Table A: Overview of reported prevalence of … · Web viewBr J Nutr 2007;97:970-976. 5. Hess SY, Zimmermann MB, Adou P, Torresani T, Hurrell RF. Treatment of iron deficiency in goitrous

Table A: Overview of reported prevalence of anemia, iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in school-aged children in

developing and industrialized countries, 1998-2008

Ref Study

Year

Country Region rural/ urban N subjects Anemia

prevalence

(%)

ID

prevalence

(%)

IDA

prevalence

(%)

Total

Q-

score

Comments

Africa

[1] nr Botswana Gaborone urban 263 healthy

children, 6-11

yr

12¹ 9,5** nr 3 children from poor families;

baseline data of intervention

study

[2] 2000 Chad national urban &

rural

1024 children, 9-10

yr

25,1¹ nr nr 5

[3] 2005 Cote

d'Ivoire

regions from

the North,

West, Central,

and South

urban &

rural

1016 children, mean

age 9±2.0 yr

39,4 19,7* 11* 7

[4] 2004 Cote

d'Ivoire

Dabou district

& Toumoudi

district

rural 281 school children,

grade 1- 5,

mean age 10.2

nr 59²* 36²* 4

yr

[5] 2000 Cote

d'Ivoire

Danane district rural 1014 children, 4-16

yr

nr 38²*** 19²*** 3 baseline data of intervention

study

[6] 2001 Egypt Deshna and

Armant districts

rural 1844 children, 6-11

yr

12 nr nr 6 prevalence of anemia was

highest in 1st graders and

declined linearly with age

[7] 2005 Ethiopia national Urban and

rural

6118 children, 7-12

yr

6.2 nr nr 7 ca 17% of children were

orphans; 30% were affected

by worms

[8] 2002 Gambia west Kiang

region

rural 472 children, 7-9 yr 10¹ nr nr 5 baseline data of intervention

study

[9] 2004 Kenya Malindi district rural 516 children, 3-8 yr 56 15* 11* 7 baseline data of intervention

study

[10] 1998 Kenya Embu district rural 519 children, 6-14

yr

48,9¹ nr nr 5 high prevalence of malaria

and amebiasis;


study

[11] nr Kenya Bondo district rural 776 children, 9-18 41,4¹ nr nr 4 baseline data of intervention

yr study

[12] 1999 Kenya Marsamit

district


yr

8 18,5²* 31,2²* 3 (5 for

anemia

)

[13] 2000 Mali Kolondieba

district

not

specified

1113 school children,

grade 4

55,8 nr nr 6 baseline data of intervention

study

[14] nr Morocco Rif mountains rural 1798 children, mean

age 10.5 ± 2.4

yr

48,4 30,9* 18,6* 5

[15] 2007 Rwanda national urban &

rural

7202 children, 6-16

yr

3,5¹ nr nr 6

[16] 2002 South

Africa

Kwazulu-natal

province

not

specified

172 children, 5-10

yr

32 56* 18* 5 baseline data of intervention

study

[17] nr South

Africa

Northern Cape not

specified


grade 1-3,

mean age 7.9

yr

2,7 24* nr 5 baseline data of intervention

study

[18] 1995 South

Africa

Kwazulu-Natal rural 425 children, 8-10

yr

15,5¹ nr nr 4

[19] 1996 Tanzania Tanga region rural 439 healthy

children, 6-11

yr

83.2 31.5¹* nr 6

(7 for

anemia

)

severly anemic (Hb<7g/dL)

and seriously sick children

were excluded; 69% had

hookworm infection

[20] 1996 Tanzania Mpwapwa

district, Central


yr

19 nr nr 4 baseline data of intervention

study


district, Central

rural 774 healthy

children, 6-12

yr

nr 35,4²** nr 2 baseline data of intervention

study

[22] 2001 Zambia Lusaka urban 406 children, 7-15

yr

12¹ 18,6¹** nr 4 (5 for

anemia

)


study

Eastern Mediterranean

[23] 1999 Iran national urban &

rural

8461 children, 7-12

yr

15¹ nr nr 5

[24] 2002 Iran Southern (2 rural 111 children, 7-15 21,6¹ nr nr 4 kids from recently settled

villages) yr ethnic minority tribes people

and from a Perisan village;


study

[25] 1999 Jordan 7 districts,

South, East &

West


yr

18,8¹ 15,2¹** nr 5 children from poor families;


study

[26] nr Morocco Kenitra, urban 295 children, 6-16

yr

12.2¹ 20.4*** 7.7¹*** 2

Latin America

[27] 2004 Brazil Minas Gerais rural 159 children, 5-14

yr

10,6¹ 12,8** 5,7** 5

[28] 1998-

1999

Brazil Parana urban 467 children, 7-14yr 41,9¹ nr nr 5 children from poor families;


study

[29] > 1999 Brazil Parana state urban 162 Healthy

children, 7-14yr

nr 18¹** 14.9¹** 3 children from poor families,

children with evident infection

or inflammation were

excluded;


study

[30] 2004 Colombia national urban &

rural

Ca. 400 children, 5-12

yr

37,6¹ 5¹* nr 6

[31] 1999 Colombia Medellin urban 451 healthy

children, 6-11y

nr 2,6** 0,2** 3 (5

for

anemia

)

[32] 1996-

1997

Dominica national urban &

rural

401 children, 5-16

yr

30,7¹ 5,2¹*** nr 2 (4 for

anemia

)

[33] 2000 Ecuador Orellana urban &

rural

592 children, 5-14y 16,6¹ 38,7²*** 12,5²*** 5

[34] 1998 Guatemal

a

Guatemala City urban 553 children, 8-12

yr

7¹ nr nr 5 children from poor families

[32] 1996-

1997

Guyana national urban &

rural

323 children, 5-14

yr

56,7¹ 22,4¹*** 15,5¹*** 1 (3 for

anemia

)

[32] 1997-

1998

Jamaica national urban &

rural

396 children, 5-14

yr

23,5¹ 7,2¹*** 10,7¹*** 2 (3 for

anemia

)

[35] 2006 Mexico national urban &

rural

14666 children, 5-11yr 16,6¹ nr nr 6

[36] 1999 Mexico national urban 10218 children, 5-11

yr

19,5¹ nr nr 5

[37] 2001 Mexico Chihuahua rural 100 children, 6-14

yr

13¹ 24,2¹** 16,1¹** 3 (4 for

anemia

)

children from poor indigenous

Tarahuma population


yr

nr 36,1²*** nr 3

[39] 2005 Nicaragua national urban &

rural

1696 children, 5-11yr 23,4 nr nr 7

[40], 1998 Peru Iquitos,

Amazonian

region

rural 387 (855

fro

anemia)

healthy

children, 0,5-15

yr

46,4¹ 10,4** nr 4 (5 for

anemia

)

Malaria-endemic area;


study

[32] 1997-

1998

St Vincent

and

Grenadine

s

national urban &

rural

174 children, 5-10

yr

nr 1,7¹*** nr 1

[41] 1999 Venezuela Caracas urban 545 children, 7 and

11yr

16¹ 13,5¹*** nr 3 (5 for

anemia

)

children from poor families

South East Asia

[42] 2001 Banglades

h

not specified rural 1734 children, 5-11yr 33,5 nr nr 6

[43] 2005 India Bangalore urban 598 healthy

children, 6-10

yr

9.0 30.9* nr 7 marginally nourished children

from poor socio-economic

status;

severely undernourished

children or children with

chronic illness/severe anemia

were excluded;


study

[44] 2004-

2006

India Bangalore urban &

rural

2030 children, 5-15yr 13,6¹ nr nr 6 children from poor families

[45] 2004 India Bangalore urban 557 children, 6-13yr nr 34,6²* nr 5 children from poor families;


study

[46] 2002 India NCT Delhi urban 393 children, 6-11yr 66,4 nr nr 5

[47] 1999-

2000

India Delhi urban 406 children, 5-10

yr

41,8¹ nr nr 5 children from poor families

[48] after

1999

India Vadodara urban 254 Girls, 9-13 yr 68,3¹ nr nr 4 baseline data of intervention

study

[49] 1999 India Hyderabat urban 328 children, 6 -16

yr

55,7¹ nr nr 4 baseline data of intervention

study

[50] nr India Gulbarga, rural 716 girls, 6-10yr 60,8¹ nr nr 4

Karnataka

[51] nr India Purnia district

Bihar

rural 430 children, 6-9yr 88,1¹ nr nr 4 children from Oraon, Santhal

Munda tribal population

[52] nr India Vadodara urban 195 children, 9-11y 37¹ nr nr 3 children from poor families

