Table 1.4prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/13546/1/Abdul... · Web view2016/07/15 · migration is a great trend and powerful notion about one-fourth of all migrations and

i

In The Name Of ALLAH,

The Most Gracious,

The Most Merciful

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. ABDUL RAUF has conducted research on

“Immigrants in Bahawalpur City, their Livelihood and Integration” under my

supervision. The research work was satisfactory throughout. The thesis has been

finalized and submitted for evaluation.

Prof. Dr. Birjees Talat

Research Supervisor

ii

DECLARATION

It is declared that this is an original piece of my own work, except where

otherwise acknowledged in the text and references. This work has not been submitted

in any form for another degree or diploma at any university or other institution for

tertiary education and shall not be submitted by me in future for obtaining any degree

from this or any other university or institution.

Abdul Rauf

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my proud privilege to place on record my sincere gratitude to Prof. DR.

Birjees Talat, for her able and dynamic guidance in presentation of my dissertation.

Her vast and life long experience in the field has been a store-house of knowledge.

Without her scientific zeal, ever ready and untiring assistance, her motherly concern

to my problems and her sympathetic appreciation of my limitations, it would have

never been possible to bring these pages to the light of the day. Indeed, without her

guidance it would have been a mission impossible.

With pleasure, I acknowledge the debt of affection to my parents, wife,

children and brothers for their various considerations and generous cooperation during

the preparation of this work.

Gratefully I acknowledge my personal obligation to MR. Fazal Elahi, MR.

Khalid Hameed, MR. Muhammad Farooq and MR. Muhammad Wasim Nawaz for

their valuable cooperation for brushing-up the language of the entire manuscript.

Indeed I am also thankful to Prof. DR. Asad Ali, DR.Abdul Sattar Khan,

MR. Sajjad Noor, MR. Sheer Muhammad Malik and MR. Khalil Ahmed for their

valuable encouragement and moral support.

I shall be failing in my duty if I do not acknowledge the valuable services and

cooperation of my colleagues especially DR. Masood Ahmed, MR. Muhaamad

Arshad, MR. Khalid Mahmood, MR. Muhammad Shahid and MR. Sajjad Ramooz

without which this research would not have been completed.

iv

Last but not the least I would like to acknowledge my students namely, Ghulam

Murtaza, Hafiz Imran, Imran Nazir, Rana Aamar and Arslan Ansari, as without their

sincere help this study would have been an uphill task.

v

ABSTRACT

The focus of present study is immigrant their livelihood and integration in

Bahawalpur City. The nature of migration depends on the requirement and intensity

of immigrants. Migration into Bahawalpur City is based to improve standard of living

and to alleviate poverty among immigrants. Bahawalpur City was headquarter of the

princely state, and has many opportunities, facilities which attract population from

most of the places of Punjab Province and well as other parts of the country. Present

study deals with migration to Bahawalpur City, livelihood and marriage integration.

The study divided into four chapters. Chapter I explains problems, migration,

objectives and methodology. Chapter 2 presents the structure of migrant population in

Bahawalpur District and City. Chapter 3 deals with profile of the migrant population

in Bahawalpur City of the surveyed population. Analysis of immigrants has done

from various places of Punjab Province and other areas too in eight phases. Chapter 4

present livelihood and marriage integration of migrant population with local

population of Bahawalpur City and result of analysis of marriage integration.

vi

CONTENTS

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM, OBJECTIVES AND METHODLOGY

Introduction 1

Definition of Immigration 3

Theories behind Immigration 3

Economic Migration 4

Migrant Population Position in the world 4

Definition of Livelihood 7

Definition of integration 7 Social integration Financial integration

Bahawalpur: Geographical and Historical Background 9

Bahawalpur by Tahsil 10

Physiography of Bahawalpur 13 Desert Area or Cholistan Plain Area or Central tract Area adjacent to river Sutlej (Riverian Area)

History of Bahawalpur 16

Objective of the study 18

Framework of the study 18

Methodology 19

Literature sighted 20

Chapter 2

STRUCTURE OF THE MIGRANT POPULATION

Size of the migrant population 31

Population in Punjab by district 1998 33and status of Bahawalpur district

vii

Migrant Population in Punjab 37Province and status of Bahawalpur district

Change in size of the Migrant Population since 1951 39

Migrant population by province percentage 43of its total population 1951-1998

Migrant Population in Punjab Province 1951-1998 44

Share Percentage of Migrant Population in 45Punjab Province by district 1998

Size change of Migrant Population in Punjab 47Province and District Bahawalpur 1951-1998

Size change of Migrant Population in Punjab 49Province and District Bahawalpur by urban/rural 1998 census

Size change of Migrant Population in 50District Bahawalpur 1951-1998

District Bahawalpur: Size change in total 52Rural and Urban migrant Population from 1951-1998 Total Migrant Population share 1951-1998 Rural Migrant Population share 1951-1998 Urban Migrant Population share 1951-1998

District Bahawalpur: Migrant Population 55from different areas of Pakistan

Bahawalpur District: Migrant Population 57by Reason of Migration Urban/Rural categories 1998 Total Migrant Population Urban Migrant Population Rural Migrant Population

Bahawalpur District: Migrant Population 60(10 years and above) by literacy Rural/Urban category 1998

Bahawalpur District Migrant Population 61(10 years and above) by Education Attainment 1998

District Bahawalpur: Urban Population Distribution 62and share Percentage 1998 Bahawalpur city population Growth 1901-1998

Migrant population from 1951 to 1998 65

CHAPTER 3

viii

PROFILE OF RESPONDENT MIGRANT IN BAHAWALPUR CITY

Profile of Respondents 67 Gender, Religion and Language of Respondents

Age Group of Respondents 69

Income of Respondents 70

Education Attainment of Respondents 71

Health care of respondent 72

Worsening health condition of respondents 73

Family size of Respondents 74

Migration of Respondents 75 Respondent migrated before 1947 Respondent migrated from 1947 to 1950 Respondent migrated from 1951 to 1960 Respondent migrated from1961 to 1970 Respondent migrated from 1971 to 1980 Respondent migrated from 1981 to 1990 Respondent migrated from 1991 to 2000 Respondent migrated from 2001 to 2006

CHAPTER 4

LIVELIHOOD AND INTEGRATION OF RESPONDENT IMMIGRANTS IN BAHAWALPUR CITY

Fundamentals structure of sustainable livelihood 104and main ideologies of presentation

Human capital 106

Natural capital 111

Financial capital 113

Social capital 117

Physical capital 118

How integration develops 119

Social integration 120

ix

Financial integration 121

Marriage integration 121

Inter marriage integration in Bahawalpur city 122

Bahawalpur city: inter marriage on educational level 123

Bahawalpur city: inter marriage based on spoken languages 125

Bahawalpur city: inter marriages based on monthly income 125

Bahawalpur city: inter marriages based on residential category 127

Bahawalpur city: inter marriages of those 128respondent immigrant that hide their income

a. Bahawalpur city: inter marriages based on education levelb. Bahawalpur city: inter marriages based on residencec. Bahawalpur city: inter marriages based on languages

Respondent immigrants based on residential 133category belong to service group

Respondent immigrants based on residential 133category belong to business community

Summary and conclusion 139

References 155

Questionnaire 162

x

TABLES OF CHAPTER 1

Tables Page No.

1.1. Top immigration countries number of immigrants, Millions, 2010

6

1.2. Top immigration countries percentage of population, 2010

6

1.3. PUNJAB: area and population by district 1998

10

1.4. Bahawalpur district: area and population by tahsil 1998

12

TABLES OF CHAPTER 2

Tables Page No.

2.1. PAKISTAN: Total and migrant population and share 32percentage by province 1998

2.2. Punjab province: area, population by district 1998 33

2.3. Punjab province: density of population by district 1998 362.4. Punjab province: migrant population by district 38

and share percentage 1998 2.5. Pakistan: total and migration population by province 1951-1998 40

2.6. Punjab: migrant population by district 1998 45

2.7. Punjab province and Bahawalpur district: share percentage 48of migrant population of total population 1951-1998

2.8. Bahawalpur district: share percentage of 50migrant population of total population 1951-1998

2.9. Bahawalpur district: migrant population by urban/rural 1951-1998 53

2.10. Bahawalpur district: migrant population from different areas 1998 55

2.11. Bahawalpur district: migrant population by urban/rural 58and by reason of migration 1998

2.12. Bahawalpur district: migrant population 60(ten & above) by literacy 1998

2.13. Bahawalpur district: migrant population (ten & above) 61

xi

by education attainment 1998

2.14. Bahawalpur city: growth of total population 1901-1998 63

2.15. Bahawalpur city: migrant population 1951-1998 65

TABLES OF CHAPTER 3

Tables Page No.

3.1. Gender, religion and spoken language of respondents 67

3.2. Age group of respondents 69

3.3. Monthly income of respondents in rupees 70

3.4. Education attainment of respondents 71

3.5. Health care of respondents 72

3.6. Respondent’sworsen health condition 73

3.7. Family size of respondents 74

3.8. Bahawalpur: sample size of migrant 76respondent before 1947 to 2006

3.9. Bahawalpur: migrant respondent percentage 76before 1947 to 2006

3.10. Bahawalpur: migrant respondent percentage of 78foreign born population before 1947 to 2006

3.11. Bahawalpur: migrant respondent percentage 79with in Pakistan before 1947

3.12. Bahawalpur: migrant respondent percentage 81within Pakistan from 1947 to 1950


3.14. Bahawalpur: migrant population percentage 87within Pakistan from 1961 to 1970



xii



xiii

CHAPTER 4

Tables Page No.

4.1. Respondent’s service types 107

4.2. Respondents small business categories 108

4.3. Health care Respondents 109

4.4. Respondent’s worsen health condition 110

4.5. Respondents residential categories 112

4.6. Respondents source of income 114

4.7. Residential categories of respondent immigrants 115

4.8. Respondents personal source of transportation 116

4.9. Bahawalpur city: Inter marriages based on educational level 124

4.10. Bahawalpur city: Inter marriages based on spoken languages 125

4.11. Bahawalpur city: Inter marriages based on monthly income 126

4.12. Bahawalpur city: Inter marriages based on residential category 127

4.13. Bahawalpur city: Inter marriages based on education attainment 129

4.14. Bahawalpur city: Inter marriages based on residence 130

4.15. Bahawalpur city: inter marriages based on languages 131

4.16. Inter marriages of Respondent Immigrants 135Based on following categories

xiv

FIGURES OF CHAPTER 1

Figures Page No.

1.1. Location of BAHAWALPUR CITY 02

1.2. Bahawalpur: area among district of Punjab province 11

1.3. Bahawalpur: population among district 12of Punjab province 1998

1.4. Bahawalpur district by tahsil 13

1.5. Cholistan (rohi) desert 14

FIGURES OF CHAPTER 2

Figures Page No.

2.1. Pakistan: Share percentage of total and 32 Migrant population by Province 1998

2.2. Punjab: Area by district 1998 35

2.3. Punjab: Population by District 1998 35

2.4. Punjab: Density of population by District 1998 37

2.5. Pakistan: Migrant population 42 Percentage of total population 1951-1998

2.6. Pakistan: Share percentage of total and migrant 43

Population by Province 1951-1998 2.7. Punjab Province: Migrant population percentage 1951-1998 44

2.8. Punjab: Share percentage migrant population by district 1998 47

2. 9. Punjab Province & Bahawalpur district: share 48 Percentage of migrant population 1951-1998

2. 10. Punjab Province & Bahawalpur district migrant 49 Population by urban/rural 1998

2. 11. Bahawalpur District: Migrant population 51 Percentage 1951-1998

xv

2. 12. Bahawalpur District: Migrant population 54 By urban/rural 1951-1998

2. 13. Bahawalpur District: Migrant population 56 from different areas 1998

2.14. Bahawalpur District: Migrant population 58 By reasons of migration 1998

2.15. Bahawalpur District: Rural migrant population 59 By reason of migration 1998

2.16. Bahawalpur District: Urban migrant population 59 By reason of migration 1998

2.17. Bahawalpur District: Migrant population 60 By literacy (ten years & above) 1998

2.18. Bahawalpur District: Migrant population 61 (Ten years & above) by educational attainment 1998

2.19. Bahawalpur city: Growth 1901-1998 64

2.20. Bahawalpur city: migrant population 1951-1998 66

CHAPTER 3

Figures Page No.

3.1. Gender and religion of respondents 68

3.2. Spoken languages of respondents 68

3.3. Age of respondents 69

3.4. Income of respondents 70

3.5 Education attainment of respondents 71


3.7. Type of health care resources 73

3.8. Family size of respondents 74

xvi

3.9. Bahawalpur city: migrant respondent 77percentage before 1947 to 2006

3.10. Bahawalpur: Migrant respondent percentage before 1947 80

3.11. Bahawalpur city: Respondent migration before 1947 80

3.12 Bahawalpur city: Migrant respondent 82 percentage from 1947 to 1950

3.13 Bahawalpur city: respondent migration from 1947 to 1950 82







CHAPTER 4

Figures Page No.

4.1. Respondents service types 107

4.2. Small business categories of respondents 108


4.4. Respondents worsen health condition 110

4.5. Respondents Residential categories 112

4.6. Respondents source of income 114

4.7. Residential categories of respondent Immigrants 115

4.8. Respondents personal source of transportation 116

xvii

4.9. Bahawalpur city: Inter marriages based on educational level 124

4.10. Bahawalpur city: Inter marriages based on spoken languages 125

4.11. Bahawalpur city: Inter marriages based on monthly income 126

4.12. Bahawalpur city: Inter marriages based on residential category 127

4.13. Bahawalpur city: Inter marriages based on education attainment 129

4.14. Bahawalpur city: Inter marriages based on residence 130

4.15. Bahawalpur city: inter marriages based on languages 131

xviii

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM, OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY

Introduction

Bahawalpur District is located in southern Punjab, It extends from 270 40/ to

290 50/ northern latitude and 700 54/ to 720 50/ east longitude. It is surrounded by

districts Lodhran, Vehari and Multan in the north, Rahim Yar Khan and Muzaffargarh

in the west and Bahawalnagar and India in the east. (Fig. 1.1) The greater part of the

district is desert which is locally known as Cholistan or Rohi desert.

Bahawalpur was the princely State of Pakistan and became part of Pakistan in

1947. In 1955 it became a district, but state was divided into three districts

Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan and Bahawalnagar.

