselines legislation 56military activities 226. 421- 32, 455in EEZ 171 , 173,427- 8see also naval manoeuvres; navies;weapons testing

Montevideo Declaration on the Law ofthe Sea 160Moratorium Resolution (G A Res. 2574)(XXIV) 227-8

MoroccoEEZ legislation 175, 408, 439straight baselines 40

Myanmarstraight baselines 39territorial sea legislation 84Namibia

EEZ legislation J36, 172national liberation movements 18nationality of ships 257-63ships of uncertain nationality 213stateless ships 213- 14

IndexNauru

baselines legislation 52, 56naval manoeuvres 206, 426, 427navies 421-32

limitations Oft size etc. 428navigation 263 - 4

archipelagic waters 127-9EEZ 170- 3freedom of navigation on high seas204- 6through 'traits 105, 110-11see also archipelagic sea lanes passage;

freedom of the high seas; ilU10centpassage; ships; transit passage

necessityas ground for intervention on high seas216 - 17

negotiating textsat UNCLOS III 17

Netherlandscontinental shelf delimitation 184, 186neutrality 422neutrality zones 74, 78, 134

New International Economic Order 417New Zealandbaselines legislation 54

Cook Islands maritime zoneslegislation 56

non-nuclear policy 429Tokelau Islands maritime zoneslegislation 52. 56. 165

NigeriaEEZ legislation 172

non-independent territoriesparticipation in UNCLOS 1II 18maritime zones of 157, 164- 5Nordic States

marine pollution 337, 358, 389North Atlantic Marine Manunal

Commission 318North Atlantic Salmon ConservationOrganisation 301,315-16North-east Atlantic see North SeaNorth-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission297North Pacific Anadromous Fish

Commission 316North Pacific Fur Seal Commission 320North Sea

continental shelf delimitation 185 - 6

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Indexmarine pollution 334-5, 357-8, 372- 3,

374,375,376 - 7,381 - 3,389,390,393- 4North Sea Conferences 323, 335, 367- 8,

372, 382-3, 390, 393 - 4Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation297- 8, 301, 305 - 6, 416Nonvayfisheries arrangements with EC 291, 295fisheries arrangements with USSR 199 ,295marin e pollution 374maritime boundary with Denmark 189,194-5straight baselines 33-5, 40, 57territorial sea boundary with Sweden182see also Nordic Statesnuclear-powered shipsand innocent passage 91-2liability for damage 362- 3pollution 343nuclear waste see marine pollution,

radioactive matternuclear weaponsdeployment of 428- 31nuclear-weapon-free zones 429-31testing of 428-9

Ocean Data Acquisition Systems 412- 14oil and gas offshore 141, 146, 151,178 - 9,192cross-boundary deposits 153 , 200see also continenta1 shelf; marinepollutionopen registry see flags of convenienceOPOL 377opposability of rules of customary

intemational1aw 8-9, 79-80, 198,227,234-5

O r g a n i ~ a t i o n for Economic Co-operationand Development 23Oslo Commission 367- 8overflight 4, 455of archipelagos 127- 8

of the EEZ 173-4, 427-8of the high seas 204, 207of straits 104, 108-10of the territorial sea 75 - 6transit rights 443

pacific blockade 87, 217, 422- 5Pacific Salmon Commission 316PakistanEEZ legislation 172territorial legislation 71, 84Panamacanal 65territorial sea boundary with Colombia182

Papua New Guineaarchipelagic legislation 122baselines legislation 54maritime boundary with Australia 196,295Pardo, A. 16,226

Paris Commission 372, 382- 4, 390Paris Memorandum see Memoranda ofUnderstanding on Port State Controlpeaceful use of the seas 208, 431Persian Gulf sce Arabian Gulfpersistent objection to rules of customarylaw 8- 11 , 78-80,235Peru 308P h i l i p p i n e ~archipelagic claims and legi slation 118.

122,123,124,128-9pioneer investors see Intemational SeaBed Authoritypipelines see cables and pipelincspiracy 209-11'pirate' broadcasting 211-12PolandEEZ legi slation 408

territorial sea boundary with USSR 182pollution See marine pollutionportsaccess to 61 - 4, 134,435egress from 64jurisdiction in 65-9, 344- 51see also deep-water ports ; internal

waters; port State jurisdictionport State jurisdiction 64fisheries 303- 4, 310pollution 344-53shipping safety 265, 270, 274-6

PortugalEEZ legislation 171, 408precautionary approach/principle 301,309, 323, 336, 365, 366, 380, 382,388, 394