[53] 2007-

08

Indonesia national urban and

rural

8751 children, 5-14

yr

9.4¹ nr nr 6

[54] 2003 Indonesia Jakarta urban 357 healthy

children, 6-10

yr

10,6 22,7* 3,9* 6 children from poor & middle

income families;


study

[55] 2005 Indonesia Jakarta urban 1358 girls 10-12 yr 9,8¹ nr 2,7¹** 5 (6 for

anemia

)

children from poor families

[56] 2002-

2003

Nepal Sunsari and

Dhankuta

urban 818 school children,

grade 1-6

58¹ nr nr 5

[57] 2003 Sri Lanka national urban &

rural

2528 children, 9-15

yr, mean age

12,1 nr nr 7 children from mainly poor

families

9.6 yr


rural

1194 children, 10-12

yr

9,7 nr nr 6


rural

2437 children, 5-11yr 20,9 nr nr 6

[60] 1999 Sri Lanka Veddah and

Sinhalese

communities

rural 116 children 6-15 yr 49,2¹ nr nr 4 children from Veddah &

Sinhalese tribal populations

[61] nr Sri Lanka Colombo urban 100 healthy

children, 8-10

yr

32 6** nr 3 (4 for

anemia

)

[62] 2003 Thailand national urban &

rural

1381 children, 6-11y 35,9¹ nr nr 6

[63] 2002 Thailand Ubon

Ratchatine,

Northeast


yr

31¹ 1,1¹* 6,9²* 5 (4 for

IDA)

[64] 1999 Thailand Hat Yai, South rural 427 school children, 22 12,5¹** 4,2¹** 4 (6 for children from poor families

grade 1-6,

mean age 9,6yr

anemia

)

Western Pacific Region

[65] 1999 Cambodia Kampot

province, South


yr

64,1 nr nr 6 high prevalence of parasitic

infections;


study

[66] 2005 China national urban &

rural


yr

11,4¹ nr nr 6

[67] 2004 China Huaian county,

Jiangsu

province

rural 320 healthy

children, 6-9 yr

32.3 nr nr 6 children with inflammation

were excluded


rural


yr

12,2 nr nr 6

[69] 2002 China Jiangsu

province, East

urban &

rural

179 children, 12 yr 25,7 nr nr 5


rural


yr

23¹ nr nr 5

[71] 2002 Kiribati Tarawa atoll,

West

not

specified

191 children, 5-13

yr

25,7¹ nr nr 4

[72] 2003-04 Malaysia Selangor,

Western


yr

43¹ nr 38²*** 3 (5 for

anemia

)

children from Orang Asli

indigenous population

[73] 2006-07 Malaysia Pos Betau,

Pehang

Rural 241 healthy

children, 7-12

yr,

48.6 18.7¹** 34¹** 4 (6 for

anemia

)

Sample of aboriginal children,

children with severe or chronic

inflammation were excluded

[74] 2003 Philippines national urban &

rural

5306 children, 6-12

yr

34,5 nr nr 7 high rate of parasitic infection

32-97%

[75] 2003-04 Philippines Cebu rural 1193 children, 6-12

yr

46.5¹ nr nr 6 baseline data of intervention

trial

[76] 2001 Philippines West Visayas

region, Central


and 10-12 yr

16,8 nr nr 6 14 of the 51 schools in the

study joined a programme

receiving iron fortified rice

since 2 months, these kids

also had a slightly higher

mean Hb (12,6 vs. 12,5g/dL)

[77] 2002-03 Philippines Leyte province,

Central

rural 250 children, 7-11yr 36,9 nr nr 5 endemic parasitic infection

area

[78] 1998 Philippines Batangas,

North

rural 808 primary school

children, grade

1-6

52¹ nr nr 5 baseline data of intervention

study; 54% of pupils had

parasitic infections; selection

of participating schools

considered prevalence of

macro- and micronutrient

deficiencies

[79] 1999 Samoa 3 regions

(Upolu, Apia,

Savaii)

urban &

rural

370 children, 5-12

yr

10 nr nr 5

[80] 2007 Viet Nam Hung Yen

Province

rural 466 children, 6-8 yr 25.1 0.9* 0.2* 7 baseline data of intervention

trials

[81] 2004 Viet Nam Bac Ninh

province

rural 292 children, 6-9 yr 45.2 nr nr 6

[82] 2004-05 Viet Nam Phu Tho

province, North

rural 1294 children, 6-8 yr 36,4¹ nr nr 6 baseline data of intervention

study

[83] 2003 Viet Nam Phu Tho

province, North

rural 374 children, 6-8 yr 24,2 0,5¹* nr 6 children from poor families;

92% of children had intestinal

infections, more than 30% and

80% had elevated CRP and

IgE, respectively

[84] 1999 Viet Nam Ho Chi Minh,

South

urban &

rural

284 girls, 7-9 yr 2,9 10,5²* nr 3 (5 for

anemia

)

¹ inappropirate cut-off * biochemical assessment

² inappropirate indicator ** clinical assessment

*** no assessment of infection/inflammation

Table B: Overview of reported prevalence of iodine deficiency in school-aged children in developing and industrialized countries, 1998-2008

Reference Study

Year

Country Region rural/ urban N Subjects Prevalen

ce of

Iodine

deficienc

y (%)

Total

Q-

score

Comments

Africa

[85] 1999 Benin 10 sites unspecified 1116 children, 6-12yr 8,3 6 USI legislation enacted 1994

[86] 1999 Burkina

Faso

10 sites unspecified 1001 children, 6-12yr 34,1 6 USI legislation enacted 1996

[87] 2005 Burundi national urban &

rural

390 children, 7-13

yr

60,5 6 national IDD control program since 1992

[88] 2003 Chad national unspecified 333 children, 6-13

yr

29,4 6 national IDD control program since 1995

[89] 2004 Cote

d'Ivoire

national urban &

rural

1190 children, 6-13

yr

27,6 7 USI legislation enacted 1996

[90] 1997 Cote Danane district rural 419 children, 5-14 90 5 baseline data of intervention study;

d'Ivoire yr USI legislation enacted 1996

[91] 2005 Ethiopia national urban &

rural


yr

84 7 Most salt is not iodized.

[92] 2001 Gabon national unspecified 576 children, 6-13

yr

30,5 6

[93] 2003-

2004

Kenya national urban &

rural

1925 children, 6-14

yr

36,8 7 USI legislation revised 1998

[94] 2002 Lesotho national urban &

rural

912 children, 8-12

yr


[95] 1998 Lesotho national urban &

rural

500 children, 8–12

yr

100 6 USI legislation enacted 2000

[96] 1999 Mali 9 sites unspecified 901 children, 6-12yr 47,1 6

[97] 2004 Mozambiqu

e

national urban &

rural

9165 children, 6-13

yr

68,1 7


rural


grade 2-6

0,5 7 age of subjects ranges from <6 to 16 yr, but most

are between 6-12 yr

[98] 2003 Senegal Velingara

department,

urban & 149 children, 6-13 46,3¹ 5 USI legislation enacted 1994

Kolda region rural yr

[99] nr South

Africa

Cape Town urban 651 children, 6-12yr 1,2¹ 4 USI legislation enacted 1995

[100] 2006 Sudan Port Sudan urban 141 children, 6-12yr 3,5 6

[101] 1999-

2000

Tanzania Iringa district urban &

rural

583 children, 5-16

yr

15,1 6 USI legislation revised 1995

[102] 1999 Tanzania 16 districts unspecified 2089 children, 6-18

yr

23,2 6 Selected sites were formally known as being

iodine deficient;

USI legislation revised 1995

[103] 1996 Tanzania Tanga region Rural 530 healthy

children, 6-12

yr

25.5 7 severely anemic and seriously sick children were

excluded; 69% had hookworm infection;


[104] nr Tanzania Zanzibar,

Pemba and

Unguja

unspecified 558 children, 6-18

yr, mean age

12 yr

22¹ 4 USI legislation revised 1995;

baseline data of intervention study

[105] 2005 Togo national urban & 1339 children, 6-13 6,2 7

rural yr

[106] 1999 Togo 10 sites unspecified 993 children, 6-12yr 26,1 6

[107] 2005 Uganda national urban &

rural

3280 children, 6-13

yr


[108] 1999 Uganda 6 districts unspecified 293 children, 6-12yr 5,1¹ 4 USI legislation enacted 1994


[109] 2004 Afghanista

n

national urban &

rural

794 children, 7-11

yr

71,9 7 USI first draft legislation 2008

[110] nr Bahrain Manama unspecified 605 children, 6-12yr 1,9¹ 4

[111] 2005 Iran Isfahan urban 454 children, 6-13

yr

15.8 7 USI legislation enacted 1994

[112] 2003 Iran Semirom

province

urban &

rural

1869 children, 7-13

yr

9,6 7 Selected site was formally known as being iodine

deficient;