Migration played a vital role in the population of Pakistan, in its distribution

and the size. When Pakistan appeared on the world map, a number of people migrated

from India to Pakistan to settle in this new State. Later on when Cities were growing

and establishing as industrial cities, population migration increased from rural areas to

urban areas to enjoy livelihood of the cities and to find new favorable conditions or

facilities like health, education and economic. Due to the migration, changes occurred

in the settlements pattern based on socioeconomic and cultural modification.

1

Location Map of Bahawalpur City

Fig. 1.1

Definition of Immigration 2

Those people who are moving for some reason from one country to another or

from one region to another region are described as immigration. The process is

continuously in practice from centuries. There are a number of theories and reasons

behind migration. But the highest number or percentage is economic aspect and to

alleviate poverty either of the family or of their native areas. It occurred in developed

world and dates very far back in history but is currently prevailing everywhere

including developing counties.

Theories behind Immigration

A famous theory of immigration is push and pull factor.

Push Factor mostly involves for emigration from the country to which immigrants

belong or country of their origin. In the push factor a number of reasons are involved,

namely natural disasters (flood, earthquake, drought, war, ethnicity, religious

differences etc). Due to these push factors illegal immigration occurs in most of

countries both developed and developing countries. This can take place in any part

of the world.

Pull factor is basically an economic factor in which migrant are in search of better

opportunities of job, business or to alleviate poverty of their areas, such migrants are

mostly from developing countries. Education is also an important pull factor although

students are not categorized as immigrants. One can give economic migration as a

separate topic.

3

Economic MigrationIt is defined as the migration of the one, who migrates

from one region to another for the sake of employment or to

improve his financial position. In this case mostly migration

prevails for better wages than those the labourers get in their

own country. People from less develop countries have

comparatively high standard of living in those areas where

they migrate, and also they are sending money to their

relatives left behind in their native country. And as time moves

on relatives of those immigrants have pull factor to move on. A

migrant worker definition refers to an international as well as

national worker who migrates from rural areas or small towns

to large cites of a country. Basically they are helping people of

their county or areas to escape from poverty.

Migrant Population Position in the worldImmigration reasons are great in number that is political,

economic (business, poverty) natural disaster (flood, earth quake,

drought etc) or to improve quality of life.

The International Organization for Migration has given an

estimate in the year 2006 that more than 200 million people

migrated worldwide.

In the year 2005 United Nation gave an estimate that migrant

population percentage was three percent of the world’s population.

It is said that about sixty percent immigrants are from un developed 4

countries, and this percentage will increase in future. Survey

conducted by various organizations in the year 2012 shows that

most youth want to migrate to developed countries if they get

chance of immigration, because they want to improve their standard

of living or they want to escape from poverty.

According to following table the highest number of migrant

population is in USA that is 42.8 million people, followed by Russian

Federation 12.3 million and on third place is Germany 10.8 million

persons. The rest of countries are below 10 million figures. In top

ten countries four are from Europe (Germany, United Kingdom,

Spain and France), followed by two from Asia, (Saudi Arabia and

India), two from North America (USA and Canada) and one each

Russian Federation and Australia. Pakistan is ranking on thirteenth

position in migrant population that is 4.2 million people.

Based on percentage of the country’s population percentage

top ten countries are small countries or small islands. Above

seventy percent migrant population is in three countries of the

world those are Qatar 86.5 percent, Monaco 71.6 percent and

United Arab Emirates 70.0 percent of the total population of the

country (Table 1.1, Table 1.2).

5

6

Table 1.1. Top Immigration Countries Number of immigrants, millions, 2010

S. No Countries millio

nsS. No Countries millio

ns 1 United States 42.8 16 Jordan 32 Russian

Federation 12.3 17 Israel 2.9

3 Germany 10.8 18 Hong Kong SAR, China 2.7

4 Saudi Arabia 7.3 19 Côte d’Ivoire 2.45 Canada 7.2 20 Malaysia 2.46 United Kingdom 7 21 Syrian Arab

Republic 2.27 Spain 6.9 22 Japan 2.28 France 6.7 23 Iran, Islamic Rep. 2.19 Australia 5.5 24 Kuwait 2.110 India 5.4 25 Singapore 211 Ukraine 5.3 26 West Bank and

Gaza 1.912 Italy 4.5 27 South Africa 1.913 Pakistan 4.2 28 Ghana 1.914 United Arab

Emirates 3.3 29 Switzerland 1.815 Kazakhstan 3.1 30 Netherlands 1.8

Sources: Migration and Remittances Fact Book 2011

Table 1.2. Top Immigration Countries Percentage of Population, 2010

S. No Countries Percent

ageS. No Countries Percent

age1 Qatar 86.5 14 West Bank and

Gaza 43.62 Monaco 71.6 15 American Samoa 41.43 United Arab

Emirates 70 16 Singapore 40.74 Kuwait 68.8 17 Israel 40.45 Andorra 64.4 18 Bahrain 39.16 Cayman Islands 63 19 Hong Kong SAR,

China 38.8

7 Northern Mariana Islands 62 20 San Marino 37

8 Virgin Islands (U.S.) 56.5 21 Brunei

Darussalam 36.49 Macao SAR, China 54.7 22 Mayotte 3610 Isle of Man 54.6 23 Luxembourg 35.2

7

11 Channel Islands 49.8 24 Liechtenstein 34.612 Jordan 45.9 25 Aruba 31.913 Guam 43.9 26 Bermuda 30.7

Sources: Migration and Remittances Fact Book 2011

8

Definition of livelihood A livelihood is defined as containing the expertise, including

resources and all those activities important for a means of living and

activities required for a means of living.

“A livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with and recover from

stresses and shocks and maintain or enhance its capabilities and

assets both now and in the future, while not undermining the

natural resource base.” (Odero 2006)

Definition of Integration

Integration can be classified as social integration and financial

integration. They can be defined as follows.

Social integration

Integration has different types in which social integration is

also part of sociology, but it is also listed in other sciences. It is the

movement of a population or a small group which moves together

with their own ethics, refugees and underprivileged sections of a

society into the mainstream of societies. Language plays an

important role in the social integration in a society, and also

acceptance of the laws of the society and adoption of its common

set of values. It does not mean that one group will give up all of its

culture and re-adjust itself in new culture, but it may require

forgoing some aspects of its culture which are inconsistent with the

laws and values of the society. To understand the societies, a new

member or,( one can say), a small group of persons use social 9

integration to gain full access to the opportunities, rights and

services available to the members of the mainstream of society.

Integration is a word that can be measured when members are

transparent in all of their various works, personal, faith and local

community interactions.

Financial integration is observable fact in which

economic markets in adjacent, local and/or worldwide economy be

strongly connected collectively. Different forms of real financial

integration contain: in sequence distribution between financial

institutions; distribution of finest practice between monetary

institutions; sharing of important boundary technologies (from end

to end license) between economic institutions; firms have a loan

and lift up funds straight in the worldwide principal

markets; investors openly endow in the worldwide principal

markets; recently engineered economic goods are locally reformed

and launched after that sell and buy in the worldwide principal

markets; fast alteration/imitator of recently engineered economic

goods between monetary institutions in dissimilar economies; cross-

border investment flows; and overseas involvement in the

local economic markets.

As economic market blemish, financial integration in adjacent,

national and/or international economies is consequently inadequate.

For model, the insufficient financial integration can stop from the

discrimination of the minor price of substitution of dissimilar agents. 10

In adding up to economic market imperfections, lawful limitations be

able to delay financial integration. so, financial integration be able

to achieve starting the removal of limitations referring to cross-

border economic operation to permit (a) economic institutions to

function liberally, (b) allow businesses to openly increase funds or

have a loan of and (c) fairness and link investors to spend corner to

corner the state line by less [or with no striking some] limitations.

Though, it is significant to remind that a lot of the lawful

limitations live as the market flaws that obstruct financial

integration. Lawful limitations from time to time second-

best plans for dealing with the market deficiencies that edge

financial integration. As a result, abolishing the lawful

limitations can create the global financial system turn into poorer

off. Adding up, financial integration of adjacent, local and/or

worldwide economies can get place from end to end a proper

worldwide agreement which the leading bodies of these economies

have the same opinion to assist to tackle local and/or worldwide

fiscal instability through dictatorial and plan responses. The level

toward financial integration is calculated includes gross wealth

flows, stocks of overseas property and liabilities, level of co-

movement of reserve income, level of distribution of global actual

interest tariff, and financial ingenuousness.

Bahawalpur District: Geographical and Historical Background

11

Bahawalpur District originally established from the City of

Bahawalpur, which was named after its first ruler Nawab Bahawal

Khan, who came from Iraq and settled here to make a state of his

own. The State is basically developed on migrant population from

the neighbouring areas. It was the largest Princely State of

Undivided India in terms of area.

Among thirty four districts of Province of Punjab, Bahawalpur

District is the one having the larger area that is 24830 Km2, and

according to 1998 census population of Bahawalpur District was

2433091 and had 12th rank among districts of Punjab (Table 1.3).

Because area of the district is largest among districts of Punjab, so

density of population is lowest, which is98 persons per square

kilometer.

12

Bahawalpur by Tahsil

District Bahawalpur is divided into five tahsils namely

Bahawalpur, Ahmadpur East, Yazman, KhairpurTamewali, and

Hasilpur. Yazman is located in Cholistan or Rohi desert which is

largest by area and ranks third in population, tahsil Bahawalpur

ranks number one in population and is second in area. Density of

population is highest in Ahmadpur East that is 420.8 persons per

square kilometer. Urban proportion is highest in Bahawalpur Tahsil

that is 53.2 percent. (Fig .1.3,

Table 1.4)

Table. 1.3

Punjab: Area, and of Population by District 1998S. No District Area

S. No District Total

Sq Km Population1 Bahawalpur 24830 1 Lahore 63187452 Rajanpur 12319 2 Faisalabad 5429547

3Dera Ghazi Khan 11922 3 Gujranwala 3400940

4 Rahim Yar Khan 11880 4 Rawalpindi 33639115 Bahawalnagar 8878 5 Sheikhupura 3321029

6 Jhang 8809 6Rahim Yar Khan 3141053

7 Muzaffargarh 8249 7 Multan 31168518 Bhakkar 8153 8 Jhang 28345459 Attock 6857 9 Sialkot 272348110 Chakwal 6524 10 Sargodha 266597911 Khushab 6511 11 Muzaffargarh 263590312 Layyah 6291 12 Bahawalpur 243309113 Sheikhupura 5960 13 Kasur 237587514 Faisalabad 5856 14 Okara 223299215 Sargodha 5854 15 Vehari 209041616 Mianwali 5840 16 Khanewal 206849017 Rawalpindi 5286 17 Bahawalnagar 206144718 Okara 4377 18 Gujrat 204800819 Vehari 4364 19 Sahiwal 184319420 Khanewal 4349 20 Dera Ghazi 1643118

13

Khan

14

Table. 1.3Punjab: Area, and of Population by District 1998

S. No District Area

S. No District Total

Sq Km Population

21 Kasur 3995 21Toba Tek Singh 1621593

22 Multan 3720 22 Pakpattan 128668023 Gujranwala 3622 23 Attock 127493524 Jhelum 3587 24 Narowal 126509725 Toba Tek Singh 3252 25 Lodhran 1171800

26 Sahiwal 3201 26Mandi Bahauddin 1160552

27 Gujrat 3192 27 Layyah 112095128 Sialkot 3016 28 Rajanpur 110361829 Lodhran 2778 29 Chakwal 108372530 Pakpattan 2724 30 Mianwali 1056620

31Mandi Bahauddin 2673 31 Bhakkar 1051456

32 Hafizabad 2367 32 Jhelum 93695733 Narowal 2337 33 Khushab 90571134 Lahore 1772 34 Hafizabad 832980

Based on Table 1 of Punjab Population Census Report 1998

Fig. 1.2

15

Fig. 1.3

Table 1.4

Bahawalpur District: Area and Population by Tahsil 1998S. No Tahsil

Area in

Population

Population Density

Urban Proportion

SqKms Per Sq Km

1 Bahawalpur 2,372 806,580 340.0 53.22 Ahmadpur East 1,707 718,297 420.8 16.33 Yazman 18,491 405,787 21.9 05.24 Hasilpur 1,372 317,513 231.4 22.5

5KhairpurTamewali 888 184,914 208.2 14.5

Based on Table 1 of District Census Report Bahawalpur 1998

16

Bahawalpur District by Tahsil

Fig. 1.4

Physiography of Bahawalpur District

The district’s average length from north to south is 178

kilometers and breadth from west to east is 139 kilometers. It has

an elevation 152 meters from datum. The general slope of the

district is towards south and gentle with an average gradient 0.19

meter a kilometer. The district can be divided into three parts

17

1. Desert Area (Cholistan)2. Plain area 3. Area adjacent to river Sutlej (Riverain Area)1. Desert Area or Cholistan

Desert of the region is known as Cholistan or Rohi, which

include districts of Bahawalpur and Rahim Yar Khan. (Fig.1.5)

The desert covers 15000 square kilometer area which is

actually part of Thar Desert and in Punjab it is named

Cholistan or Rohi Desert. The Cholistan is deep mass of sand

and in some places it is overlaid with deposits of

indistinguishable sulphate of lime. Its surface is having sand

dunes rising in some places to a height of 150 meters and

covered with vegetation. In the desert the prominent feature is

the depression of old dry Hakra River.

Fig. 1.5

18

Historical name of the old Hakra River was the Saraswati River

which was carrying the waters of a large river during late

Pleistocene time period. The major five rivers which flowed from

Himalaya Mountain were draining the waters into Saraswati or

Hakra River, but in history the name of the combined rivers was

‘SaptaSindhu’. The ‘SaptaSindhu’ was collective name of Indus,

Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas. (SaswatiPiek)

Oldham a geologist proved that ancient time period

Rajistan in India was the fertile region but when the River Sarawati

dried up it converted into desert. The only river which was an

important one has been called by different names as Saraswati,

Hakra, and Ghaggar. (Oldhum D. 1886)

The desert of Punjab is rich in archeological site of

Harrapan era. With the famous Fort Darawar with some oasis near it

shows that this area is also part of Indus Civilization. The water in

the desert areas stored in troughs built between sand hills, these

water holes locally called Tobas.