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IndexPreparatory Conunission (PrepCom) 19,26, 230, 235- 6PrepaI'dtory Jnvestment Pro tec tion seeIntemational Sea Bed AuthorityPresential Sea' (Chile) 220, 308Qatarcontinental !theIf arrangement with AbuDh.bi 200iddioaclive waste see marine pollutionReciprocating States Regime 232-5

see also International Sea Bed AuthorityRed Seamarine pollution 333-4, 357, 391reefs 51 - 2, 55-6, 125research see marine scientific researchreservations to LOSe 20, 22Res nulliuslres communis controversy143,225review conference see lntemational SeaBed Authorityrivers

delta, 3 7 - 47mouths as baselines 32, 46- 7, 53, 55, 125pollution of 387- 9rights of navigation 64-5, 441, 443see also canals; estuaries; internalwaters; international waterways

roadsteads 48rocks see islandsRomania 'maritime legislation 86, 93 , 100,352,408routeing systems and sea lanes 91, 95,

108,267-8see also shipsRussia see USSR

St l(jttsEEZ legislation 172 , 352St LuciaEEZ legislation 352

St Vincentarchipel.gic legislation 122sahnon 314- 16salvagc 277, 356Samoabase lines legis lation 54EEZ legislation 172Santo Domingo Declaration 22, 160

Sao Tome e Principearchipelagic legislation 122EEZ Icgislation 174Saudi Arabiabaselines legislation 40 , 55Schiicking, W. 14 , 82sea bed 141 - 51 , 204res nullius/res communis controversy143, 225see also continental shelf; deep sea

bed; exclusive economic zone;International Sea Bed Area ;territorial sea

Sea Bed Committee 15- 17,226-8Sea Bcd Disputes Chamber (ITLOS) 245,247,457, 459sea lanes see (auteing systemssea level rise 38, 53, 392seals 320security zones 138, 424-6see also Cuban quarantine; ex.clusion

zones; neutral ity zonesSelden, J. 4, 204se lf-defence 85 , 99,107 ,111.216- 17,422- 5SenegalEEZ boundary with Gambia 197EEZ legislation 408200-mile claim 80SeychellesEEZ legislation 172territorial sea legislation 71

shipscollision avoidance 94 - 5, 208- 9, 267- 9crewing standards 269- 70nationality of 257- 63navigation aids 80. 100 , 270-1routeing systems 91, 95 , 108.267- 8safety of 264- 76, 353seaworthiness 64, 265- 6see also navies; nuclear-powered ships;State-operated ships; submarines;warshipsSidra (S irte), Gulf of 45 , 57slave trading 212smuggling ~ j e e contiguous zone; customszones; 'Liquor laws'Solomon Islandsarchipelagic legislation 122 , 125baselines legislation 56

491


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IndexSounddelimitation in the 182

marine pollution in the 337passage through 110, 114South Asiamarine pollution 334, 375South-earit Pacificmarine pollution 333, 369, 386-7, 391,

393South Korea - Japan continental shelfarrangementri 199South Pacificmarine pollution 334, 343, 368-9, 391,393nuclear-free zones 429-30research 416Soviet Union see USSRSpainbaselines legislation 121continental shelf arrangements withFrance 200customs zones 72, 78, 132-3

EEZ legislation 40Rmaritime legislation 92special circumstanceriin continental shelf and EEZdelimitation 184, 187-90, 193-5in territorial sea delimitation 183Sri Lankabaselines legislation 54EEZ legislation 172, 351historic bay claim 44maritime boundary with India 183,

197Stateless ships 213- 14State-operated shipsimmunity of 98- 9State practice as element in fomtation ofcustomary intemationallaw 11-12str.lddling fish stocks 305 - 10str.ight baselines 33-41 , 53, 54, 55-6,60, 61,118- 19,123-5see also archipelagic baselinesstraits 88, 102- 17jurisdiction in 105, 107-8,347,349research in 405special Conventions concerning 106,

114- 15see also archipelagic sea-lanes passage;innocent passage; transit passage

Suarez, F, 4submarine cables and pipelines see cablesand pipelinessubmarines 89, 90- 1, 109 , 110 , 111-13,115 , 430Sudanbaselines legislation 54Suez Canal 2, 65Swedendelimitation of the Sound 182Denmark fisheries arrangement 196EEZ legislation 352Norway territorial sea delimitation 182

see also Nordic StatesSyriamaritime claims 136

taci t amendment procedure seeInternational Maritime OrganisationTanzania 'EEZ legislation 408territorial sea 31, 71 - 101 , 132air space above 75 --6bed of 76- 7delimitation of 182-3development of concept 71 - 4duties of coastal State in 80-1, 100fisheries in 84, 85, 94, 284, 286jurisdiction of coastal State 92-100legal status 71 - 5, 92pollution in 91, 94, 99,108,344-51research in 85 , 94 , 108,401, 404-5,413width of 15 , 74, 77- 81 , 111-12see also innocent passage; straitsFor claims, see Appe'ldixterritorial waters see territorial seaTerritorial Waters Jurisdiction Act 73.93Thailandbays 44TogoEEZ legislation 439