USI legislation enacted 1994

[113] 2003 Iran Semirom Rural 1828 healthy

children, 7-13

yr

9.6 7 USI legislation enacted 1994;

children with serious illness, thyroid surgery or

exposure to radioactive iodine were excluded

[114] 2005-06 Iran Fars Province urban 500 children, 8-13 12,2¹ 6 USI legislation enacted 1994

yr

[115] 2000-01 Iran national urban &

rural

3329 children, 7-10

yr


[116] 2002 Iran Yazd province urban 323 children, 6-11

yr


[117] 2000 Iran Teheran urban &

rural

205 children, 8-10

yr


[118] 1999 Iran Teheran area rural 313 children, 6-14

yr

4 5 Selected site was formally known as being iodine

deficient;


[119] 1996 Iran national (26 out

of 30

provinces)

urban &

rural

2917 children, 8-10

yr


[120] 2002 Jordan national urban &

rural

2601 children, 8-10

yr


[121] 2001 Pakistan national urban &

rural

3248 children, 6-12

yr


[122] 2000 Pakistan Swat district unspecified 236 children, 8-10 42 5 Selected site was formally known as being iodine

yr deficient;


[123] 2000 Pakistan Rawalpindi unspecified 210 children, 8-12

yr

51,9 5 Selected site was formally known as being iodine

deficient;


Latin America

[124] 1998-

1999

Argentina not reported unspecified 831 children, 6-12yr 10 6 Selected sites were formally known as being

iodine deficient;

USI legislation implemented 1962

[125] 1999 Bolivia not reported unspecified 717 children, 6-12yr 38,5 6 Selected sites were formally known as being

iodine deficient;


[126] 2000 Brazil not reported unspecified 1013 children, 6-12yr 0 6 Selected sites were formally known as being

iodine deficient;


[127] nr Brazil Sao Paolo urban 964 children, 6-14

yr

1.5 5 USI legislation implemented 1977

[128] 1999 Chile not reported unspecified 565 children, 6-12yr 0 6 Selected sites were formally known as being

iodine deficient;


[129] 1999 Ecuador not reported unspecified 590 children, 6-12yr 0 6 Selected sites were formally known as being

iodine deficient;


[130] 1998-

1999

El Salvador not reported unspecified 251 children, 6-12yr 12,5 5 Selected sites were formally known as being

iodine deficient;


[131] 1999 Guatemala not reported unspecified 212 children, 6-12yr 83,5 5 Selected sites were formally known as being

iodine deficient;


[132] 1999 Honduras not reported unspecified 287 children, 6-12yr 16,7 5 Selected sites were formally known as being

iodine deficient; USI legislation implemented 1971


yr

8,4 6 USI legislation implemented 1963

[134] 1998-

1999

Mexico not reported unspecified 1150 children, 6-12yr 4,3 6 Selected sites were formally known as being

iodine deficient;


[135] 2002-03 Mexico Cuauhte´moc,

Colima


yr

19.5 5 USI legislation implemented 1963


yr

38 5 children from poor indigenous Tarahuma

population;


[137] 1999 Nicaragua not reported unspecified 259 children, 6-12yr 16,7 5 Selected sites were formally known as being

iodine deficient;


[138] 2000 Paraguay not reported unspecified 568 children, 6-12yr 5,6 6 Selected sites were formally known as being

iodine deficient;


[139] 1999 Peru not reported unspecified 1102 children, 6-12yr 0 6 Selected sites were formally known as being

iodine deficient;


[140] 1999 Venezuela not reported unspecified 663 children, 6-12yr 0 6 Selected sites were formally known as being

iodine deficient;


[141] nr Peru Lima urban 674 children, 6-12yr 0¹ 4 USI legislation implemented 1971

South East Asia

[142] 2006 India Haryana state urban &

rural

3019 children, 6-12

yr

7.1 7 National IDD control program implemented 1992;


[143] 2006 India Bhubaneswar urban 411 children, 6-12yr 85,7 7 children from poor families;

National IDD control program implemented 1992;


[144] 2004 India Kangra district urban &

rural

685 children, 8-10yr 9,9 7 National IDD control program implemented 1992;


[145] 2004 India Rajasthan not

specified



[146] 2003-

2004

India Bihar urban &

rural



[147] 2003-

2004

India South 24

Parganas

district, West

rural 520 children, 6-12yr 17,7 7 National IDD control program implemented 1992;


Bengal

[148] 2003 India Orissa urban &

rural



[149] 2003 India 40 regions in

North, East,

Central &

South

urban &

rural

8140 children, 6-12

yr

39 7 Selected sites were formally known as being

iodine deficient;



[150] 2006-07 India Purba

Medinipur

District, West

Bengal

urban &

rural

354 children, 8-10

yr



[151] 2006 India Siddharthnagar

district

urban &

rural

240 children, 6-12

yr

73 6 National IDD control program implemented 1992;


[152] 2006 India Siddharthnagar

district

urban &

rural

200 children, 6-12

yr



[153] 2006 India West Bengal urban &

rural

352 children, 8-10

yr



[154] 2005-06 India Imphal East urban & 160 children, 6-12 17.4 6 National IDD control program implemented 1992;

district ,

Manipur

rural yr


[155] 2005 India Howrah district,

West Bengal

rural 200 children, 6-12yr 14 6 National IDD control program implemented 1992;


[156] 2005 India Pondicherry unspecified 315 children, 9-13yr 44,4 6 National IDD control program implemented 1992;


[157] 2005 India Purulia district,

West Bengal

urban &

rural



[158] 2004 India North 24-

Parnas district,

West Bengal



[159] 2004 India Dakshin

Dinajpur, West

bengal


yr

33,9 6 National IDD control program implemented 1992;


[160] 2003 India Birbhum

district, West

Bengal


yr

32,8 6 National IDD control program implemented 1992;


[161] 2002- India Tamil Nadu unspecified 1206 children, 6-12yr 56 6 National IDD control program implemented 1992;

2003 USI legislation revised 2005

[162] 2002 India Dehli unspecified 1395 children, 6-11yr 11,3 6 National IDD control program implemented 1992;


[163] 1997-

2000

India 15 regions

throughout

country

urban &

rural



[164] 2002 India Kerala urban &

rural



[165] 2001 India Malda district,

West Bengal

urban &

rural



[166] 1998-

1999

India Karnataka rural 181 children, 8-10yr 37,8 5 National IDD control program implemented 1992;


[167] 1996-

1998

India Tripura urban &

rural



[168] nr India Bharatpur,

Rajasthan

urban &

rural

450 children, 6-12yr 10 5 National IDD control program implemented 1992;


[169] 1999 India Hyderabat urban 310 children, 6-16

yr

0¹ 4 baseline data of intervention study; National IDD

control program implemented 1992;


[170] nr India Barhdman

distric

urban &

rural

306 children, 6-12yr 47 4 children from poor families;



[171] nr India Dehli urban 103 healthy

children, 6-10yr

61 4 children mainly from poor families;



[172] nr India Howrah Rospur

village, Amra

district



[173] nr India Manipur rural 120 children, 6-12yr 25 4 National IDD control program implemented 1992;


[174] nr India Udaipur ,

Rajahstan

urban 300 children, 6-12

yr

8 4 National IDD control program implemented 1992;


[53]. 2007-08 Indonesia national urban &

rural

8473 children, 6-12

yr

12.9 7 USI legislation enacted 1995

[175] 2003 Indonesia national urban & nr children, 8-10 5,2 7 USI legislation enacted 1995

rural yr

[176] nr Nepal Kavre, Parsa &

Lalitpur district

rural 190 children, 5-13yr 27,9 4 promotion of iodized salt since 1973


rural

2630 children, 8-10yr 30,6 6 USI legislation enacted 1995

[178] 2003 Thailand Ubon Ratchatin rural 567 healthy

children, 6-13

yr

83,1 7 children with infection (high CRP levels) were

excluded;

USI legislation implemented in the 1960's

[179] 2007-08 Thailand Bangkok urban 302 children, 5-14

yr

14.2 6 USI legislation implemented in the 1960's



rural


yr

15,7 7 regions where Iodine level in drinking water is

higher than 150ug/L were excluded;



rural

1350 children, 8-10

yr


[182] 2004-06 Mongolia national urban & 596 children, 7-11 52,8 7 USI program since 1996

rural yr

[183] 2001 Mongolia 19 provinces not

specified

114 children, 8-11

yr

68,5 5 USI program since 1996

[184] 1999 Mongolia Ulaan Baatar urban 198 children, 9-14

yr


[185] 1996 Mongolia Ulaan Baatar urban 300 children, 9-14

yr


[186] nr Papua New

Guinea

Southern

Highland

Province

rural 284 children, 6-12yr 74,6 4 In urine samples of 66 children, iodine was

practically undetectable; therefore these samples

were not included in the analysis of mean UI. USI

legislation enacted 1995


rural

4665 children, 6-12

yr

23,8 7 high rate of parasitic infection 32-97%

[187] 1998 Philippines Batangas rural 611 school children,

grade 1-6

89,4 6 54% of pupils had parasitic infections;