19

Fort Darawar (Side view)Fort Darawar (Entrance)

i. Plain Area or Central Tract

This area is located in between desert and river. This central

upland is stiff clay mixed with layer of light bluish silt; this is a fertile

land of the region. It is irrigated by canal named Bahawal canal.

ii. Area adjacent to river Sutlej (Riverain Area)This area lies close to the Sutlej River which flows along its

boundary of the district. It contain a fertile alluvium soil, this part of

the land is locally called Sind. It has soil with alternating layers of

light bluish soil. The plain is inundating in high water season. During

1975 flood the plain was badly damaged, which were in the

territories of Bahawalpur and Rahim Yar Khan Districts. After this

great damage it was decided to raise the levees of the river and

canal has been taken out to irrigate the areas. The other sources of

irrigation in the area are wells and Tobas in which water is stored in

troughs made between sand hills and din.

20

History of Bahawalpur

It is said by historians that there were about six hundred

princely states in undivided India, some of those states were

created by Britishers and some of those states were created by

Mughals, but some of the states were founded by the rulers

themselves. Among those states one is Bahawalpur State. On the

bases of area Bahawalpur State ranked 21st among the princely

states of India.

This state was established on the migrant population because

the Heads of the state came from either Iraq or from Sindh to

Bahawalpur as stated by historians.

There are two different dates in the history of foundation of

Bahawalpur, one is 1690 AD, the seventeenth century and founder

of state was Bahadur Khan II (Shah 1959) and another is 1748 AD

eighteenth century (Abbasi Historian and Gazetteer 1901). It is

written in most of the books and in various articles that the royal

family of Abbasi’s came from Iraq and had relationship with Abbasi

Caliph. They came from Sindh to Bahawalpur, the city was named

of, after its first ruler Nawab Mohammad Bahawal Khan II. He

signed the state’s first treaty with British Government in 1833, that

Bahawalpur State will be an independent State. Nearly in same

duration Nawab of Bahawalpur had an agreement with Maharaja

Ranjit Singh of Lahore to share water transport in River Indus. With

this agreement transport opened and secured in Indus and Sutlej

21

Rivers. This was a big achievement of Nawabs of Bahawalpur and

had supremacy to enhance trade with the neighbouring areas.

In the history it is reported that there were conflict with

Afghans and Nawab, and Nawab supported Britishers against

Muslims. Because of this there was a revolt and a four year old child

accepted as Nawab. The territory came under the influence of

British Indian Government. After the end of this era the new

government of NawabBahawal Khan V had full control and power in

his state without any interference. After the death of Nawab his

succession was a little boy (just three year old), so a council was

created to had a control over it named “ Council of Regency” this

council worked from 1907 to 1924.

The boy Amir Sadiq Mohammad Khan received education from

England and in 1924 he had been given a royal seat of Bahawalpur.

This young man created brotherly relationship with neighbouring

states and the rest of the princely states. To protect his state he

established an army of its own. He was an educated man and wants

to provide good education to its nation.

He established Sadiq Public School in 1953. This was the best

public school with boarding facilities as well as day scholar number

was very high. The education facility like Sadiq Public School was an

attraction to the population of adjoining areas and to get a good job

in education institution number of people migrated and settled

down in the State.

22

The school had been established on a huge area of 1.6 Km2

(400 acres). This was one of the best schools at that time. This

School attracted students and qualified teachers from all over

Pakistan. Later the area of the school enhanced to 1.8 Km2

(450acres), land and money for the construction of school was

provided by NawabSadiq Mohammad Khan V for best facilities of

education to his people.

The Sadiq Public School had a complete set up of all kind of

facilities in it, like staff residence, hospital for children and staff,

mosque, swimming pool etc.

Another attraction to the population of Pakistan was an

established army of the state. Initially it had only 200 soldiers in the

year 1924, but after a long struggle the number of soldiers

increased to 10000 became a strong army. Army of the Bahawalpur

State also won sword of honour. When the state in 1955 became a

district of Pakistan the army of the state merged in the forces of

Pakistan and given a name of “Baluch Regiment”.

Objective of the Study

With the above interest in the view, the study in hand will focus on:

a) To develop a profile of migrant population in Bahawalpur Cityb) To define the position of migrant population and to find out

differences among various income level.c) To categorize status of migrant in Bahawalpur Cityd) To find out level of integration of migrant in Bahawalpur City

23

Framework of the Study

To attain the objective of the study, the outline for the studies contained with the following as its lines of action:

a) Collection of data and fieldworkb) Developing questionnaire according to objective of the study c) Identification of enumeration blocksd) Collection of information business establishments on fielde) Selection of measures for migration patternsf) Tabulation of data into analytical tablesg) Collection of proper literature for references and amplification

of analysis

Methodology

h)Collection of Datai) Information on migration of families is conducted collected

personally through field work using a questionnaire that

required details of immigrants, nature of socio economic

status, and their livelihood. The work lasted for about one year

in 2006. About 620 families were covered by the field survey

within the limits of the Bahawalpur City.

j) For the purpose of analysis, the study employed a number of

measures based on traditional concepts migration structure.

k) Graphic presentation utilized the geographical information

system (GIS) techniques specially to prepare analytical maps

in digitized form which ensured graphic clarity and

refinement.

24

25

LITERATURE SIGHTED

i. Return and Other Sequences of Migration in the United States.

In this literature Julie said that a large number of people in

the United States migrate to a new labor market region in search of

employment every year. Such migrants move back to their native

places after a while frequently. Then a question needs to be raised,

why does a person undo his move? This research work suggests four

guiding propositions.

First, the propensity to return to an area should be greater the

more location-specific capital that is left behind. We found that if a

person returns to his native place after migration for a limited time,

propensity is higher. If a person stays away for a long time,

propensity is lower. If our opinion is consistent, we think that if

family patrons are tending to return within a year, then propensity

to move back becomes decreased with the passage of time.

Third, a person seeks knowledge and learns a lot about life

when he moves away and stays away from his native place. A

person, who makes one move, is ready to make more moves

whenever he faces difficulties in concern of his employment. So

migrants mostly repeat their acts and move from here to there. But

a person, who is successful in finding a better way to earn his living,

ends up his move.

26

We see that when an unemployment migrants gets fresh

information about the changing circumstances of any other are,

specially his native places, he move back. If time of migration is

short, his desired and chance to return is strong. It means when the

interval of migration is shortest, the trend and desire to return is

highest. Return migration is a great trend and powerful notion about

one-fourth of all migrations and over one-thirds of the repeat

migration recorded in our research can be detected as returns.

However, many migrations or moves are made but, for a short

interval that they cannot be indentified at statistical conventions

because these moves so rapidly after the very last move. Overall,

our conclusions explain the utility of all analytical frame work we

have adopted. We are hopeful, our work will enhance the confidence

and courage of other applications in this regards to diversity of the

forms of human migration and it will after more and more

opportunities for its testing and refinement.

ii. Family and Community Networks in Mexico-U.S Migration

In this literature, author Paul Winters, said that as a result of

the survey conducted to evaluate the role of family and

community networks in migration Five major conclusion were

drawn.

27

1. It has been found out that the migrate networks influence the

decision to migrate and the number of migrants to send. The

current family and community networks play a greater role in

the migration decision than historical migration.

2. The relationship between the networks of migrants families

and communities was explored as all the information was

obtained from such families. The findings tell that the family

and community networks are substitutes in the generation of

information and direct assistance. This shows that households

with weaker family networks derive more benefit from

community networks than those with large family networks.

3. Three main factors; household, ethnicity and municipality

strongly influence those families where there are no strong

established community networks. Once the networks are

strongly established, these factors become irrelevant in

explaining the migrations. Even households with adverse

characteristics for migration become in a position to migrate.

So, once community networks become strong, migration

becomes generalized and hard to detain.

4. Generally, investment in rural development is expected to

reduce incentives to migrate. According to the Taylor et al.

(1996) the main motive for migration is economic. So, better

sources of credit and investment should be provided to the

families and communities.

28

5. The role of networks influences the choice of destination on

the part of the migrants. Migrants, naturally, tend to choose

an area of their network’s bulk.

iii. Migration Determination and Employment Consequences of White and Black Families, 1985-

1990.In this paper, author Seong Woo Lee concluded through this

research, the results and factions of the employment of certain

families and migration of the others to the cities during the period

1985-1990. The rate of migration varies on the basis of the areas

and individual also.

Some people migrate to pursue their jobs, others for the

schooling of their children and only a few migrate to improve their

standard of living. At the same time, migration shows a negative

probability for wives in the cities. But experts like cook and bailey

differ on their view. This may be because of the difference periods

of research. There are obvious causes of migration suggested

consequently.

On the basis of these facts a theory namely “Human Capital

Migration Theory” was framed. According to this theory, an

individual need to migrate if his expected benefits exceed his

migration cost. If his domestic expenditures exceed the cost of his

migration, it becomes suitable for him to move on. At the same

29

time, where migration increases the income of the husbands, it

reduces the same for the wives.

The latest study reveals that the spatial factors are important

to migration decisions for all the types of people. This migration

involves not only the calculation of net benefit of the family, but

other factors like economics circumstances, amenities and fiscal

conditions are all equally important. All these facts were collected at

the time of employment and again at the point of the census.

Further details with proof can be detected through post migration

study. Use of panel data may also be useful in this regard.

iv. Internal Migration Regions in ScotlandIn this paper, author Ronald Ng said that after research, we

conclude that there was a marked tendency of migration among the

people of Scotland. The migration regions had attractions and

charms for the people to keep them in the regions. The matrix

method cannot show the reason why the migrants move to another

place, but it can reveal the spatial structure of the migration

streams by identifying the regions.

The system of migration regions presented here has been

derived from a set of data that leaves much to be derived and it is

representative of 1960-61 situations and it is as good as data can

permit.

Whether the pattern is an immutable feature of Scottish

migration remains to be determined by analyzing the results of later 30

censuses. Perhaps it is apt to conclude that his descriptive approach

to the problem of population movement is not an end in itself, but a

means of understanding a complex pattern.

v. Migration Incentives, Migration Types, the Role of Relative Deprivation:

In this paper, author Oded Stark concluded from the studies

conducted in Mexico have given us a deep insight regarding the

effects of putting direct influence over Absolute income. According

to these studies, it can be proved with evidence that if an authority

exerts direct influence on the absolute income of relatively deprived

household, the probability of these households to migrate

(internationally) is much higher than those households which are

relatively well to do and occupy a better spot in their village’s

income distribution.

But, completely opposite to it, studies also suggest that there

might be “income neutrality” result which is unique, in every

possible way there is, to the relative deprivation theory in context of

“internal migration”. That is to say that the chances of reference

group getting substituted through the ongoing internal migration

will be high and this is the point where rural to urban migrations

starts becoming more and more futile as the village households

won’t be getting any income gains by undergoing migration.

Our findings from the conducted experiments prove that, both

relative deprivation and absolute income are significant in

31

explaining international migration but have no effect on and any

relation to internal migration. This conclusion is consistent with

“income neutrality” hypothesis. The results from the study of

Mexico-US migration support our conclusions and hence

consequently support the relative deprivation hypothesis where

substitution of the reference group or internal migration is less likely

or is not happening at all.

Decision of migration is one thing but choice of destination to

migrate to is altogether a different set of decisions. Households, to

the best of their knowledge, try to place their members in the labour

markets where they know that returns to the human capital will be,

at the very least, higher than the other labour market. In these

cases it is obvious that households don’t rely on Relative

Deprivation theory’s considerations, they decide without taking it

into account.

This analysis leads us to another conclusion that even though

it is believed that all kinds of migrations are attributed to the same

set of variables, this is not the case. In fact, response of a specific

kind of migration is constituted by a configuration of variables,

which is specific to that type of migration and the scope of which

can’t be extended to the other types of migration. From this we can

say that increasing the income of deprived households will definitely

reduce the incentive for them to undergo the international migration

but it won’t affect the richest households.

32

As a matter of fact, a distribution biased policy where we are

aiming for more equal income distribution can lead to more internal

migration reducing international migrations.

The fact that different variables can cause different types of

migration can lead us to the seemingly contradictory results that

interference intended to stem the migration will result in its rise.

Raising the incomes of relatively poor households might reduce

their chances of engaging in international migration but presence of

credit markets may also induce them to let go of the constraints

they have on their mind and indulge in the activity because there is

no economic pressure on them.

So if harms of relative deprivation and the migration response

to it are the result of increasing function of absolute income a

relative deprivation paradox of migration may operate: economic

development that doesn’t aim to treat the intra-village income

equalities may be associated and cause of more international

migration.

vi. Research on the internal migration in the United States_ a survey

In this paper, author Michael said that we have seen

that literature concerned with Migration has generally been

33

quite biased towards examining the factors and variables

behind migration. In the most of the literature dealing with the

determinants of migration there is no mention of direct policy

implications, a fact, which in itself is quite shocking and

reveals to us how biased the authors of migration literature

have been.

Development of the idea of human capital has opened for

us ways by which we can indulge in deep analysis of the

human capital flight and if we extend the scope of it to the

concept of migration we can predict the expected

consequences of inter regional migration.

Not much research or even experiments, for that matter,

have been carried out on consequences of migration and

hence the empirical data on the benefits derived from

migration is lacking in comprehensiveness too. Recently we

have started seeing the use of “simultaneous equations”

technique on the joint dependency of the determinants and

consequences of migration to analyze it. And this approach has

been successful as it has proved itself to be useful as mean by

which we can measure the benefits of migration. Hence we can

say that, upon examining the relationship between

consequences of migration and the composition of migration

34

streams, we can successfully and critically examine the

benefits of migration.

According to J. Isaac, the wage-difference hypothesis is of

secondary importance to a person’s own economic self

interest. According to him it is a person’s own economic self

interest which coincides with the general interest. These

assumptions on J. Isaac’s part simply mean that state should

not try to exert its influence on migration, either to stop it or to

promote it because forces of labor market will ensure that

distribution of population is optimum.

However the phenomenon of the capital flight doesn’t

necessarily mean that migration is beneficial from social point

of view. While deciding to migrate the migrant also takes into

his consideration the cost and benefit of his move.