Tongabaselineri legislation 56EEZ boundary with france 197Torrey CanyoII 2 I6, 328, 329, 354, 355TOVALOP 361, 377transfer of technology 229, 233, 249,416- 19

492


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Indextransit passage 105-10, 127

airerall 107- 11and marine pollution 108-9and research 108warships 109 , I l l , 114-15,429see also an::hipelagic sea lanes passage;

innocent passage; ovcrflight; straitstreaties 6- 7

and customary international law 17- 18in municipal courts 448interpretation 460- 1

Trinidad and Tobagoarchipelagic legislation 122EEZ legislation 409maritime boundary with Venezuela

143 , 184, 197Truman Proclamation on the continentalshelf 7, 143-4, 146, 160

tuna 311 - 14Tunisiacontinental shelf boundary with Libya188,189, 190

Turkeymaritime zones legislation 133straits 102, 107, 110 , 115

Tuvaluarchipelagic legislation 122baselines legislation 56temporary delimitation with France

192Ukraine

maritime legislation 87, 352,409unauthorised broadcasting 211-12UNCLOS I I, 15, 17,26 passim

archipelagos 118-19contiguous zone 135continental shelf 144, 147high seas 203landlocked States 434marine pollution 333territorial sea 79, 88, 136see also International Law CommissionFor the Conventions adopted byUNCLOS 1 in 1958 see Table of

ConventionsUNCLOS 11 15, 17, 26, 79, 284UNCLOS 1II 15-20, 26, 79, 228, 288passim

see a/so Sea Bed Committee

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics seeUSSR

United Arab Emiratesbaselines legislation 55maritime boundaries 183 , 188United Kingdomcontinental shelf boundary with France186, 188 - 9deep sea-bed mining legislation 232FalklandslMalvinas exclusion zones424-5

fisheries 284islands 49 , 164marine pollution 352, 374straight base lines 41, 61 . 118straits 113Territorial Waters Jurisdiction Act 73,

93three-mile limit 71-5, 78, 132-5

United Nations Conference onEnvironment and Development(UNCED) 302-3, 308, 322, 336,380

United Nations Conference on Trade andDevelopmentand landlocked States 434and open registry shipping 260

United Nations Environment Programme334,336,371,380-1 , 415

see also marine pollutionUnited Nations General Assembly

resolutions see General Assemblyresolutions

United States of Americabays 44contiguous zone claims 134, 138- 9deep sea-bed mining legislation 232fisheries 301, 312, 391high seas jurisdictional claims 214,218-19Japan king crab dispute 152maritime boundary with Canada 193-4maritime zones legislation 87, 353scientific research 407. 410strdight baselines 35 , 57and three-mile limit 8- 9, 80see also Deep Sea Ventures Inc.; deepwater ports; 'Liquor laws';

Reciprocat ing States Regime;Truman Proclamation

493


20/20

IndexUruguay

b a s e l i n e ~ 47territorial sea boundary with Brazil 182lOO-mile claim 79USSR/ Russiabays 44deep sea-bed mining legislation 237EEl legislation 352, 408fisheries 199, 295, 307territorial sea boundary with Poland

182Vanuatu

archipelagic legislation 122baselines legislation 54EEl legislation 172VaNel, E. de 5, 72, 81Venezuelaislands and EEl 164legisla tion on research in EEZ 408maritime boundary with Trinidad andTobago 143 , 184, 197straits 113

Vietnambays 44straight baselines 39visit and searchof foreign ships on high seas 210-13,218,422

Vitoria, F. de 4

494

war, laws of 421 - 3warships 421-32immunity of 65. 98- 9innocent passage of 89- 91, 429transit passage 109, I l l , 114-15,429see also archipelagic sea-lanes passage;

innocent passage; naval manoeuvres;navies; submarines; transit passage;weapons testingweapons testingin EEZ 171,427- 8on the high seas 206. 426temtori.l sea 85, 88

Welwood. W. 4, 71West Africamarine pollution 334, 385, 391, 393whaling 317- 18WOlff, C. 5

World Meteorological Organisation 415wrecks 152-3, 175WTO/GATT see GATTIWTOYaounde seminar on the law of the sea 160Yemenbaselines legislation 56territorial sea 84 ) 86Yugoslaviaterritorial sea legislation 84Zouche, R. 5

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