Province

rural 466 children, 6-8 yr 44 6 USI legislation revised in 1999

¹ inappropriate cut-off USI, Universal Salt Iodization

Table C: Overview of reported prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in school-aged children in developing and industrialized countries, 1998-2008

Reference Study

Year

Country Region rural/ urban N Subjects Prevalen

ce of

Vitamin A

deficienc

y (%)

Total

Q-

score

Comments

Africa

[189] nr Botswana Gaborone urban 263 healthy

children, 6-11

yr

53,2 4 children from poor families; children with weight

<15 kg, hemoglobin < 60g/dL were excluded;


[190] 2004 Burkina

Faso

Gnagna

province

Sanmatenge

province

rural 623 children, mean

age 8 yr

41 7 baseline data of intervention study

[191] 2004 Cote

d'Ivoire

Orbaff, Dabou

district and

Bringakro,

Toumoudi

rural 162 school children,

grade 1-5,

mean age 10.2

1 6

district yr

[192] 2000 Ethiopia Antsokia I and

Bonosha


yr

17,3 5

[8] 2002 Gambia West Kiang

region

rural 472 children, 7-9 yr 29 6 baseline data of intervention study

[10] 1998 Kenya Embu district rural 519 children, 6-14

yr

90¹ 5 baseline data of intervention study


rural


grade 2-6; most

children were

6-12 yr old

5,0 7

[193] 2002 South

Africa

Kwazulu-natal

province

unspecified 172 healthy

children, 5-10

yr

72 5 children with Hb<90g/L were excluded;


[194] nr South

Africa

Limpopo

province


yr

12 5 baseline data of intervention study

[195] 1995 South Kwazulu-natal rural 299 children, 8-10 34,4 4 baseline data of intervention study

Africa province yr

[196] 1996 Tanzania Tanga region rural 530 healthy

children, 6-12

yr

33.3 7 severely anemic and seriously sick children were

excluded; 69% had hookworm infection


district

rural 774 healthy

children, 6-12

yr

21 5 children with ocular signs of xerophthalmia,

hemoglobin concentration < 70 g/L, or evidence

of serious chronic disease were excluded;


Western Mediterranean

[198] 2003 Iran Semirom Rural 214 children, 7-13

yr

0 7 Children with serious illness, thyroid surgery or

exposure to radioactive iodine were excluded

[199] 1999 Jordan 7 districts in

South, East &

West

rural 869 healthy

children, 5-11

yr

21,8 6 children from poor families;


[200] 2006 Tunisia Kasserine

governate

urban &

rural

6677 children, 5-7 yr 2,3 7 children from poor families

Latin America

[201] 2001 Brazil Rio de Janeiro urban 663 children, 7-17yr 10,3¹ 5

[202] 2002 Brazil Sao Paolo urban 218 healthy

children, 7-9 yr

6,8¹ 4 children from poor families; children with

physical disabilities or pregnancy were excluded

[203] 2004 Colombia Medellin urban 1119 children, 6-18

yr

3,6 7

[32] 1996-

1997

Dominica national urban &

rural

411 children, 5-16

yr

1,2¹ 4

[32] 1996-

1997

Guyana national urban &

rural

379 children, 5-14

yr

2,9¹ 3

[32] 1997-

1998

Jamaica national urban &

rural

410 children, 5-14

yr

18,8¹ 4


rural

1709 children, 5-11yr 19 6

[205] 2001 Peru national urban &

rural

1036 children, 5-15yr 13,1 6

[32] 1997-

1998

St Vincent

and

national urban &

rural

363 children, 5-16

yr

1,1¹ 3

Grenadines

South East Asia

[206] 1999 India Hyderabat urban 310 children, 6 to

16 yr

43,9 5 baseline data of intervention study

[207] 2001 Sri Lanka not reported rural 182 healthy

children, 5-13

yr

8,2 5 children with chronic disease, hypersensitivity or

epilepsy were excluded;



Ratchatine


yr

3 6



rural


yr

8,8 6


rural

4589 children, 6-12

yr

40,1 7

[209] 2004 Philippines Bataan rural 104 children, 9-12

yr

19,2 6 children from families with low socio-economic

status; study sites were chosen because of high

prevalence of subclinical vit A deficiency;

high prevalence of parasitic infections;

baseline data of intervention study;


Province

Rural 466 children, 6-8 yr 11.2 7 Baseline data of intervention trial


province

rural 292 children, 6-9 yr 11.3 6

[84] 1999 Viet Nam Ho Chi Minh urban &

rural

284 girls, 7-9 yr 28,9 5

¹ inappropriate cut-off

Table D: Overview of reported prevalence of zinc deficiency in school-age children in developing and industrialized countries, 1998-2008

Reference Study

Year

Country Region rural/

urban

N subjects Prevalence of

zinc

deficiency

(%)

Total

Q-

score

Comments

Africa

[212] nr Ghana Accra

periurban

areas


yr

25,6² 2

[10] 1998 Kenya Embu

district


yr

66¹ 5 baseline data of intervention study

[213] 2002 South

Africa

Kwazulu-

natal

province

unspecifi

ed

172 healthy

children, 5-10

yr

52¹ 4 children with Hb< 90g/L were excluded;



[214] 2005-06 Iran Fars

Province


yr

11¹ 6

Latin America


rural

1001 children, 5-11

yr

25,3¹ 5


yr

80,2¹ 4 children from poor indigenous Tarahuma

population

[216] 1998 Peru Iquitos,

Amazonian

region

rural 387 healthy

children, 0,5-15

yr

46¹ 4 study took place in an malaria-endemic area;

children with marasmus and kwashikor or W/H <

2SD were excluded (44% aged 5-9y);


South East Asia

[217] 1999 India Hyderabad urban 325 children, 6-16

yr

0,7¹ 4 baseline data of intervention study

[218] 2003 Indonesia Jakarta urban 357 healthy

children, 6-10

yr

19,3¹ 5 children from middle & low SES;

children with severe physical or neurological

health problem, consuming any micronutrient,

mineral, or fatty acid supplements as well as

severely anemic or malnourished children were

excluded;

baseline data of intervention study;

[219]. 2003 Thailand Ubon

Ratchatin

rural 484 healthy

children, 6-13

yr

57 6 children with infection (high CRP) were excluded


[67] 2004 China Huaian

county,

Jiangsu

province

rural 320 healthy

children, 6-9 yr

0.7 6 Study conducted in area with low soil zinc

concentrations, subjects with inflammation were

excluded from the analysis


Province

Rural 466 children, 6-8 yr 55.8¹ 6 Baseline data of intervention study


province

rural 292 children, 6-9 yr 91.4 6

¹ inappropriate cut-off

² inappropriate indicator

Table E: Overview of reported prevalence of stunting (low height for age), underweight (low weight for age) and thinness (low BMI for age) in

school-age children in developing and industrialized countries, 1998-2008

Reference Study

Year

Country Region rural/

urban

N Subjects Prevalence

of stunting

(%)

Prevalence

of

underweigh

t (%)

Prevalence

of thinness

(%)

Total

Q-

score

Comments

Africa

[222] 2002 Botswana Gaborone urban 263 healthy

children, 6-11

yr

8,5 nr nr 4 children from poor families;

children with bodyweight <15

kg, Hb< 60g/dL, or

chronic/acute illness were

excluded;


study

[223] 2000 Chad National urban &

rural

1024 children, 9-10

yr

18,7 16,5 nr 6

[224] 2004 Cote

d'Ivoire

Orbaff,

Dabou

rural 281 school

children,

8 11 nr 5

district &

Bringakro,

Toumoudi

district

grade 1-5,

mean age

10.2 yr

[225] 2005 Ethiopia national urban &

rural

7562 school

children,

grade 3 & 4

16.0 nr 16.9 7 ca 17% of children were

orphans; 30% affected by

worms;

stunting prevalence may be

underestimated as age was

estimated based on height at

school entry

[226] 2003 Ethiopia Addis

Abbaba


yr

4,7 nr 19,1 6

[227] 1993 Ethiopia not

reported

urban &

rural

260 children, 6-10

yr

41¹ 35¹ nr 2

[8] 2002 Gambia West Kiang

region


yr

11,7¹ 28,6¹ 26,1¹ 4 baseline data of intervention

study

[228] 2002 Ghana Tamale city urban 1404 children, 5-9 20,5 17,7 nr 6

and

periurban

areas

yr

[229] 2001-

2002

Kenya Nyanza

province

rural 1383 school

children,

grade 1-8

22,1 8,5 nr 6 higher prevalence of stunting

and underweight in boys

(27.5% and 10,6%) compared

to girls (15.8% and 6,3%)