Identification of the benefits of migration suggests that

policy making may be required for the phenomenon of

migration. Simultaneous equation approach can prove to be

extremely useful for development of policy driven models of

urban and regional growth and migration which would be

similar to the national econometric models which have a

history of usefulness and are praised and utilized by

economists and policy makers alike. But, the thing is such

35

approach has never been applied to the regional and policy

driven context because the public sector is actually a result of

this migration itself.

vii. Changing Gender Roles, Shifting Power Balance and Long-distance Migration of Couples

In this paper, author Jeroen Smits concluded from the

studies that the attitude of couples towards migration in

Netherlands has always been studied keeping the gender

differences, gender roles (the role, members of both genders in

relation play) and human capital in mind. This paper, as opposed to

the earlier ones tries to draw a comparison between 1977, where

the gender differences were more traditional, more primitive,

following Patriarchal model of life where man was to be the bread

earner and wife was to be domestic, resulting in low share of

married women in workforce, and 1996, when number of dual

earner couples had increased substantially.

From three distinct theories (Human Capital Theory, Power

Balance Theory and Gender Role Theory), three hypotheses namely,

Additive Hypothesis, Power Balance Hypothesis and Male

Dominance Hypothesis, were derived.

If we check the results of the researches carried out for the

year 1977, it is safe to say that results were in line with male

dominance hypothesis. Human capital factors of female partners

36

were much less important than the human capital factors of males.

Female’s employment situation didn’t have any substantial impact

because males were already employed.

Similarly age difference too was of significance when

predicting behaviors of people towards migration. The older the man

was than his woman the higher the probability of migration. This is

also evident in the cases where the woman, older than their

husbands, used their powers to prevent the migration from

happening.

By 1996 however the scenario was quite considerable

changed. In things like education, occupational prestige and

employment situation, neither male nor female were regarded any

better than the other both had same social value. The most

prominent though, was the fact that couples in which only female

had employment didn’t show any more will to migrate than those in

which only male was employed. These results seem in accordance

to the power balance hypothesis. This hypothesis gets stronger

when backed up with the fact that age difference effect has become

more symmetrical, with passage of time. In other words, any age

difference regardless of which partner was older had more

predictive power than an age advantage ascribed to one of the

partners. Male dominance, which we say them having in 1977,

hasn’t yet changed though. The asymmetrical age difference

variable also had an importantly positive effect in 1996. These

37

seemingly opposite result suggest that when male is older the

positive effect of the age difference on migration is much more than

when the female is older.

This means that the communication distance between

spouses was important factor of migration in Netherlands. When

either of the partners would be doing a job far away from his or her

partner, the propensity of migration was stronger. The propensity

was equally stronger when male had a long commuting distance of

when the female had a long journey to work.

Dual earner couples are less likely to migrate and it hasn’t

changed from 1977 to 1996. With passage of time as dual earner

couples are increasing so is migration getting lesser and lesser. Our

findings also suggest that the ‘tied mover’ phenomenon has become

less gendered and that males with less human capital than their

partners are becoming ‘tied movers’.

38

39

Chapter 2

STRUCTURE OF THE MIGRANT POPULATION

Size of the Migrant Population

According to 1998census population, was 129.17 million and

migrant population was 10.83 million. The proportion of the migrant

population in Pakistan is 8.38 percent. The proportion of the Migrants in

the population of the provinces in 1998 is given in Table 2.1.The province

of Punjab, which contained 57.00 percent population of Pakistan, had

61.88 percent of the total migrant population. The other provinces had far

smaller size of the migrant population as indicated by the percentage of

their migrant population that is Sindh 26.16, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (NWFP)

5.98, Balochistan 2.31 and Federal Capital Islamabad 3.67. (Table.2.1,

Figure 2.1)

An important feature of the size differences among the provinces is

that the proportion of migrant population in Punjab stands much above, in

its share in the total population of the country, followed by Sindh, Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan.

31

Table. 2.1

Pakistan: Total and Migrant Population and Share Percentage

by Province 1998

Total

Population

Total

Share

Percentage

Migrant

Population

Migrant

Share

Percentage

Migrant

Proportion

Percentage

Pakistan12917016

4 100.00 10829264 100.00 8.38

Punjab 73621290 57.00 6701256 61.88 5.19

Sindh 30439893 23.57 2832937 26.16 2.19

Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa

(NWFP) 17737591 13.73 647725 5.98 0.50

Balochistan 6565885 5.08 249615 2.31 0.19

F.C. Islamabad 805235 0.62 397731 3.67 0.31

Bases on Table 1 and 19 of Population Census Reports 1951-1998

32

Fig. 2.1

Population in Punjab by District 1998 and Status of

Bahawalpur District

In the total population of Pakistan, Punjab province has

the highest population which is 57.00 percent. According to

1998 census report of population, Punjab Province has a total

number of 34 districts in which status of Bahawalpur is number

one by area, ( 24830 square kilometers) but it has12th rank

among 34 districts of Punjab based on total population that is

2433091 persons. (Table. 2.2, Fig. 2.2 and 2.3)

Table 2.2Punjab Province: Area, Population by District 1998

S. No District Area S. No District Total

Sq Km Population

1 Bahawalpur 24830 1 Lahore 6318745

33

2 Rajanpur 12319 2 Faisalabad 5429547

3 Dera Ghazi Khan 11922 3 Gujranwala 3400940

4 Rahim Yar Khan 11880 4 Rawalpindi 3363911

5 Bahawalnagar 8878 5 Sheikhupura 3321029

6 Jhang 8809 6Rahim Yar Khan 3141053

7 Muzaffargarh 8249 7 Multan 3116851

8 Bhakkar 8153 8 Jhang 2834545

9 Attock 6857 9 Sialkot 2723481

10 Chakwal 6524 10 Sargodha 2665979

11 Khushab 6511 11 Muzaffargarh 2635903

12 Layyah 6291 12 Bahawalpur 2433091

13 Sheikhupura 5960 13 Kasur 2375875

14 Faisalabad 5856 14 Okara 2232992

15 Sargodha 5854 15 Vehari 2090416

16 Mianwali 5840 16 Khanewal 2068490

17 Rawalpindi 5286 17 Bahawalnagar 2061447

18 Okara 4377 18 Gujrat 2048008

19 Vehari 4364 19 Sahiwal 1843194

20 Khanewal 4349 20Dera Ghazi Khan 1643118

21 Kasur 3995 21 Toba Tek Singh 1621593

22 Multan 3720 22 Pakpattan 1286680

23 Gujranwala 3622 23 Attock 1274935

24 Jhelum 3587 24 Narowal 1265097

25 Toba Tek Singh 3252 25 Lodhran 1171800

26 Sahiwal 3201 26Mandi

1160552

34

Bahauddin

27 Gujrat 3192 27 Layyah 1120951

28 Sialkot 3016 28 Rajanpur 1103618

29 Lodhran 2778 29 Chakwal 1083725

30 Pakpattan 2724 30 Mianwali 1056620

31 Mandi Bahauddin 2673 31 Bhakkar 1051456

32 Hafizabad 2367 32 Jhelum 936957

33 Narowal 2337 33 Khushab 905711

34 Lahore 1772 34 Hafizabad 832980

Based on Table 1 of Population Census Report 1998

Fig. 2.2

35

Fig. 2.3

Punjab Province has the highest density of population in district

Lahore, that is, 3565.9 persons per square kilometer. Lowest population

density prevail in Rajanpur district, while position of Bahawalpur district,

among all districts of Punjab Province, stands second last which is 98

persons per square kilometer. (Table 2.3, Fig 2.4)

Table 2.3Punjab Province: Density of Population by District 1998

S. No District PopulationDensity Per

Sq Km

S. No District PopulationDensity Per

Sq Km

1 Lahore 3565.9 18Mandi Bahauddin 434.2

2 Gujranwala 939.0 19 Lodhran 421.8

3 Faisalabad 927.2 20 Hafizabad 351.9

36

4 Sialkot 903.0 21 Jhang 321.8

5 Multan 837.9 22 Muzaffargarh 319.5

6 Gujrat 641.6 23Rahim Yar Khan 264.4

7 Rawalpindi 636.4 24 Jhelum 261.2

8 Kasur 594.7 25Bahawalnagar 232.2

9 Sahiwal 575.8 26 Attock 185.9

10Sheikhupura 557.2 27 Mianwali 180.9

11 Narowal 541.3 28 Layyah 178.2

12 Okara 510.2 29 Chakwal 166.1

13Toba Tek Singh 498.6 30 Khushab 139.1

14 Vehari 479.0 31Dera Ghazi Khan 137.8

15 Khanewal 475.6 32 Bhakkar 129.0

16 Pakpattan 472.3 33 Bahawalpur 98.0

17 Sargodha 455.4 34 Rajanpur 89.6

37

Fig. 2.4

Migrant Population in Punjab Province and Status of

Bahawalpur District

Population of Punjab Province as well as migrant population of

Punjab is highest among the provinces of Pakistan which is 6701256 and

its share percentage is 61.88 (Table 2.1). The Province has 34 districts, in

which highest migrant population exists in District Lahore that is 1034848

persons and its share percentage in Punjab is 15.44 percent. Lowest

migrant population, 18827 persons, are in District Rajanpur, and its share

percentage is 0.28 percent. (Table 2.4) Rank of District Bahawalpur in

Punjab Province is 15th, migrant population is 150785 persons and share

percentage is 2.25 percent which is in middle among 34 districts.

38

Table 2.4

Punjab Province: Migrant Population by District and Share Percentage 1998

S. No Districts

MigrantPopulatio

n

Share Percentag

e S. No DistrictsMigrant

Population

Share Percentag

e

1 Lahore 1,034,848 15.44 18 Jhang 146,011 2.18

2 Rawalpindi 710,804 10.61 19Bahawalnagar 139,072 2.08

3 Faisalabad 679,676 10.14 20 Gujrat 119,755 1.79

4 Gujranwala 491,758 7.34 21 Layyah 111,959 1.67

5Sheikhupura 330,053 4.93 22

Muzaffar Garh 107,763 1.61

6 Vehari 252,074 3.76 23 Narowal 91,336 1.36

7 Sargodha 219,766 3.28 24 Attock 88,926 1.33

8 Sialkot 217,497 3.25 25 Bhakkar 79,405 1.18

9 Okara 208,386 3.11 26 Jhelum 65,904 0.98

10Toba Tek Singh 179,696 2.68 27 Hafizabad 61,808 0.92

11 Khanewal 168,855 2.52 28Mandi Bahauddin 61,753 0.92

12 Kasur 161,526 2.41 29 Lodhran 60,995 0.91

13 Multan 156,988 2.34 30 Khushab 54,324 0.81

14Rahim Yar Khan 153,034 2.28 31 Chakwal 29,716 0.44

15 Bahawalpur 150,785 2.25 32 Mianwali 27,799 0.41

16 Pakpattan 149,577 2.23 33Dera Ghazi Khan 23,921 0.36

17 Sahiwal 146,659 2.19 34 Rajanpur 18,827 0.28

Based on Table 19 of Population Census report Punjab province 1998

39

Change in Size of the Migrant Population Since

1951

Migrant Population in Pakistan 1951-1998

Population of Pakistan has been continuously growing, but the

migrant population too has been facing increases and decreases since

1951. (Table 2.5) Migrant population of Pakistan increased in 1961 from

20.51 percent in 1951 to 34.84 percent. In the census year 1972 migrant

population census was not occurred, From 1961 to 1998 the size has

witnessed a gradual decrease from 38.84 percent in 1961 to 12.15

percent in 1981 and 8.38 percent in 1998 respectively. (Fig 2.5) Among

the provinces the proportion of increase and decrease occurred as it

prevails on national level, from 1951 to 1961 it show an increase in

migrant population, in 1972 data is not available and in 1981 and 1998

the data shows decrease in migrant population. But this is a fact that

actual number of migrant population increased from 1981 to 1998 but due

to increase in total population percentage shows decrease.

40

(Table 2.5)

Pakistan: Total and Migrant Population by Province 1951-1998

Census Year

TotalPopulation

SharePercentag

e

MigrantPopulatio

n

SharePercentag

e

Migrant Populationpercentage of Total Population

1951

Pakistan 31830448 100.00 6527505 100.00 20.51

Punjab 20636702 64.83 5281194 80.91 25.59

Sindh 6047748 19.00 1167197 17.88 19.30

NWFP 3991831 12.54 51126 0.78 1.28

Balochistan 1154167 3.63 27988 0.43 2.42

1961

Pakistan 40389005 100.00 14072731 100.00 34.84

Punjab 25581643 63.34 11925556 84.74 46.62

Sindh 8468712 20.97 2013050 14.30 23.77

NWFP 5086813 12.59 45817 0.33 0.90

Balochistan 1251837 3.10 88308 0.63 7.05

41

(Table 2.5)Pakistan: Total and Migrant Population by Province 1951-1998

Census Year 1972

TotalPopulati

on

SharePercent

age

MigrantPopulati

on

SharePercent

age

Migrant Populationpercentage of Total Population

Pakistan6246188

3 100.00 DNA DNA

Punjab3761015

9 60.21 DNA DNA

Sindh1415590

9 22.66 DNA DNANWFP 8032324 12.86 DNA DNABalochistan 2428678 3.89 DNA DNAIslamabad 234813 0.38 DNA DNA

Year 1981

Pakistan8195509

7 100.00995925

1 100.00 12.15

Punjab4729244

1 57.71631577

5 63.42 13.35

Sindh1902866

6 23.22277451

6 27.86 14.58

NWFP1106132

8 13.50 491365 4.93 4.44Balochistan 4232376 5.16 264451 2.66 6.25Islamabad 340286 0.42 113144 1.14 33.25

Year 1998

Pakistan1291701

64 100.00108292

64 100.00 8.38

Punjab 73621290 57.00 6,701,2

56 61.88 9.10

42

Sindh3043989

3 23.57283293

7 26.16 9.31

NWFP1773759

1 13.73 647725 5.98 3.65Balochistan 6565885 5.08 249615 2.31 3.80Islamabad 805235 0.62 397,731 3.67 49.39Based on Table 1 and 19 of Census Reports of Pakistan 1951-1998DNA Data Not Available , (NWFP) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Fig. 2.5

43

Migrant Population by Province Percentage of its

Total Population 1951-1998

Migrant population of provinces varies from the national trend.