[230] 2006 Kenya Nairobi urban 384 children, 6-12

yr

30.2 14.9 nr 5 children from a Kawangware

peri-urban slum

[10] 1998 Kenya Eastern

province,

Embu

district

rural 519 healthy

children, 6-14

yr

19,4 30 nr 5 children with , mental or

physical handicap were

excluded;


study

[231] 1996 Kenya Bondo and

Siaya

districts


yr

18,3 16 nr 5 baseline data of intervention

study

[232] 2002 Kenya Western

Highlands,

Kisii district


yr

nr nr 42¹ 3

[233] nr Kenya Emuhaya

district

rural 320 primary

school

children

41.6 12.2 nr 3

[234] 2005 Madagasca

r

national urban &

rural

5667 primary

school

children

48 42,4 35,8 7

[235] 2006 Malawi national urban &

rural

2919 children, 5-10

yr

30 18 nr 7

[236] 1999-

2000

Mozambiqu

e

Maputo urban 1070 children, 6-12

yr

1,0 nr nr 6

[237] after

2005

Nigeria Port

Harcourt


yr

0 7,5 nr 5

[238] 2000 Nigeria Southwest urban &

rural

479 children, 10-

14 yr

nr 63,3¹ nr 4

[239] nr Nigeria Ibadan urban 268 children, 8-12 22 17 nr 3

yr

[15] 2007 Rwanda not

specified

urban &

rural

2528 school

children,

grade 2-6;

most children

are 6-12 yr

old

29 18 nr 7

[240] 1999 South

Africa

national urban &

rural

1405 children, 4-8

yr

16,4 nr nr 6

[241] 1999 South

Africa

national urban &

rural

947 children, 7-

9yr

nr 8 nr 6

[242] 2001 South

Africa

Ellisras

area


yr

nr nr 77¹ 5

[243] 2000 South

Africa

North West

Province

urban &

rural

1250 children, 10-

15 yr

19,1¹ nr nr 5

[244] 1995 South

Africa

Kwazulu-

Natal


yr

10 nr nr 5

[245] 2002 South

Africa

Kwazulu-

Natal

province

unspecifi

ed

172 healthy

children, 5-10

yr

4,6 0,6 nr 4 children with Hb <90g/L were

excluded;


study

[246] 1996 Tanzania Tanga

region

rural 439 healthy

children, 6-11

yr

62.4 37.6 nr 6 severely anemic and seriously

sick children were excluded;

69% had hookworm infection


district

rural 774 healthy

children, 6-12

yr

50 nr nr 4 baseline data of intervention

study; children with ocular signs

of xerophthalmia, Hb < 70 g/L

or evidence of serious chronic

disease were excluded


rural

1878 children, 13-

15 yr

nr nr 44,2¹ 6


[249] 2003-04 Iran national urban &

rural


yr

nr nr 13,9 7

[250] 2001 Iran Isfahan &

Arak

urban &

rural

ca 250 children, 11-

12 yr

nr nr 6,5 4 baseline data of intervention

study

[251] 1999 Jordan 7 districts

in South,

east &

West


yr

19,6 nr nr 6 children from poor families;


study

[252] 2006 Kuwait national urban &

rural

5402 children, 10-

14 yr

nr nr 1.2 7

[253] nr Morocco Oulad

Berjal,

Kenitra

urban nr children, 6-10

yr

4.4 nr nr 3

[254] 1993 Oman Muscat urban 550 children, 6-7

yr

nr nr 38,5 4 prevalence of underweight was

much more present in boys

(48,2%) than in girls (12,7%)

[255] 2003 Pakistan 4

provinces:

Balochistan

, North

rural 203116 primary

school girls

25.0 23.0 nr 7 subjects from schools in 29 of

the poorest rural districts;


West

Frontier

Province,

Sindh,

Punjab

study

[256] nr Pakistan Sindh

province


yr

16,5 nr nr 5 study took part in 4 districts

participating in a School

Nutrition Program

[257] 1999-

2000

Pakistan Islamabad

&

Rawalpindi


yr

20 25 nr 4 children living on the streets of

focal areas in big cities

[258] 2002 Yemen Sahar

district


yr

50,9 48,7 nr 5 study took place after 5 yr of

campaigns to reduce parasitic

infections

Latin America

[259] 2004 Bolivia around

Beni river


yr

36 nr nr 5

[260] 2005 Brazil Rio de

Janeiro


yr

nr 6.6 nr 7 children from families with low

socio-economic status; baseline

data of intervention study

[261] 2006 Brazil Embu, Sao

Paulo


yr

5.41 nr 4.1 6 (7 for

thinnes

s)

[262] 2002 Brazil national urban &

rural

9653 children, 5-9

yr

nr 2 nr 6


rural

3763 children, 10-

11yr

9,3 nr 3,7 6

[263] 2002 Brazil Salvador urban 1741 children, 6-19

yr

nr nr 4,2 6 children from middle & upper

class

[264] 2002 Brazil Florianopoli

s

urban &

rural

2936 children, 7-10

yr

nr nr 3,2 6

[265] 2003 Brazil Minas

Gerais

state

urban nr children, 11-

12 yr

nr nr 7,2 5

[266] 2000-

2001

Brazil Porto

Alegre

urban &

rural

706 children, 6-18

yr

nr nr 4,7 5 children mean age 11,6 3,3

yr

[267] 1997 Brazil Northeast

and

Southeast

region

urban &

rural

ca

2400

children, 6-9

yr

nr nr 6,1 5

[268] after

2001

Brazil Recife urban 116 children, 12

yr

nr 0,8¹ nr 4

[269] 2002 Brazil Sao Paolo urban 218 children, 7-9

yr

nr nr 10,6 4 children from poor families;

children with physical

disabilities or pregnancy were

excluded

[270] 2001 Brazil nr urban 199 children, 6-11

yr

5.0 3.8 nr 4 children of poor families

[271] 1998 Brazil Parana urban 101 children, 5-15

yr

5 nr nr 4

[272] nr Brazil Bahia urban 699 children, 5-9 nr nr 8,5¹ 3

yr

[273] nr Brazil Niteroi,

Greater Rio

de janeiro

unspecifi

ed

344 children, 9 yr 2,6 nr nr 3 children mainly from families

with low socio-economic status

[274] 2005 Chile national urban &

rural

175715

5

children, 6 yr 2.7 nr 1.1 7


rural

180000 children, 6 yr 1,9 nr 3,2 6 children from families with

middle and low socio-economic

status

[276] 2001 Chile Arica, Buin,

Puerto

Montt


yr

nr nr 3,3¹ 5

[277] 1998 Chile national urban 1521 boys, 6-11 yr

& girls, 6-9 yr

nr nr 3,6¹ 5

[30] 2004 Colombia national urban &

rural

14591 children, 5-9

yr

12,6 5,4 nr 7

[278] 2006 Colombia Bogota city urban 3202 children, 5-12 9,4 1,9 nr 7 children from low & middle

yr income families

[279] 2004 Colombia Medellin

city


yr

nr nr 4,0¹ 6

[31] 1999 Colombia Medellin urban 458 healthy

children, 6-

11yr

13,2¹ 38,3¹ nr 4 children with infection or

pathological disease were

excluded

[280] 2000-

2001

Dominican

Republic

national urban &

rural

5668 primary

school

children

7,4 5,3 13,8 6

[[33] 2000 Ecuador Orellana urban &

rural

626 children, 5-14

yr, mean age

8.9 yr

28,8 nr nr 5 Amazonian region with low

malaria transmission

[281] 2000 Ecuador not

reported


yr, mean age

5 yr

40 21,5 nr 4

[282] 2007 El Salvador national urban &

rural

167224 school

children,

15,5 nr nr 7

grade 1

[283] 2005 Guatemala Quetzalten

ango


yr

15 8,7 nr 6 higher prevalence of stunting

and underweight in children

from families with low (27.0%

and 14%) compared to high

socio-economic status (7,3%

and 4,6%)

[284] 2001 Guatemala national urban &

rural

381 children, 6-9

yr

48,8 nr nr 4

[285] 1997 Jamaica Kingston

and St

Andrew

urban 1698 children, 11-

12 yr

3,3 nr 9 4 (5 for

thinnes

s)


rural

14666 children, 5-

11y

10 nr nr 7

[286] 2005 Mexico Mexico City urban 1819 children, 6-13

yr

nr nr 0,5¹ 6

[287] 2004 Mexico Mexico city urban 561 children, 6 to 2 nr nr 6

13 yr

[288] 2001 Mexico Tijuana urban 1172 children, 6 to

13 yr

nr nr 3,8 6

[289] 2001 Mexico Tijuana urban 1767 children, 6-12

yr

4,8 1,2 nr 6 children from poor indigenous

population

[290] 2002-03 Mexico Cuauhte

´moc,

Colima

rural 303 children, 6-

14y

nr nr 2 4

[291] after

2001

Mexico Sinaloa

and

Oaxaca

states


yr

23 8,5 nr 4 (5 for

stuntin

g)

children from poor families;

stunting and underweight

prevalence was much higher in

Oaxaca (42,6% and 19%) than

in Sinaloa (4% and 3,5%); also

prevalence of helminth

infections was significantly

higher in Oaxaca than in

Sinaloa

[292] 2001 Mexico Torreon urban 602 children, 6-8 2,2 1,2¹ nr 4 (5 for Study conducted in area 3.5 km

yr stuntin

g)

of a metallurgic smelter

complex, where high arsenic

levels are present.

[293] 2000 Mexico Oaxaca urban &

rural

700 children, 6-13

yr

22.3 nr 0.6¹ 4 (5 for

stuntin

g)

children from indigenous rural

community and from an urban

community; stunting is more

common in rural than in urban

children

[294] 2001 Mexico Jalapa urban 219 children, 6-12

yr

0,5 nr nr 4 children from middle & upper

class


yr

22,3 nr 3,2 4 children from poor indigenous

Tarahuma population attending

boarding schools

[296] 1999-

2000

Mexico Mexico city urban 559 school

children,

grade 4-6,

mean age

nr nr 47¹ 4

10.8 yr


rural

1558 children, 5-11

yr

nr 7,2 nr 7 Baseline data of intervention

study


rural

159710 school

children,

grade 1

27,2 nr nr 7

[298] 2007 Panama national urban &

rural

68499 children, 6-9

yr

21,2 nr nr 7

[299] 1998 Peru Cusco and

Apurimac

rural 588 school

children,

grade 4

60 20 3 5 children from poor indigenous

Highland population

[300] 1999 Peru Miraflores urban 143 children, 9 yr 32 nr nr 4 children from poor families

[301] 2002 Uruguay national urban &

rural

56647 school

children,

grade 1

22,9 nr nr 6

South East Asia

[302] 1999 Banglades Mirpur urban 191 children, 6-9 29¹ 34¹ nr 3 children from poor families

h yr

[303] 1995-

1996

Banglades

h

Manikganj

&

Mymensing

h district


yr

nr 56 nr 3 children from poor families

[304] after

2006

Banglades

h

Matlab rural 285 children, 5-12

yr

nr nr 35 5 Areas were arsenic

contaminated

[305] nr Banglades

h

Sherpur urban 989 healthy girls,

average age

12 1,9 yr

nr nr 80¹ 4 children from poor families;

sample of girls who have left

the formal education system or

who have never attended

school;

girls with severe malnutrition

concerning iron, vit A, or

clinical symptoms of deficiency

were excluded;


study

[306] 2004 India Bangalore urban &

rural

2030 children, 5-15

yr

25 50 nr 7

[307] 2005 India Bangalore urban 598 healthy

children, 6-10

yr

21.8 30.0 nr 6 marginally nourished children

from families of low socio-

economic status; severely

undernourished children and

children with chronic

illness/severe anemia were

excluded;


study;

[308] 1998-

1999

India nine states rural 3783 children, 10-

12 yr

37 44 nr 6 children from poor tribal and

rural families

[309] 2005 India West

Bengal


yr

38.3 41.9 nr 5 children from urban slums

[310] after

1999

India Puruliya

district,

rural 442 children, 5-12 17,9 33,7 nr 5 children from poor tribal

West

Bengal

yr population of Santal

[311] 1998 India North East

India


yr

54 28 6 5 children from tribal population

[312] nr India Delhi urban 966 children, 6-9

yr

45,1 52,5 nr 5

[313] nr India West

Bengal


12 yr

nr nr 49,5 5

[314] 2003-

2004

India West

Bengal


yr

nr nr 90¹ 4 children from poor tribal

population

[315] 1999-

2000

India Pauri

Garhwal in

Uttaranchal


yr

nr 45,5¹ nr 3 children from poor & middle

income families

[316] nr India West

Bengal


12 yr

nr nr 47,3 3

[317] nr India Cchattisgar

h


yr

60,5 48 nr 3 children from poor tribal

population

[318] nr India Assam, urban & not children, 6-14 43 nr nr 3 Stunting prevalence differs a lot

Bihar,

Orissa,

West

Bengal,

Tripura

rural reporte

d

yr between regions (from11,8 to

63,1%)

[319] nr India Ri-Bhoi

districs

rural 154 girls, 7-9 yr &

10-12 yr

5,6 4 nr 3 children from poor Khasi tribal

population

[320] nr India Madhya

Pradesh


yr

nr nr 7,1¹ 2 children from poor families

[53] 2007-08 Indonesia national urban &

rural

438 children, 6-14

yr

nr nr 12.1 6

[321] 2002 Indonesia Bogor and

West

Jakarta

district


yr

10.4 nr 21 6 Prevalence of stunting and

thinness was higher in children

from public schools (13% and

23%) than from private schools

(5% and 16%)

[322] 1999 Indonesia Central

Java

urban &

rural

3010 children, 6-8

yr

19,3 nr nr 6 children with prominent chronic

diseases, thalassemia, or

handicaps were excluded

[323] 2000 Indonesia Sukajadi,

Bogor

districs


yr

74,5 39,7 nr 4 children from Sundanese

community (ethnic minority)

[324] 1997 Indonesia Jakarta urban 102 girls, 11-15 yr nr nr 11,1 3

[325] 2006-08 Nepal Sarlahi/

Kathmandu

urban &

rural

3356 children, 6-8

yr

45.5 52.9 17.6 7

[326] 2007 Nepal Kathmandu

valley

urban 1988 healthy

children, 6-10

yr

44.5 49.4 nr 7 children with systemic disease

or major surgical operations

were excluded

[327] 2002 Nepal Sunsari

and

Dhankuta

urban 818 school

children,

grade 1-5

21,5 nr nr 6

[328] 2002 North

Korea

national (7

out of 9

provinces)

urban &

rural

not

reporte

d

children, 6-7

yr

45,9 nr nr 4


rural

2528 children, 9-10

yr

15,5 nr 52,6 7


rural

4764 children, 10-

12 yr

28 nr 50 6

[331] 2002 Sri lanka Colombo urban 1224 children, 8-12

yr

6,7 7,5 23,6 6

[332] 1999 Sri Lanka Veddah

and

Sinhalese

communitie

s


yr

28 66 nr 4 children from a poor indigenous

population

[62] 2003 Thailand national urban &

rural

2250 children, 6-14

yr

7,5 nr nr 7


Ratchatin

rural poor 567 children, 6-13

yr

10 12 nr 5 children from poor families;

children with infection were

excluded

[334] nr Thailand nr unspecifi

ed

212 children, 6-7

yr

nr nr 0 3

Western Pacific

Region

[335] 1999 Cambodia Kampot

province


yr

52,9 51 nr 5 baseline data of intervention

study


province


yr

4.7 7.1 nr 7

[336] 2004 China 9 provinces urban &

rural

1566 children, 6-17

yr

16.0¹ nr 9.4 6 (7 for

thinnes

s)

[337] 2000 China National urban &

rural

2174 children, 6-18

yr

nr nr 13,2 6


province

urban &

rural

205 children, 12

yr

nr nr 3,4 4

[339] 1997 China 9 provinces

throughout

China

urban &

rural

ca

800?

children, 6-9

yr

nr nr 9,4 4

[340] 1999 China Beijing urban 373 girls, 9-11 yr nr nr 32,2¹ 3 baseline data of intervention

study

[341] nr China Taiwan unspecifi

ed

307 children, 8-9

yr

nr nr 17,3 3

[342] 2001 Laos Luang

namtha &

Sekong

province


yr

68 1,65 nr 6 children from poor families

[343] 2005-06 Laos Vientiane

city


yr

19,9 28 nr 5

[344] 2006-07 Malaysia Pos Betau,

Pehang

rural 241 Healthy

children, 7-12

yr

43.6 37.3 nr 5 children with severe or chronic

inflammation were excluded

[345, 346] after

2000

Malaysia Selangor urban &

rural

1405 children, 9-10

yr

1,2¹ nr 1,2¹ 5 26% of children were in the low

income classification

[347] 1996 Malaysia Kuala

Lumpur


yr

6,7 7,1 14,5 5

[348] nr Malaysia Kuala

Lumpur

urban 1320 school

children

grade 5,

nr nr 16,1 5

estimated

average age

11yr

[349] nr Malaysia Kuala

Lumpur


yr

5,4 10 nr 3 children with high exposure to

leaded gasoline combustion in

vehicle exhaust

[350] nr Malaysia Pahang rural 241 children, 7-12

yr

43.6 37.3 nr 3 children from indigenous Orang

Asli population; 98,6% of

children had helminthic

infections;

prevalence of stunting and

underweight was higher in boys

(57% and 59%) than in girls

(43% and 44%)