National trend was that migrant population increased between 1951 to

1961, and then decreased from 1981 to 1998 same trend prevails in

province of Punjab where percentage of migrant population was 80.91

percent in 1951,which increased to 84.74 percent in 1961 and then

decreased in 1981 remained 63.42 percent further decreased in 1998 was

61.88 percent. In the province of Balochistan the trend was that migrant

population increased till 1981 census and the percentage share was 0.43

in 1951, 0.63 in 1961 and 2.66 in 1981 and then decreased in 1998 where

it was 2.31 percent. Province of Sindh has a trend where migrant

population decreased from 1951 was 17.88 percent to 14.30 percent in

1961 and then nearly doubled in 1981 to 27.86 percent, it decreased in

1998 to 26.61 percent. Province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (NWFP) where

migrant population decreased from 1951 to 1961 from 0.78 percent to

0.33 percent respectively and then surprisingly increased fifteen fold from

0.33 to 4.93 in 1981.It further increased in 1998 to 5.98 percent.(Table.

2.5 and Fig. 2.6)

44

Fig. 2.6

Migrant Population in Punjab Province 1951-1998

Bahawalpur District is in province of Punjab and population, either

total or migrant, leaves its impact on the district’s population. So it is

necessary to describe detail percentages by census years of Punjab.

Province of Punjab where total population has shown continuous increase

from 1951 to 1998 but its migrant population saw an increase in 1961

which was 46.62 percent over 25.59 in 1951. From 1961 a continuous

decline prevails in migrant population which was 13.35 percent in 1981

and 9.10 percent in 1998. It shows that migrant population percentage

was high during the first two censuses after creation of Pakistan. In 1981

the trend of migration declined and total population was high so that

percentage of migrant population was low. This trend also prevailed in

1998 too, which was the lowest of all censuses. (Table. 2.5, Fig. 2.7)

45

Fig. 2.7

Share Percentage of Migrant Population in Punjab

Province by District 1998

According to 1998 census Lahore district have highest share of

migrant population,that is 15.44 percent followed by District Rawalpindi

10.61, Faisalabad District 10.14 percent respectively. Share of Bahawalpur

District is 2.25 percent ranked fifteenth among the districts and while

lowest share percentage occurs in District Rajanpur that is 0.28 percent

(Table. 2.6, Fig. 2.8)

Table 2.6

Punjab: Migrant Population By District 1998

46

S. No District

Migrant Population

Share Percentage of Migrant Population

1 Lahore 1,034,848 15.442 Rawalpindi 710,804 10.613 Faisalabad 679,676 10.144 Gujranwala 491,758 7.345 Sheikhupura 330,053 4.936 Vehari 252,074 3.767 Sargodha 219,766 3.288 Sialkot 217,497 3.259 Okara 208,386 3.11

10Toba Tek .Singh 179,696 2.68

11 Khanewal 168,855 2.5212 Kasur 161,526 2.4113 Multan 156,988 2.34

14Rahim Yar Khan 153,034 2.28

15 Bahawalpur 150,785 2.2516 Pakpattan 149,577 2.2317 Sahiwal 146,659 2.1918 Jhang 146,011 2.1819 Bahawalnagar 139,072 2.0820 Gujrat 119,755 1.7921 Layyah 111,959 1.6722 Muzaffar Garh 107,763 1.6123 Narowal 91,336 1.36

47

24 Attock 88,926 1.3325 Bhakkar 79,405 1.1826 Jhelum 65,904 0.9827 Hafizabad 61,808 0.92

28Mandi Bahauddin 61,753 0.92

29 Lodhran 60,995 0.9130 Khushab 54,324 0.8131 Chakwal 29,716 0.4432 Mianwali 27,799 0.41

33Dera .Ghazi Khan 23,921 0.36

34 Rajanpur 18,827 0.28

Fig. 2.8)

Size Change of Migrant Population in Punjab

Province and District Bahawalpur 1951-1998

48

The trend of the Province of Punjab is same as of national trend it

increased in 1961 and then gradually declined in the later census years.

The same trend prevailed in District Bahawalpur from 1951 to 1998.

(Table. 2.7 Fig. 2.9)

49

Table. 2.7Punjab Province and Bahawalpur District: Share Percentage of Migrant Population of Total Population 1951-

1998

Census Year

TotalPopulati

on

MigrantPopulati

on

Share Percentageof Migrant Population

Punjab ProvinceCensus Year

1951206367

02528119

4 25.59

1961255816

43119255

56 46.62

1981472924

41631577

5 13.35

1998736212

906,701,2

56 9.10Bahawalpur District

1951 527837 52589 9.961961 735524 168988 22.98

1981145343

8 193284 13.3

1998243309

1 150785 6.2Bases on Table 1 and 19 of Population Census Reports 1951-1998

50

Fig. 2.9

Size Change of Migrant Population in Punjab

Province and District Bahawalpur by Urban/Rural

1998 Census

According to 1998 census, migrant population of Punjab was 6.7

million out of which 52.2 percent were residing in rural areas and 47.79

percent population was urban, the same trend in total migrant, rural and

urban migrant population prevailed in District Bahawalpur, where 60.33

percent population is rural and 39.67 percent migrant population is urban.

(Fig. 2.10)

51

Fig. 2.10

52

Size Change of Migrant Population in District

Bahawalpur 1951-1998

In the district of Bahawalpur the condition is same regarding the

migrant population, where as total population has increased since 1951.

Migrant population in Bahawalpur district increased 13.2 percent during

censual period 1951 and in 1961 from 9.96 to 22.98 percent. From 1961

onward decline in migrant population percentage occur but it is gradual

rather than of national level and Punjab province. Migrant population

declined 26.69 percent in Pakistan in the censual period 1961 to 1981,

while the percentage of migrant population decrease in Punjab Province is

much higher than Pakistan that is 33.27 percent, but in the district of

Bahawalpur is gradual that is 9.68 percent between 1961 and 1981.

(Table. 2.8, Fig 2.11)

Table. 2.8Bahawalpur District: Share Percentage of

Migrant Population of Total Population 1951-1998

Census Year

Total

Population

Migrant

Population

Share Percentage

of Migrant Population

1951 527837 52589 9.96

1961 735524 168988 22.98

1981 1453438 193284 13.30

1998 2433091 150785 6.20

53

Bases on Table 1 and 19 of District Census Reports

Bahawalpur 1951-1998

54

Fig. 2.11

55

District Bahawalpur: Size change in Total, Rural

and Urban Migrant Population from 1951-1998

Total Migrant Population Share 1951-1998

Migrant population share percentage in the total population, in 1951

it was 9.6 percent, it increased to 13.02 percent in 1961, and decreased

9.65 percent in 1981, further declined 7.10 percent in 1998. (Table 2.9,

Fig. 2.12)

Rural Migrant Population Share 1951-1998

As shown in Table 9 in the Bahawalpur District, actual rural

population is high than urban population in all census years from 1951 to

1998 as of the national trend. This trend also prevails in the migrant

population too from 1951 to 1998. During census years 1951-1961

migrant population increased 8.94 percent then it started to decrease 7.15

percent between 1961 -1981 and 4.89 percent between 1981-1998 (Table

2.9 and Fig 2.12)

Urban Migrant Population Share 1951-1998

It is clear as of national trend that urban population is lower than

the rural population but the trend of increase and decrease of migrant

population is same. During inter censual period 1951-1961 migrant

population increased 4.08 percent, then it decreased 2.53 percent and

56

2.21 percent during 1961-1981 and 1981-1998 respectively. (Table 2.9

and Fig.2.12)

57

Table 2.9

Bahawalpur District: Migrant Population by Urban/Rural 1951-1998

Total Population

Census Year Total Rural Urban1951 527837 437452 904901961 735524 597173 1383511972 1071026 486184 2248421981 1453438 1123332 330106

1998 2433091 1767787 665304

Migrant Population

Census Year Total Rural Urban1951 52589 36115 164741961 168988 116051 529371972 DNA DNA DNA1981 193284 125441 678431998 150785 90962 59823

Share Percentage of Migrant PopulationCensus Year Total Rural Urban

1951 9.96 6.84 3.121961 22.98 15.78 7.201972 DNA DNA DNA1981 13.30 8.63 4.671998 6.20 3.74 2.46

Bases on Table 1 and 19 of District Census Reports Bahawalpur 1951-1998

58

DNA Data Not Available

Fig. 2.12

59

District Bahawalpur: Migrant population from

different areas of Pakistan 1998

In District Bahawalpur highest number of People migrated from

neighbouring areas and of Province of Punjab, that is, 100414 and it had

highest percentage that is 66.59 percent of the total migrant population of

the district, followed by migrant population of other countries that was

24.74 and the lowest migrant population was from F. C. Islamabad and A.

J. & Kashmir, 0.01 percent. (Table 2.10, Fig. 2.13)

Table 2.10

Bahawalpur District: Migrant Population

from Different Areas 1998

Areas Migrant Share

Population Percentage

Punjab Province 100414 66.59

Other Countries 37304 24.74

Not Reported 8271 5.49

Sindh Province 3764 2.50

Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa Province (NWFP) 510 0.34

Balochistan Province 478 0.32

F. C. Islamabad 22 0.01

A. J & Kashmir 22 0.01

60

Based on table 21 of District Population Census Report Bahawalpur 1998

Fig. 2.13

61

Bahawalpur District: Migrant Population by Reason

of Migration Urban/Rural Categories 1998

Total Migrant Population

In 1998 highest number of people who migrated with head of the

family was 43.24 percent of the total migrant population. Second highest

percentage migrant population after marriage was 24.71 percent followed

by business community which was 15.17 percent, other category was

13.54 percent. The lowest percentage was people migrated to Bahawalpur

District due to health condition was 0.01 percent. (Table. 2.11 Fig. 2.14)

Urban Migrant population

In Urban category same condition prevailed as of the total

population of Bahawalpur District in 1998 census. (Table. 2.11 Fig. 2.15)

Rural Migrant Population

In the rural Areas percentage of the migrant population was high

than the urban category but the percentage of reason of migration was

same as of rural and urban, where highest was moved with heads was

25.86 of the total migrant population followed by people moved after

marriage 15.19 percent, for business purpose was 11.47 percent and no

one migrated to rural areas to improve health. (Table. 2.11 Fig. 2.16)

62

Table 2.11Bahawalpur District: Migrant Population by Urban/Rural

and by Reason of Migration 1998Reason of Migration Population Population

Total

Urban

Rural

Total

Urban

Rural

Moved with Head65,1

9626,1

9738,999

43.24

17.37

25.86

Marriage37,2

5314,3

4722,906

24.71 9.51

15.19

Business22,8

705,58

017,290

15.17 3.70

11.47

Others20,4

239,55

610,867

13.54 6.34 7.21

Employment/Transfer 3,47

53,19

5 280 2.30 2.12 0.19

Returning Home1,10

0 643 457 0.73 0.43 0.30

Study 447 284 163 0.30 0.19 0.11

Health 21 21 - 0.01 0.01 -

Based on Table 4 and 19 of Population Census Report Punjab 1998

63

Fig. 2.14

Fig. 2.15

64

Fig. 2.16

65

Bahawalpur District: Migrant Population (Ten Years

& Above) By Literacy Rural/ Urban Category 1998

According to 1998 census in Bahawalpur illietrate migrant

percentage was high that was 64.53 percent of total migrant population,

followed by formal literate migrant that was 34.95 percent and lowest was

informal literate, whichwas( 0.52 percent)was Same condition occurred in

Rural and urban migrant by literacy.(Table. 2.12, Fig. 2.17)

Table. 2.12Bahawalpur District: Migrant Population (Ten Years &

Above) by Literacy 1998Population Percentage

TotalRural

Urban

Total Rural Urban

All Migrant14202

6854

295659

7100.00 60.15 39.85

Illiterate 91649 64449

27200

64.53 45.38 19.15

Formal Literate 49635 20491

29144

34.95 14.43 20.52

Informal Literate 742 489 253 0.52 0.34 0.18

Based on table 21 of District Population Census Report

Bahawalpur 1998

66

Fig. 2.17

Bahawalpur District Migrant Population (Ten Years

and Above) by Education Attainment 1998

According to 1998 census Matriculation and other degree holder’s

percentage of migrant population is 11.35 percent of total literate migrant

population, which mostly migrated to Bahawalpur for teaching in school,

colleges and university level. In the urban areas formally literate migrant

population percentage is high than the rural areas. (Table 2.13, Fig. 2.18)

Table 2.13Bahawalpur District: Migrant Population (Ten Years &

Above) by Education Attainment 1998

Population Percentage

Total Rural Urban TotalUrba

nRural

Below Matric 33520 16118 17402 23.6012.2

511.3

5Matric but 13316 3709 9607 9.38 6.76 2.61

67

below DegreeDegree and Above 2406 445 1961 1.69 1.38 0.31Others 393 219 174 0.28 0.12 0.15

Based on table 21 of District Population Census Report Bahawalpur 1998

Fig. 2.18District Bahawalpur: Urban Population Distribution

and Share Percentage 1998

Bahawalpur City Population Growth 1901-1998

The Headquarter of District Bahawalpur is the Bahawalpur City,

which was established by its rulers first and then gradually people settled

down in the other cities and rural areas of district. In 1901 population of

the city was 18546 persons, which increased 22 folds in 1998 became

408395 persons. (Table. 2.14, Fig. 2.19)

Area of the princely State Bahawalpur was the largest among the

princely States of India. It showed that there was a great potential to

establish people in this region apart from the fact that the Cholistan

Desert is also included in this area.

68

During censual period of 1901 and 1911 it showed a negative

growth, it was due to an epidemic of the tooth and jaws disease which

spread in Bahawalpur City and took life of a number of people. Due to the

epidemic it showed a negative growth. (Table 2.14)

In thirties, rulers of Bahawalpur State had an agreement with the

British Government for the development and improving the status of

business with the other states and adjacent areas of the state. Because of

that agreement development work took place and people attracted from

the other parts of India and population of Bahawalpur City doubled in from

1931 to 1941.

In 1955 when the State became a district of Pakistan, development

work took place in the district and those areas which were adjacent to

River Sutlej were facing flood every year being protected after increasing

of levees of River Sutlej. The canals had been taken out to irrigate and

reclaimed the margin of Cholistan Desert that increased agricultural land

and attracted population. From 1951 to 1961 population of the City

doubled again, then increased 1.5 times during censual period 1961 to

1972, again growth rate was 1.3 times between 1972 to 1981 inter

censual period. (Table. 2.14, Fig. 2.19)

Bahawalpur City Growth of Population 1901 to 1998

Basically Bahawalpur City is based on migrant population.