[351] nr Malaysia Selangor rural 368 children, 2-15

yr

61,3 56,5 nr 3 area endemic for intestinal

parasitic infections; children

from indigenous population

[352] 1996-97 Philippines Manila urban 1208 children, 8-10

yr

17,2 11,7 14,3 5 stunting, underweight, and

thinness were more common in

kids in public schools than in

private schools

[353] 2001 South

Korea

Busan urban 3059 children, 7-12

yr

nr nr 3 6


Province


yr

25.1 28.5 nr 6 Baseline data of intervention

trial

[83] 2003 Viet Nam Phu Tho

province


yr

25,5 41,5 nr 6 children from poor families; high

prevalence (92%) of intestinal

infections

[355] 2001-02 Viet Nam national urban &

rural

ca

30000

children, 6-14

yr

nr nr 37 6


province


yr

32.6 39.2 nr 5

[357] 2002 Viet Nam Ho Chi Min

City

urban &

rural

721 children, 11-

12 yr

nr nr 13,5 5


rural

4367 children, 7-16

yr

56,9 64,1 nr 5

[359] 1999 Viet Nam Ho Chi

Minh, Binh

chanh

District

urban &

rural

348 girls, 7-9 yr 8,3 14,7 nr 4 underweight and stunting were

more common in rural (21,8%

and 13,5%) than in urban (5,8%

and 1,9%) children

¹ inappropriate cut-off/reference growth curve

Table F: Overview of reported prevalence of overweight (including obesity) and obesity in school-age children in developing and industrialized

countries, 1998-2008

Title Study

Year

Country Region rural/ urban N subjects Prevalence

of

overweight

(including

obesity)

(%)

Prevalence

of obesity

(%)

Total Q-

score

Comments

Africa

[360] 2003 Ethiopia Addis Abbaba urban 446 children, 6-12

yr

3,3 nr 6

[361] 2004 Ghana Ashanti region urban &

rural

1277 children, 8-16

yr

4,8 nr 7

[362] 1999-

2000

Mozambique Maputo urban 1070 children, 6-12

yr

7,2 nr 6

[363] 2001-

2004

South Africa 5 provinces

across the

urban &

rural


yr

15,8 4 6

country

[364] 2000 South Africa Limpompo

province


yr

1,4 nr 6

[365] 1999 South Africa national urban &

rural

1405 children, 4-8

yr

13,4 3,5 6

[366] 1995 South Africa Kwazulu-Natal rural 802 children, 8-11

yr

2,3 4,0 5


rural

1878 children, 13-

15 yr

8,3 3 7


[368] 2002-04 Egypt Giza

governorate

Unspecified 1283 children, 6-11

yr

17.7 5.7 7

[369] 2003-04 Iran national (23

provinces)

urban &

rural


yr

8,8 4,5 7

[370] 2006 Iran Yazd city urban 800 children, 11-

13 yr

13¹ nr 6 prevalence of obesity in girls

(8,5%) was lower than in boys

(17.5%)

[371] 2004-05 Iran Tehran urban 763 children, 11- 19,4 8,1 6

12 yr

[372] 2002-03 Iran Shiraz urban 2195 healthy

children, 6-11

yr

5,3 4,6 6 Overweight was more present in

girls (6,1%) than boys (3,3%)

[373] 2002 Iran Teheran urban 1800 girls, 7-12 yr 13,3 7,7 6

[374] 2000-01 Iran Tehran city urban 731 children, 11-

12 yr

23,8 9 5

[375] 2003 Iran Islamshahr

district,

Teheran

urban &

rural

120 girls, 10-14 yr 16,7¹ 5 4

[376] 2001 Iran Isfahan & Arak urban &

rural

ca 250 children, 11-

12 yr

9,6¹ 1,9 3 baseline data of intervention

study

[377] nr Jordan North & South urban &

rural

ca 1700 boys, 6 yr nr 2,3 5 children from poor families;

prevalence of obesity was higher

in urban region (3,9%) than in

rural poor region (0,7%)

[378]. 2006 Kuwait national urban & 4072 children, 6-12 44.5 13.9 7

rural yr

[379] 1993 Oman Muscat urban 550 children, 6-7

yr

5,3 2 4

[380] 2007 Pakistan Karachi urban 398 healthy

children, 6-17

yr

25.3 6.0 5 children from affluent families

[381] 1995-96 Pakistan Karachi urban 806 children, 5-17

yr

nr 2,0 5

[382]. 1999-

2000

Pakistan Karachi urban 260 children, 8-15

yr

21,2 nr 4

[383] nr Saudi Arabia Al-Hassa

Governorate

Urban &

rural

419 boys, 10-12 yr 17.2 nr 4

[384] 1996 Tunisia National urban &

rural

1628 children, 6-12

yr

nr 1.3 5

Latin America

[385] 2006 Argentina Buenos Aires urban 620 children, 5-

13yr

32,7 15,3 6

[386] 2007 Argentina Buenos Aires urban 330 children, 6-12 34.6 18.5 5 children from families with low

yr socio-economic status

[387] 2004 Bolivia area around

Beni River


10yr

8,5 0,5 5 children from indigenous

communities

[388] 2006 Brazil Embu, Sao

Paulo


10yr

27.7 13.3 7

[389] 2005 Brazil Rio de Janeiro urban 1134 children, 9-12

yr

15.0 4.9 7 children from families with low

socio-economic;


study

[390] 2004 Brazil Pelotas urban 4441 children, 11 yr 28.7 10.3 7

[265] 2003 Brazil Minas Gerais

state

urban ca 860 children, 11-

12 yr

7,9 2,6 7


rural

3763 children, 10-

11yr

22,4 3,7 6

[391] 2006 Brazil Sao Paolo urban 739 children, 6-10

yr

nr 7.8 6

[392] 2002 Brazil Salvador urban 1741 children, 6-19 17,1 5,2 6 children from middle & upper

yr class

[393] 2002 Brazil Florianopolis urban 2936 children, 7-10

yr

22,1 5,5 6

[394] 2000-

2001

Brazil Porto Alegre urban 706 children, 6-

18y, mean

age: 11,6

3,3 yr

27 11 5

[395] 1997 Brazil Northeast and

Southeast

region

urban &

rural

ca 2400 children, 6-9yr 17,4 nr 5

[396] nr Brazil Porto Alegre unspecified 901 children, 8-11

yr

24,1 nr 5 children from poor families;

children with physical disabilities

or pregnancy were excluded

[397] nr Brazil Vicosa urban 2074 children, 6-8

yr

nr 2.8 5

[398] 2002 Brazil Sao Paolo urban 218 healthy

children, 7-9yr

13,8 4,6 4

[399] 2000 Brazil unspecified urban 366 children, 6-12 27,9 13,1 4

yr

[400] 1995 Brazil Rio de Janeiro unspecified 507 children, 6-

11yr

37,1 nr 4

[272] nr Brazil Bahia urban 699 children, 5-9

yr

9,3 4,4 4

[401] nr Brazil Porto Alegre urban 250 children, 10-

11 yr

51.9 14.1 3


rural

1757155 children, 6 yr nr 21.4 7


rural

ca

160000

children, 6 yr nr 13,9 6 children from families of middle &

low socio-economic status

[404] 2001 Chile Arica, Buin,

Puerto Montt


yr

35,5 15,6 6

[405]. 1998 Chile 10 cities

throughout the

country

urban 713 boys, 6-11 yr

and girls, 6-9

yr

45 27 5

[406] 2006 Colombia Bogota city urban 3202 children, 5-12 11,4 1,7 7 children from low & middle