Its first ruler came from Iraq and settled down in the city and

the name of the city as well the state was on his name Mir

Bahawal Khan. Between two census years population of the

City was decreased -132 persons that were due to epidemic

69

disease spread in the City and death rate was very high. But

from 1921 onward continuous increase prevailed in population.

Lowest percentage of increase was 0.43 percent during inter

censul period 1911 to 1921 and highest increase was 55.86

percent between 1981 to 1998. (Table 2.14, Fig 2.19)

Table 2.14Bahawalpur City: Growth of Total Population 1901-1998Census

Year Population Increase/ Growth Annual Decrease Percentage Growth

1901 18546 - - -1911 18414 -132 -0.72 -0.091921 18494 80 0.43 0.051931 20943 2449 11.69 1.401941 40015 19072 47.66 5.721951 41646 1631 3.92 0.471961 84377 42731 50.64 6.081972 133782 49405 36.93 4.431981 180263 46481 25.79 3.091998 408395 228132 55.86 6.70

Based on Census of population of Bahawalpur District 1901-1998

70

Fig. 2.19

71

Migrant Population from 1951 to 1998

Migrant population played a vital role in the population of Bahawalpur City during the intial stage of the growth of the City. That was the role of the state and development work occurred in various sectors of life which had an important impact on socio economic status of people of Bahawalpur City.

According to 1951 census of Population, migrant population of the city was 16845 persons that was due to muslim migration from India to Pakistan and in the princely state of Bahawalpur which was in the territory of Pakistan.

Based on 1961 census of population, migrant population of the City increased 53.39 percent. In the census of 1972 migrant populaion is not available, but in 1981 census report, migrant population percentage decreased to 2.58 percnet and in 1998 census report it was in negative -6.68 percent. (Table 2.15, Fig. 2.20)

Table 2.15Bahawalpur City: Migrant Population 1951-

1998Migrant Increase/ Growth

Census Year Population Decrease Percentage1951 16845 - -1961 36141 19296 53.391972 DNA DNA DNA1981 37097 956 2.581998 34775 -2322 -6.68

Based on Census of population of Bahawalpur District 1951-1998

72

Fig.2.20

73

Chapter 3

PROFILE OF RESPONDENT MIGRANT IN BAHAWALPUR CITY

A survey has been conducted to find immigration in Bahawalpur City. The study is based on sample size of 620 families. Following is the profile of respondent families

Profile of RespondentsGender, Religion and Language of Respondents

A large number of respondents are male and head of the

family percentage was 99.03 percent while 0.97 percent are

females. 97.10 percent respondents are Muslims, 0.26 percent

respondents are Christians and o.64 percent are Hindus. Based on

language 30.16 percent respondents are Saraiki speaking, 50.48

percent are Punjabi speaking, 18.55 percent are Urdu speaking,

0,.65 percent are Sindhi speaking and 0.16 percent are Pashto

speaking (Table 3.1, Fig. 3.1,3.2)

Table 3.1

Gender, Religion and Spoken Language of Respondent

Gender PercentageMale 99.03Female 00.97

Religion PercentageMuslim 97.10Christian 2.26Hindu 0.64

67

68

Language PercentageSaraiki 30.16Punjabi 50.48Urdu 18.55Sindhi 0.65Pashto 0.16

Gender Religion

Male Female0

20

40

60

80

100

120

99.03

0.970000000000001

Percen

tage

Muslim Christian Hindu0

20

40

60

80

100

120

97.1

2.260.64000000000000

9

Percen

tage

Fig. 3.1

Spoken Language of Respondents

Fig. 3.2

69

Age group of Respondents According to the age, respondents percentage of age is high

between 41 to 50 years that is 27.90 followed by 51 to 60 years,

26.29 percent, 31 to 40 years 21.29 percent, 61 to 70 years, 13.71

percent, oldest age group above 80 years is 2.10 percent but lowest

age group is from 1 to 20 years is 0.97 percent. From 31 years to 60

years percentage is 75.48 percent, which is highest percentage of

immigrants. (Table 3.2, Fig. 3.3)

Table 3.2Age group of Respondents

1-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 80+No

Answer

0.97 3.55 21.29 27.90 26.29 13.71 2.262.10 1.94

Age of Respondents

1-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 80+ NA0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

0.97

3.55

21.29

27.9026.29

13.71

2.26 2.10 1.94

Age

Perc

enta

ge

Fig. 3.3

70

71

Income of Respondents

The percentage of respondents who hide their income is

highest and that is 27.58 percent. Lowest income group percentage

ranging up to Rs10000/- is 26.13 percent, 23.06 percent has

Rs11000/- to 20000/- monthly income, 11.45 percent respondents

income is Rs21000/- to 30000/-and those whose income is between

Rs31000/- to 40000 are 5.97 percent, highest income above

Rs40000/- is lowest that is 5.81 percent (Table 3.3 Fig. 3.4)

Table 3.3

Monthly Income of Respondents in Rupees

Below 10000

11000-20000

21000-30000

31000-40000

Above 40000

No Answer

26.13 23.06 11.45 5.97 5.81 27.58Income of Respondents

1-10000 11000-20000 21000-30000 31000-40000 41000+ No Answer0

5

10

15

20

25

30

26.13

23.06

11.45

5.97 5.81

27.58

Income in Rupees

Perc

enta

ge

Fig. 3.4

72

Education Attainment of Respondents

About 3.23 percent respondents are illiterate, 33.23 percent

have primary education or below primary education, these

respondents mostly are from rural areas where either earning for

the families or they do not have any interest in education and left

school. 13. 71 have passed class 8th but did not appear in matric

examination and left school, while 18.23 percent are matric pass as

they have certificates of matriculation. Graduate, post graduate and

diploma holders or professional degree holders are in total 8.87

percent. While 6.6 percent respondents give no answer about their

education. (Table 3.4, Fig 3.5)

Table 3.4


Illiterate Below

Primary

Middle

Matric

Intermediate

Graduate Post Diploma/ No

Primary

Graduate

Certificate

Answer

3.23 13.87 19.35 13.7118.2

3 16.13 5.97 0.16 2.74 6.61


73

Illiter

ate

Below Prim

ary

Primar

y

Middle

Matr

ic

Intermed

iate

Graduate

Post-gr

aduate

Diploma/ Cer

tifi...

No Answ

er0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

3.23

13.87

19.35

13.71

18.2316.13

5.97

0.16

2.74

6.61

Perc

enta

ge

Fig. 3.5 Health Care of Respondent

In case of illness respondents are visiting different type

professionals because they have firm belief in them or some time it

is the fee of the professionals which respondent can afford. Among

the respondent immigrants of Bahawalpur City 50.46 percent are

going to allopathic doctors, 27.7 percent to homeopathic doctors,

18.71 to both allopathic and homeopathic doctors, 1.17 percent are

visiting Hakims (Traditional) and 0.65 percent go to spiritual leaders

as they have belief in them, while 1.77 percent didn’t reply. (Table

3.5, Fig 3.6)

Table 3.5Health Care of Respondent

Types of Health Care

Doctors

Homeopathic

Hakim (Traditional)

Spiritual

Doctor and

No Answe

rHomeopa

thic

74

50.48 27.26 1.13 0.65 18.71 1.77

Health Care of Respondents

Doctors

Homeo

pathic

Hakim

(Tra

ditional)

Spiri

tual

Doctor a

nd Hom

eopat

hic

No Answ

er0

10

20

30

40

50

6050.48

27.26

1.129999999999980.65000000000000

9

18.71

1.77


Pe

rce

nt

Fig. 3.6

Worsening Health Condition of RespondentsIn case of worsening health condition of respondents people

are visiting to different resources. 50.48 percent respondents are

going to government hospital, because they believe that all kinds of

facilities are available there, and there are various units of different

diseases. 72.26 percent respondents are visiting private hospitals,

because they believe that in private hospital doctors are paying

extra attention to their patient. 0.65 percent is going to private as

well as government hospitals both, because some time some

doctors are available in government hospitals and some in private

hospital depending upon the nature of disease and the condition of

the patient. 1.13 percent are calling doctor at home when it is

difficult to take a patient to a hospital, but when a doctor advises

75

them, they take patient to hospital, the percentage of these

respondents are 18.71 percent. While 1.17 percent give no answer.

(Table 3.6, Fig. 3.7)

Table 3.6Respondent's Worsen Health Condition

Type of Health Care Resources

Government PrivateCall

Doctor Government andHospital or

Call No

Answer

HospitalHospit

al at

Home Private Hospital

BothDoctor at

Home50.48 27.26 1.13 0.65 18.71 1.77

Gove

rnm

ent Hosp

ital

Priv

ate H

ospita

l

Call Doct

or at H

om

e

Gove

rnm

ent and

Priva

te H

ospita

l Both

Hosp

ital o

r Call

Doc

tor a

t Hom

e

No A

nswer0

10

20

30

40

50

6050.48

27.26

1.129999999999980.65000000000000

9

18.71

1.77

Perc

en

t

Fig. 3.7

Family Size of Respondents

Family size of the respondents is varying from 1 to 14

members. In which lower family size containing one person is

3.39 percent and highest family size that is 14 family members

is 0.16 percent. An average family size of respondent is

between 7 to 8 members which according to majority of

Pakistani families have. In immigrant in Bahawalpur City

highest percentage is of those family have five members that

is 21.45 percent, followed by 17.26 percent of four family

76

members, 16.29 percent of six members and 12.42 is of seven

family members. (Table 3.7, Fig. 3.8)

Table 3.7

Family Size of RespondentsFamily member in a home

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

3.39

3.23

13.06

17.26

21.45

16.29

12.42

6.61

3.39

1.77

0.32

0.48

0.16

0.16

Family Size of Respondents

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 140.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

3.39

3.23

13.0

6

17.2

6

21.4

5

16.2

9

12.4

2

6.61

3.39

1.77

0.32

0.48

0.16

0.16

Family Size

Perc

enta

ge

Fig. 3.8Migration of Respondents

Based on migration occurred field survey data has been

divided into eight phases, a phase is representing ten years

duration, while before 1947 it was unlimited till 1947. From 1947 to

1950 duration was very small (only four years) but it was very

important because a great number of Muslim families migrated to a

mew Muslim state. .

77

The study is based on sample size of 620 families of separate

economic groups ranging from high to low income and residing in

twenty seven different urban localities in Bahawalpur City, Which

can distinctly recognizable socio-economic status of respondent.

Before 1947 people migrated from South Asian Region mostly to

neighbouring areas of Princely State Bahawalpur. Historically the

state was an important one and has great economic potential in it

that attract people from various parts of Pakistan and outside

Pakistan. Over all migrant respondent percentage was high before

1947 to 2006 that was 78.06 percent, respondent migrated within

Pakistan and 21.94 percent respondent migrated from outside

Pakistan. Maximum respondent percentage was from India after

emergence of Pakistan during 1947-1950, within four year of time

span, because they want to live in a newly created Muslim state

(Table 3.8, 3.9).

78

Table 3.8Bahawalpur: Sample Size of Migrant Respondent

before 1947 to 2006Year Migration from

All AreasWithin

PakistanOutside Pakistan

Before 1947 17 7 101947-1950 111 10 1011951-1960 33 29 41961-1970 47 43 41971-1980 106 97 91981-1990 107 103 41991-2000 149 146 32001-2006 50 49 1Total 620 484 136

Table. 3.9Bahawalpur: Migrant Respondent Percentage

before 1947 to 2006

Year Migration from

All Areas Within

PakistanOutside Pakistan

Before 1947 2.74 1.13 1.611947-1950 17.90 1.61 16.291951-1960 5.32 4.68 0.651961-1970 7.58 6.94 0.651971-1980 17.10 15.65 1.451981-1990 17.26 16.61 0.651991-2000 24.03 23.55 0.48

79

2001-2006 8.06 7.90 0.16Total 100.00 78.06 21.94

Migration of population in Bahawalpur City has been divided

into eight phases with an interval of ten year period. The lowest

percentage was moved before 1947, which was only 2.74 percent,

and highest percentage was in 1991-2000 that was 24.03 percent. It

is observed that migrant population percentage was lowest before

1947, 2.74 percent followed by 1951-1960, 5.32 percent, 1961-

1970, 7.58 percent, 2001-2006, 8.06 percent, 1971-1980, 17.10

percent, 1981-1990,17.26 percent, 1947-1950, 17.90 percent, 1991-

2000, 24.03 percent (Table 3.8,3.9 and Fig. 3.9). Migration basically

occur on opportunities either economic or distinct status.

Fig. 3.9Migrant population from outside Pakistan during the time span

before 1947 to 2006 was highest when Pakistan came into being

that was 73.53 percent. Out of total 100 percent of foreign born

population 86.76 percent came from India followed by 10.29 percent

80

from Saudi Arabia, 1.47 percent from England and 0.74 percent

from Iran and Bangladesh. The highest percentage 73.53 percent

was from India after emergence of Pakistan and the rest of the

percentage from India is mostly due to integration of marriages.

Before 1947 it was the attraction of princely state which had a great

number of attractions in all fields regarding from agriculture to

services and others (Table 3.10).

81

Table 3.10Bahawalpur: Migrant Respondent Percentage of Foreign

born Population before 1947 to 2006

Migration from Outside Pakistan

India Bangladesh

Iran

England

Saudi Arabia

Before 1947 7.35

1947-195073.5

3 0.741951-1960 2.21 0.741961-1970 1.47 1.471971-1980 1.47 0.74 4.411981-1990 2.94

1991-2000 0.740.74 0.74

2001-2006 0.74

Total 86.7

6 0.740.74 1.47 10.29

Respondent immigrants have been divided into migrant from

within country and migrant from outside of country. During the

whole time span 78.6 percent respondent migrated from various

parts of Pakistan to Bahawalpur City and 21.94 percent respondent

migrated from outside Pakistan from five different counties but

maximum percentage came from India during 1947-1950.The

Whole period is divided into eight phases, where the first phase

before 1947 was very large but respondent number was small. The

second phase span is small that is only four years bur respondent

percentage is very high and the rest of the phases are divided into

ten years as below.

I. Migration before 1947II. Migration from 1947-1950

82

III. Migration from 1951-1960IV. Migration from 1961-1970 V. Migration from 1971-1980 VI. Migration from 1981-1990 VII. Migration from 1991-2000 VIII. Migration from 2001-2006

I. Respondent Migrated before 1947Before 1947 Bahawalpur was a princely state in South Asia. It

was a state which had the largest area among the princely states in

South Asia. The state had a number of opportunities to attract

people from all over South Asian region.