yr income families

[407] nr Colombia Medellin city urban 1119 children, 6-18

yr

nr 4,7 5

[408] 2000 Costa Rica San Jose urban &

rural

1718 children, 7-12

yr

34,5 nr 6

[409] 2005 Guatemala Quetzaltenango urban 583 children, 8-

10yr

23,7 9,2 6

[410] 1997 Jamaica Kingston and St

Andrew


12 yr

20 6 5


rural

15111 children, 5-

11yr

26 9 7

[411] 2005-06 Mexico Mexico City urban 1239 children, 8-13

yr

23.6 12.3 7

[412] 2005 Mexico Mexico City urban 1819 children, 6-13

yr

46,7 24,1 7

[413] 2003 Mexico Tijuana urban 1641 children, 6-12

yr

36 nr 7 children from poor indigenous

population

[414] 2004 Mexico Morelos urban & 592 children 7-14 35,1 nr 6

rural yr

[415] 2002 Mexico North Mexico

City


yr

nr 14,1 6

[416] 2001 Mexico Tijuana urban 1172 children, 6 to

13 yr

41,3 22,5 6

[417] 2001 Mexico Tijuana urban 1767 children, 6-

12yr

38 19 6 children from poor indigenous

population

[418] 2000 Mexico Chihuahua urban 941 school

children,

grade 3-4

34,6 17,7 6


rural


yr

19,5 nr 6

[420] 2000 Mexico Oaxaca urban &

rural

700 children, 6-13

yr

9.7 2.1 5 study includes children from

indigenous rural community

(Zapotec) and of an urban

community;

overweight & obesity are more

common in urban than in rural

children

[421] nr Mexico Mexico city urban 833 children, 6-10

yr

10 5 5 children from middle class

[422] nr Mexico Central Mexico urban 1238 children, 6-13

yr

20,6 16 5

[423] 2002-03 Mexico Cuauhte´moc rural 303 children, 6-

14yr

41.9 23.8 4

[424] 2001 Mexico Chihuahua rural 331 children, 10-

14 yr

5,7 0,6 4 children from poor indigenous

Tarahuma population

[425] 1999-

2000

Mexico Mexico city urban 559 school

children,

grade 4-6

19¹ 5¹ 4 subjects average age 10,8 years

[426] nr Mexico Durango urban 488 healthy

children, 10-

13 yr

47.7 24.6 4 only subjects in good health state

were included

[427] 1992 Mexico Sonora and

Veracruz


yr

37,4¹ 20¹ 3 obesity prevalence higher in boys

(23,2%) than girls (16,7%)

[299] 1998 Peru Cusco and rural 588 school 3 0 5 children from poor indigenous

Apurimac children,

grade 4 ,

mean age 12

yr

highland population

[428] 2000 Uruguay Montevideo and

larger cities


yr

26 9 6

South East Asia

[429] 2002 India Kolkata urban 431 children, 6-9

yr

17,6 5,1 5 children from affluent families

[430] 1998 India Chennai urban 407 girls, 10-12y 9,6 6,1 5 children from affluent families

[431] after

1995

India Ludhiana urban 1133 children, 9-12

yr

15,9 nr 5 children from middle & upper

class

[432] after

1992

India Delhi urban 11745 children, 6-12

yr

15,4 5,2 5 prevalence of overweight and

obesity higher in children from

high socio-economic compared

to low socio-economic

background


yr

22 6,4 5 children from affluent families

[434] nr India Punjab urban 1000 children, 6-11

yr


[314] 2003-

2004

India West Bengal rural 150 children, 6-12

yr

8,7¹ 5,4¹ 4 children from poor tribal

population

[435] nr India Bangalore urban 598 children, 6-16

yr

6,4 nr 4 sample of children from low &

middle class families, visiting the

hospital with minor complaints or

routine checkups

[436] nr India Pune urban 674 girls, 9-11yr &

boys, 9-12 yr

30,1 nr 4 children from affluent families;

boys are more overweight

(31,8%) than girls (23,4%) and

comprise a greater number of the

overall sample


yr

nr 5¹ 4 children from affluent families

[438] nr India Pune urban 565 children, 10- 22,5 6,5 4 children from affluent families

12 yr

[439] nr India Delhi urban 366 children, 10-

12 yr


[53] 2007-08 Indonesia national urban &

rural

438 children, 6-14

yr

nr 8.0 6

[322] 1999 Indonesia Central Java urban &

rural

3010 healthy

children, 6-8

yr

2,7 0,8 6 children with prominent chronic

diseases, thalassemia or

handicaps were excluded

[321] 2002 Indonesia Bogor and

West Jakarta

district


yr

16 nr 6

[324] 1997 Indonesia Jakarta urban 102 girls, 11-15 yr 11,1 nr 3


rural

2528 children, 9-10

yr

3,1 nr 7


rural

4764 children, 10-

12 yr

2,6 nr 6

[331] 2002 Sri lanka Colombo urban 1224 children, 8-12 11,4 3,7 6

yr


[442] 2004 China 9 provinces urban &

rural

1566 children, 6-17

yr

13.1 nr 7

[443] 2003 China Urumqi urban ca

19000?

children, 8-12

yr

10 4,1 7 Chinese growth reverence curve

used

[67]. 2003 China Jiangsu

province


yr

5.1 1.4 7 China growth reference curve

used


rural

5835 children, 7-12

yr

4,5 1,2 6


rural

ca

108000

children, 7-12

yr

10 5,0 6 China growth reference curve

used; wasted and stunted

children were excluded


from North &

South

urban &

rural

16094 children, 6 yr 5 nr 6 children with z-scores for height

or weight >6 or <6 were excluded

[447] 1999 China Shenzhen urban 4574 children, 7-12 15,3 3,1 6

yr

[448] 2004 China Dalian urban 253 children, 9-12

yr

15,5 nr 5

[449] 2000 China Eastern urban 9356 children, 4-16

yr

nr 11,9¹ 5

[450] 1999 China Wuhan urban &

rural

ca 800 children, 12 yr 14,6 4,2 5


throughout

China

urban and

rural

880 children, 6-11

yr

9,4 nr 5


throughout

China

urban &

rural

ca 900 children, 6-9

yr

10,5 nr 5

[453] nr China Beijing urban 2425 children,

mean age 8,3

±1,5 yr

24,5 11,6 5

[454] nr China Beijing urban 532 children, 6-12 nr 21,1 4

yr

[455] 2002 China Taiwan urban &

rural

249 children, 10-

11 yr

28,5¹ nr 3 study population consists of 52

aboriginal children and 197

Chinese children, all living in

Taiwan

[340] 1999 China Beijing urban 373 girls, 9-11yr 16,1¹ 7,8¹ 3 sample of pre-menarchal girls

only;

China growth reference curve

used;


study

[341] nr China Taiwan unspecified 307 children, 8-9

yr

30 nr 3 Taiwan growth reference curve

used

[456] nr China Guangzhou urban 215 children, 7-13

yr

54.5 30.2 3 Chinese growth reverence curve

used

[457] nr China Beijing urban 489 Boys, 6-12 yr;

girls, 6-11 yr

nr 23.9 3 Chinese growth reverence curve

used

[343] 2005-06 Laos Vientiane city urban 179 children, 6-7 nr 1,1 5

yr

[346] After

2000

Malaysia Selangor urban &

rural

1405 children, 9-10

yr

16,3 6,3 6 26% of subjects were in the low

income classification

[347] 1996 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur urban 5995 children, 7-10

yr

17,8 8,4 5

[348] nr Malaysia Kuala Lumpur urban 1320 school

children,

grade 5

nr 10,1 5 children with estimated average

age 11 yr

[352] 1996-97 Philippines Manila urban 1208 children, 8-10

yr

8,5 7,4 5 overweight and obesity were

more prevalent in children from

private schools (24.9% and 12%)

compared to children from public

schools (5,8% and 3,3%).

[458] 2005-06 South Korea Kwacheon City urban 737 children, 7-8

yr

18.2 nr 6

[459] After

2001

South Korea Nowon-gu,

Seoul


yr

41,4 11 6

[353] 2001 South Korea Busan urban 3059 children, 7-12 nr 9 6

yr

[460] 2001 South Korea Busan urban 531 children, 11-

12 yr

23,2 nr 5

[461] nr South Korea Kyungi

province

urban 4033 school

children,

grade 5

27.8 5.5 5 (6 for

obesity)

mean age of children: 10,9 yr

[462] 1997 South Korea Busan urban 351 children, 7-8

yr

15,7 nr 3

[463] 1987 South Korea unspecified urban 375 children 7 yr 6.1 nr 3 Korean growth charts used

[464] nr South Korea unspecified unspecified 161 children 9 yr 45.0 nr 3 Korean growth charts used

[465] nr South Korea Gyoung-gi

Province

unspecified 135 children 7-16

yr

37 nr 3


rural

ca

30000

children, 6-14

yr

1,8 nr 6

[357] 2002 Viet Nam Ho Chi Min City urban &

rural

721 children, 11-

12 yr

6,1 0,4 5 obesity only present in urban

children

¹ inappropriate cut-off/reference growth curve

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Table A: Overview of reported prevalence of … · Web viewBr J Nutr 2007;97:970-976. 5. Hess SY, Zimmermann MB, Adou P, Torresani T, Hurrell RF. Treatment of iron deficiency in goitrous