People migrated towards princely state’s headquarter that

was Bahawalpur City having an area 1.5 square kilometer. It was a

walled city till 1940. (Noor 2006)

Before 1947 a total 2.74 percent respondent migrated to

Bahawalpur City, out of which 1.61 migrated from the places which

are now a part of Indian territory and 1.13 came from the places

within Pakistani territory (Table 3.9, Fig, 3.9). Respondent migrated

within Pakistani territory in 1932 came 0.21 percent from

KhairpurTamewali (District Bahawalpur) and 0.21 percent from

Lahore.

In 1940 respondent migrated 0.62 percent from Multan

(District Multan), in 1942, 0.21 percent from Chishtian (District

Bahawalnagar) and in 1943, 0.21 percent from KotMithan (Disrict

Rajanpur) (Table 3.11, Fig. 3.10 & 3.11).

Table 3.11

83

Bahawalpur: Migrant Respondent Percentage with in Pakistan

Before 1947Areas Years of Migration

1932 1940 1942 1943Bahawalnagar 0.21Bahawalpur 0.21LahoreMultan 0.21Rajanpur 0.62 0.21

Fig. 3.10

84

Fig. 3.11

85

II. Respondent Migrated from 1947 to 1950

In 1947 a new Muslim State IslamiJambhoria Pakistan

emerged on world map and a great number of people migrated

from Indian cities to numerous cities of Pakistan. Out of total 100

percent, 17.90 migrated during this period out of which 16.29

percent respondents came to Bahawalpur City from India and

Bangladesh, maximum percentage was from India and only 1.61

percent respondents migrated from the localities with in

Pakistan.

Respondents migrated within Pakistani localities to

Bahawalpur City in 1947, 0.21 percent from Bahawalnagar,

Faisalabad, Jhelum, and Lahore each, and 0.41 percent from

Multan, Shujabad(District Multan). In 1948 Respondents migrated

from two cities Faisalabad and Multan and percentage was 0.21

percent each. In 1950 people migrated from Yazman (District

Bahawalpur) and 0.41 percent from Faisalabad, Chaniot (District

Faisalabad) (Table 3.12, Fig. 3.12 & 3.13).

Table 3.12

Bahawalpur: Migrant Respondent Percentage

within Pakistan from 1947 to 1950

Areas Years of Migration

1947 1948 1950

Bahawalnagar 0.21Bahawalpur 0.21Faisal Abad 0.21 0.21 0.41

86

Jhelum 0.21Lahore 0.21Multan 0.41 0.21

Fig. 3.12

87

Fig. 3.13III. Respondent Migrated from 1951 to 1960

During this period the people of Bahawalpur City had received

several new opportunities, like business facilities, educational

institution etc. Population of Bahawalpur City increased and to fulfill

the requirement, head of the Princely State Mr. Amir Sadiq

Mohammad Khan provided the facilities, who were the last ruler of

the state. He was an educated man and he established several

educational institutions to educate people of the state in his period.

Sadiq Public School established in 1953 on a huge area with

88

boarding facilities to the students of not only Bahawalpur City but

also all over the areas of Punjab and had renowned faculty of

school. This was a period when people moved to Bahawalpur City

due to great opportunities of business education etc. During this

time in 1955 princely state Bahawalpur became a district of

Pakistan and the status of princely state came to an end. In 1951

only from one city Lahore 0.21 percent people moved to Bahawalpur

City. In 1952 0.21 percent moved from Fort Abbas (District

Bahawalnagar and Gujrat. From Multan0.21 percent shifted in 1954.

In 1955 respondent migrated from five different places to

Bahawalpur City with an equal percentage of 0.21 from Attock,

Lahore, Multan, Rahim Yar Khan and Sialkot. In 1957 from only one

place 0.21 percent respondent moved that was Faisalabad, In1958

0.21 percent respondent migrated from Lodhran and from Sialkot

respectively, in 1959 0.21 percent migrated from Multan, and

Sialkot each. While in 1960 the migration was very high from eight

districts. 0.21 percent moved from Bahawalnagar, 0.62 percent

from Yazman, KhairpurTamewali and Ahmadpur East (District

Bahawalpur), 0.21 percent from Lahore, 0.41 percent from Lodhran

and Duniapur (District Lodhran), 0.21 percent from Multan, 1.03

percent from Khanpur (District Rahim Yar Khan), 0.21 percent from

Sargodha and 0.21 percent from Sialkot (Table 3.13, Fig 3.14).

Table 3.13

Bahawalpur: Migrant Respondent Percentage within Pakistan from 1951 to 1960

89


1951

1952

1954

1955

1957

1958

1959

1960

Attock 0.21Bahawalnagar 0.21 0.21Bahawalpur 0.62Faisal Abad 0.21Gujrat 0.21JhelumLahore 0.21 0.21 0.21Lodhran 0.21 0.41Multan 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21Rahim Yar Khan 1.03Sargodha 0.21 0.21Sialkot 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.41

Fig. 3.14IV. Respondent Migrated from 1961 to 1970

90

Area wise City was extended from 1.5 kilometer square

to more than 16 km2 till 1961 (Noor 2006). Expansion in the area

of the Bahawalpur City describes that population has also

increased in all categories, natural increase as well as migrant

population.

During these ten years a lot of development work was

completed to improve standard of living of people of Bahawalpur

City, a number of educational institutions were established, in

which prominent one was Quaid-e-Azam Medical College in the

year 1970, Apart from this, infrastructure of the city was further

developed after construction of a bridge on River Sutlej in 1969.

And number of parks established for the entertainment of the

people of Bahawalpur City, GulzarSadiq Public Park was

developed in 1965. Another important development was the

establishment of a huge cantonment area for the protection of

the city in the year 1968. These lot of developments in various

sectors attracted people not only from province of Punjab but

also from all over Pakistan.

In 1961 people came from two districts 0.21 percent

each from Lahore and Multan. In the year 1962 respondent

migration occurred from six districts of Punjab was 0.21 percent

each Yazman (District Bahawalpur), Lahore, Lodhran, Jalapur

(District Multan) and Sialkot. In 1964 only from two districts

namely Chishtian (District Bahawalnagar) and Lahore 0.21

91

percent each. In 1965 respondents migration percentage from

seven districts 0.21 percent from Fort Abbas (District

Bahawalnagar) 0.62 percent from Yazman, Ahmadpur East and

Lalsohanra (District Bahawalpur), 0.21 percent from Dera Ghazi

Khan 0.21 percent from Gujrat, 0.21 percent from Multan and

0.21 percent from Sahiwal was very high. In 1966 respondent

migration occurred from two places Gujranwala, and from

Muzaffargarh 0.21 percent each. From two different places

respondent migration took place in 1967 0.21 percent from

Faisalabad and Lahore respectively. In 1968 people moved from

Chishtian (District Bahawalnagar), Yazman (District Bahawalpur)

and Lodhran 0.21 percent each. There wasn’t any migration in

1969 but a huge migration prevailed from nine different places of

Punjab Province. 0.41 percent respondent migrated from

Haroonabad (District Bahawalnagar), 0.62 percent from Yazman,

Ahmadpur East and KhairputTamewali (District Bahawalpur), 0.21

percent each from Lahore, 0.62 percent from Kahrorpakka

(District Lodhran), 0.62 percent from Shujabad and Multan

(District Multan), 0.21 percent from ArifWala (District Pakpattan),

0.21 percent from Khanpur (District Rahim Yar Khan) and 0.21

percent from Sahiwal. (Table 3.14, Fig. 3.15)

From Sindh Province respondent migration occurred

0.21 percent from Karachi in 1962, from Hyderabad 0.21 percent

in the year 1965and 0.21 percent from Karachi in 1970. (Table

3.14, Fig 3.15)92

93

Table 3.14Bahawalpur: Migrant Population Percentage



1961

1962

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

1970

Bahawalnagar 0.21 0.21 0.41Bahawalpur 0.21 0.62 0.62Dera Ghazi Khan 0.21Faisalabad 0.21 0.21Gujranwala 0.21Gujrat 0.21Hyderabad 0.21Karachi 0.21 0.21Lahore 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21Lodhran 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.62Multan 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.62Muzaffar Garh 0.21Pakpattan 0.21Rahim Yar Khan 0.21Sahiwal 0.21 0.21Sialkot 0.21

94

Fig. 3.15

95

V. Respondent Migrated from 1971 to 1980

During this time span, area of Bahawalpur City expands 17.43

square kilometers till 1974, which was 16 Km2in 1961.

In these ten year time period development focused on

education. Islamia University Bahawalpur was actually established in

1925, named JamiaAbbasia was giving religious education to

students under auspicious of Al AzharUnversity Egypt, which

provided renowned professors to JamiaAbbasia. In 1975

JamiaAbbasia was changed to Islamia University Bahawalpur, and

was up graded with ten departments under faculty of science and

arts.

During this time period respondent migrated from sixteen

different districts of Pakistan to Bahawalpur City. Major respondent

migrated from province of Punjab but migration prevailed from

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Sindh.

In 1971 respondent migrated from Yazman, Ahmadpur East

and KhairpurTamewali (District Bahawalpur) was 0.62 percent, from

Faisalabad, Multan 0.21 percent respondent migrated from each

place. In 1972, 0.41 percent moved from Shujaabad (District Multan)

and 0.21 percent from Sahiwal. In 1974 respondent’s migration

occurred from numerous places, 0.41 percent from Bahawalnagar

and Chishtian (District Bahawalnagar), 0.21 percent each from

Yazman (District Bahawalpur), Khanewal, Lahore, and Kahrorpakka

(District Lodhran). In 1975 0.41 percent respondent migrated from

96

Yazman, Ahmadpur East and Hasilpur (District Bahawalpur), 0.21

percent moved from Faisalabad (District Faisalabad), 0.41 percent

from Lahore, 0.41 percent from Kahrorpakka and Dunyapur (District

Lodhran), 0.41 percent from Jalalpur and Shujaabad (District

Multan), and 0.41 percent from Sargodha. In 1976 migration prevail

only from four places 0.41 percent from Chishtian and Haroonabad

(District Bahawalnagar), 0.41 percent from Yazman and Ahmadpur

East (District Bahawalpur), 0.21 percent respondent migrated from

Lahore and Sialkot each. In 1977 people moved from two places,

0.83 percent from Yazman and Ahmadpur East (District

Bahawalpur), and 0.21 percent from Rahim Yar Khan. In 1978

migration occurred from seven places, from Bahawalnagar, Yazman

(District Bahawalpur), Shahnal (District Lodhran), Mandi Bahauddin,

Mianwali, 0.21 percent each and 0.41 percent from Multan,

Shujaabad (District Multan). In 1979 respondent migration prevailed

from nine locations that were 0.21 percent from Chishtian (District

Bahawalnagar), 0.41 percent from Ahmadpur East (District

Bahawalpur), 0.21 percent each from Lahore, Lodhran and Mianwali,

from Jalalpur and Shujaabad (District Multan) and Rahim Yar Khan

and Sadiqabad (District Rahim Yar Khan) percentage was 0.41

percent each from above two districts and 0.21 percent each from

Sialkot and Vehari. In 1980 2.48 percent respondent migrated to

Bahawalpur City from Yazman, Ahmadpur East , Hasilpur,

KhairpurTamewali, and UchSarif (District Bahawalpur), 0.21percent

each moved from Chakwal, Jhang, and Khanewal, 1.03 percent

97

migrated from Kahrorpakka, Dunyapur and Lodhran (District

Lodhran), 1.65 percent from Multan, Shujaabad, Jalal Deen and

Jalalpur (District Multan), 0.21 percent from Alipur (District

Muzaffargarh), 0.62 percent from Rahim Yar Khan, Liaqatpur and

Khanpur (District Rahim Yar Khan), 0.21 percent from Sahiwal, 0.41

percent from Sialkot and 0.21 percent from Mailsi (District Vehari).

(Table 3.15, Fig. 3.16)

From Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province respondent migrated 0.21

percent from Bannu in 1978.

From Province of Sindh respondent migrated from Karachi in

1980 and percentage was 0.21. (Table 3.15, Fig. 3.16)

Table 3.15Bahawalpur: Migrant Respondent Percentage

within Pakistan from 1971 to 1980Areas Years of Migration

1971

1972

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

Bahawalnagar 0.41 0.41 0.21 0.21Bahawalpur 0.62 0.21 1.03 0.41 0.83 0.21 0.41 2.48Bannu 0.21Chakwal 0.21Faisalabad 0.21 0.21Jhang 0.21Karachi 0.21Khanewal 0.21 0.21Lahore 0.21 0.41 0.21 0.21

98

Lodhran 0.21 0.83 0.21 0.21 1.03Mandi Bahauddin 0.21Mianwali 0.21 0.21Multan 0.21 0.21 0.62 0.41 1.65Muzaffargarh 0.41 0.21Rahim Yar Khan 0.21 0.21 0.41 0.62Sahiwal 0.21 0.21Sargodha 0.41Sialkot 0.21 0.21 0.41Vehari 0.21 0.21

99

Fig. 3.16

100

VI. Respondent Migrated from 1981 to 1990

The area of the Bahawalpur City expanded on an

explosive rate from 17.43 Km2in 1974 to 31.29 Km2 in 1993,

which approximately doubled than the area of 1974. (Noor

2006)

Between 1981 to 1990 number of projects were completed

and approved for the development of Bahawalpur City. Foundation

stone was laid down for the new campus of Islamia University

Bahawalpur and was given a new name “Baghdad-ul-Jadid Campus”.

The campus was built on sand dunes, numbers of buildings were

constructed including faculties, hostels for boys and girls, residential

colony for faculty members and non-teaching staff too. For the

residential colony, bank, medical centres and numerous other

buildings were built. Population of the city increased and to meet

the need of the increasing population number of private and

government educational institutions were established to fulfill the

requirement. Apart from that old markets were reconstructed and

expanded and new ribbon markets were developed along the main

roads and highways. During this period pull factor attracted people

not even from various places of Punjab Province but also from Sindh

Province too.

In 1981 respondent migration occurred from Yazman (District

Bahawalpur), Sialkot and Toba Tek Singh 0.21 percent from each

place and 0.41 percent from Jhang. In 1982 migration percentage

101

was high 0.62 percent people migrated from Haroonabad, Chishtian

and Fort Abbas (District Bahawalnagar), 0.21 each from Yazman

(District Bahawalpur), Gujrat, Multan , Rawalpindi and Vehari, o.41

percent migration occured from Rahim Yar Khan. In 1983 respondent

migrated from Rawalpindi and Sahiwal 0.21 percent each. In 1984

0.62 percent migration prevailed from Bahawalnagar and

Haroonabad (District Bahawalnagar), 0.21 from Hasilpur (District

Bahawalpur). In 1985 respondents moved from Chishtian (District

Bahawalnagar), Lodhran and Dunyapur (District Lodhran) 0.41

percent each, 1.65 percent moved from Abbasnagar, Ahmadpur

East, Yazman, Israni and Hasilpur (District Bahawalpur), 1.03 percent

from Multan and Rajram (District Multan) and 0.21 percent

respondent migrated from Dera Ghazi Khan, Faisalabad, Sorkot

(District Jhang), Lahore, Sahiwal and Mailsi (District Vehari)

respectively. In 1986 migration occurred from Bahawalnagar and

Haroonabad (District Bahawalnagar) percentage was 0.41, and 0.21

percent each from Hasilpur (District Bahawalpur), Liaqatpur (District

Rahim Yar Khan) and Sahiwal.In 1987 0.41 percent people moved

from Shahnal and Uch Sharif (District Bahawalpur) while 0.21 percent

migrated from Haroonabad (District Bahawalnagar), Gujrat, Kasur,

Kahrorpakka (District Lodhran), Multan, Sadiqabad (District Rahim

Yar Khan) and Vehari. In 1988 0.21 percent migration occurred from

Ahmadpur East (District Bahawalpur) and Dera Ghazi Khan, 0.62

percent from Lodhran and 0.41 percent from Mailsi (District Vehari).

In 1989 0.62 percent respondent moved from Hasilpur and Uch

102

Sharif (District Bahawalpur), while 0.21 percent from Kahrorpakka

(District Lodhran), Mianwali, Sahiwal and Sargodha. In 1990 from

Chishtian and Fort Abbas (District Bahawalnagar), Yazman,

Ahmadpur East and Hasilpur (District Bahawalpur) 1.24 percent

migration prevailed, 0.83 percent came from Lodhran, Kahrorpakka

and Dunyapur (District Lodhran), 0.41 percent moved from

Faisalabad and Liaqatpur, Khanpur (District Rahim Yar Khan), while

0.21 percent from Mandi Bahauddin, Sargodha and Mailsi (District

Vehari).

In 1986 respondent migrated from Federal Capital Islamabad

to Bahawalpur City and percentage was 0.21 percent.

From Sindh Province migration occurred from Karachi to

Bahawalpur City in 1985 and 1988 percentage was 0.21 percent

while in 1990, 0.62 percent respondent migrated. (Table 3.16, Fig.

3.17)

Table 3.16Bahawalpur: Migrant Population Percentage



1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

Bahawalnagar

0.62 0.62

0.41

0.41 0.21 1.24

Bahawalpur 0.210.21 0.21

1.65

0.21 0.41

0.21

0.62 1.24

Dera Ghazi Khan0.21

0.21

Faisal Abad 0.2 0.41103

1

Gujrat0.21 0.21

Islamabad0.21

Jhang 0.410.21

Karachi0.21

0.21 0.62

Kasur 0.21

Lahore0.21

Lodhran0.41

0.21 0.41

0.62

0.21 0.83

Mandi Bahauddin 0.21

Mianwali0.21

Multan0.21

1.03

0.21 0.21

Rahim Yar Khan

0.41

0.21 0.21 0.41

Rawalpindi0.21

0.21

Sahiwal0.21

0.21

0.21

0.21

Sargodha0.21 0.21

Sialkot 0.21Toba Tek Singh 0.21

Vehari0.21

0.21 0.21

0.41 0.21

104

Fig. 3.17

105

VII. Respondent Migrated from 1991 to 2000

This ten years duration attracted a number of people from

adjacent districts and from other districts of Punjab Province either

due to expansion and development of Bahawalpur City or because

of kinship that improved standard of living of their relatives

provoked people to migrate to Bahawalpur City.

During this time span heavy migration occurred that was 23.55 percent (Table 3.9) compared to rest of periods. Mostly people moved from various places of Punjab Province but also from Sindh Province, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province and Federal Capital Islamabad too.

In 1991, 1.65 percent respondent migrated from Ahmadpur

East, KhairpurTamewali, Hasilpur and Yazman (District Bahawalpur),

0.21 percent moved from Multan and Liaqatpur (District Rahim Yar

Khan) each. In 1992, 1.03 percent respondent migration occurred

from Bahawalnagar, Chishtian (District Bahawalnagar), 0.83 percent

from Yazman, KhairputTamewali (District Bahawalpur), 0.62 percent

from Lodhran, Dunyapur (District Lodhran), 0.41 percent from

Lahore and 0.21 percent from Gujrat. In 1993 respondent came to

Bahawalpur City, 0.62 percent from Yazman, Qaimpur (District

Bahawalpur), 0.41 percent from Chishtian (District Bahawalnagar),

Kahrorpakka, Dunyapur (District Lodhran) each and 0.21 percent

from Lahore, Mianwali and Khanpur (District Rahim Yar Khan)

respectively. In 1994, movement of respondent occurred 0.83

percent from Hasilpur, Ahmadpur East, Samasatta (District

106

Bahawalpur) and 0.21 percent prevailed from Chishtian (District

Bahawalnagar), Lahore, Dunyapur (District Lodhran), Alipur (District

Muzaffargarh), Sahiwal, Sialkot and Vehari respectively. In 1995,

1.03 percent respondent migrated from Yazman, Ahmadpur East,

Abbas Nagar (District Bahawalpur), Rahim Yar Khan, Liaqatpur

(District Rahim Yar Khan) each, 0.62 percent from Kahrorpakka

(District Lodhra) 0.41 percent from Bahawalnagar, Chishtian

(District Bahawalnagar), Rawalpindi, and Mailsi (District Vehari)

each, while 0.21 percent moved from Faisalabad, Multan, Jhelum

and Gujranwala respectively. In 1996 0.62 percent respondent

moved from Hasilpur, KhairpurTamewali, Dera Bakka (District

Bhawalpur), Lodhran, Dunyapur (District Lodhran) each, 0.41

percent migrated from Bahawalnagar, Haroonabad (District

Bahawalnagar) and Gujranwala respectively, while 0.21 percent

from Kalarkahar (District Chakwal), Gujrat, Mianwali, Multan,

Liaqatpur (District Rahim Yar Khan), Shaikhupura and Sialkot. In

1997 immigrant came from Faisalabad, Lodhran, Dunyapur (District

Lodhran) percentage was 0.62 percent, 0.41 percent respondent

permanently relocated from Ahmadpur East, Samasatta (District

Bahawalpur), and 0.21 percent from Chishtian (District

Bahawalnagar), Chakwal, Dera Ghazi Khan, Lahore, Rahim Yar Khan,

Shaikhupura and Vehari each. In 1998 respondent migration prevail

1.o3 percent from KhairpurTamewali, Uch Sharif, Ahmadpur East,

Yazman, Lalsohanra (District Bahawalpur), 0.41 percent from

Dunyapur (District Lodhran), Rahim Yar Khan, Khanpur (District

107

Rahim Yar Khan), Muzaffargarh, and Sialkot each, 0.21 percent each

from Chakwal, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Sialkot and Mailsi (District

Vehari). In 1999 0.83 percent respondent migrated from Yazman,

Dera Bakka (District Bahawalpur), Lodhran, Dunyapur, Kahrorpakka

(District Lodhran) each, while 0.21 percent from Dera Ghazi Khan,

Gujrat, Jhelum, Lahore and Boraywala (district Vehari) respectively.

In the year 2000 respondent migration occurred 1.24 percent from

Hasilpur, Ahmadpur East, Yazman (District Bahawalpur), 0.21

percent from Chishtian (District Bahawalnagar), Bhakkar, Lahore,

Kahrorpakka (District Lodhran), and Khanpur (District Rahim Yar

Khan) respectively.

From Province of Sindh respondent migration prevailed from

Karachi 0.21 percent in the year 1993, 1998 and 1999.

From Federal Capital Islamabad 0.21 percent respondent

moved in the year 2000. (Table 3.17, Fig. 3.18)

Table 3.17

Bahawalpur: Migrant Population Percentage within Pakistan from 1991 to 2000


1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

Bahawalnagar1.03

0.41 0.21

0.41

0.41 0.21 0.21

Bahawalpur 1.650.83

0.62 0.83

1.03

0.62 0.41

1.03

0.83 1.24

Bhakkar 0.21

108

Chakwal0.21 0.21

0.21

Dera Ghazi Khan 0.21

0.21

Faisal Abad0.21 0.62

Gujranwala0.21

0.41

Gujrat0.21

0.21

0.21

Islamabad 0.21

Jhelum0.21

0.21

Karachi0.21

0.21

0.21

Lahore0.41

0.21 0.21 0.21

0.21

0.21 0.21

Lodhran0.62

0.41 0.21

0.62

0.62 0.62

0.41

0.83

Mianwali0.21

0.21

Multan 0.210.21

0.21

Muzaffargarh 0.210.41

Peshawar0.21

Rahim Yar Khan 0.21

0.21

1.03

0.21 0.21

0.41 0.21

Rawalpindi0.41

0.21

Sahiwal 0.21

Shaikhupura0.21 0.21

Sialkot 0.210.41

0.21

0.41

Vehari 0.21 0.210.21

0.21

109

Fig. 3.18

110

VIII. Respondent Migrated from 2001 to 2006

This phase of respondent migration was five year shorter

because survey was conducted in 2006. In this duration time

period respondents migrated from twenty four different places.

In the year 2001, 1.03 percent migration prevailed from

Ahmadpur East, Hasilpur, Samasatta, and Uch Sharif (District

Bahawalpur), 0.62 percent movement occurred from Rahim Yar

Khan, and Liaqatpur (District Rahim Yar Khan) and 0.21 percent

migration occurred from Manchinabad (District Bahawalnagar),

Bhakkar, Dera Ghazi Khan, Gujrat and Kahrorpakka (District

Lodhran) respectively.

In 2002, 1.03 percent respondents migrated from Ahmadpur

East, Hasilpur, Yazman and KhairpurTamewali (District

Bahawalpur), 0.62 percent people migrated from Bahawalnagar

and Chishtian (District Bahawalnagar), 0.41 percent from Liaqatpur

(District Rahim Yar Khan) and 0.21 percent moved namely from

Faisalabad, Jhang, Lahore and Kahrorpakka (District Lodhran).

In the year 2003, o.41 migration placed from

KhairpurTamewali and Dera Bhakka (District Bahawalpur), 0.21

each from Lahore and Sahiwal.

In 2004, 0.83 migration prevailed from Ahmadpur East,

Yazman and KhairpurTamewali (District Bahawalpur), 0.21 percent

from Faisalabad and Kahrorpakka (DistrictLodhran) each.

111

In the year 2005, 0.41 percent respondents migrated from

Ahmadpur East, and KhairpurTamewali (District Bahawalpur), and

Rahim Yar Khan each, while 0.21 percent people moved from

Lahore, Lodhran and Mandi Bahauddin respectively.

In the year 2006 only from Hasilpur (District Bahawalpur)

migration prevailed which was 0.21 percent.

From Province of Sindh migration occurred from Karachi and

Nawab Shah. From Karachi in 2002 and 2003 immigrant’s

percentage was 0.41 and 0.21 percent respectively. In the year

2003, respondents migrated from Nawab Shah to Bahawalpur City

and the percentage was 0.21 percent. (Table 3.18, Fig. 3.19)

Table 3.18Bahawalpur: Migrant Respondent Percentage



2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Bahawalnagar 0.21 0.62Bahawalpur 1.03 1.03 0.41 0.83 0.41 0.21Bhakkar 0.21Dera Ghazi Khan 0.21Faisal Abad 0.21 0.21Gujrat 0.21Jhang 0.21Karachi 0.41 0.21Lahore 0.21 0.21 0.21Lodhran 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21

112

Mandi Bahauddin 0.21Nawab Shah 0.21Rahim Yar Khan 0.62 0.41 0.41Sahiwal 0.21

Fig. 3.19

113

Chapter 4

LIVELIHOOD AND INTEGRATION OF RESPONDENT IMMIGRANTS IN BAHAWALPUR

CITY

A livelihood describes as it contains the expertise, including

resources and all those activities important for a mean of living

social resources. It needs to use all efforts and all capabilities to

promote its standard of living and to alleviate poverty among people

either living in urban or rural areas. It becomes sustainable when

one is able to succeed to build up its strength from “stresses and

shocks”

Fundamentals structure of Sustainable Livelihood and main ideologies of presentation

The above kind that distinguishes between three groups of

modules in the livelihood structure:

The benefit collection making the central component of livelihood,

The Weakness Situation and Plan, Organizations and Developments, and

The eye connecting livelihood approaches and livelihood results.

The Exposure Situation of livelihoods mentions to surprises,

developments and seasonality with their possible influence on

people's livelihoods, while Strategies, Organizations and

Developments on the other side encompass the setting of the

104

lawmaking and established aspects and powers in management and

the secretive and the public sectors that affect livelihoods.

A livelihood described by Carney (1998) in the model, in which

he explains livelihood in rural areas and mostly to alleviate poverty

in rural areas. The model presented by Carney also describes

livelihood in urban areas too. This is applied to respondent

immigrants of Bahawalpur City. Carney explained in the model five

major capitals that can change vulnerability and will make changes

in policies and strategies of livelihood. These capitals include land,

property, money, human resources, finances, physical resources

including urban landscape, rural agricultural land as well as climatic

conditions, which are playing important role in these contents.

The model can easily be explained changes which prevail in

human life either in case of financial improvement or education

enhancement or technical assistance taken from city dwellers to

improve livelihood. The seasonality trend changes with the help of

key capitals have been explained of the respondent immigrants in

Bahawalpur City. As it has been described in chapter two that

basically Bahawalpur City population is mostly based on immigrants.

The rulers of the Princely State came from Iraq and developed a

state there. They developed agricultural land, infrastructure for

trade and communication with British Empire and other princely

States of undivided India. These developments in different sectors

attract population from neighbouring areas as well as from other

105

parts of the country. The State then merged in Pakistan as a district,

but developments made by empire were statistically higher than the

other close by district, so migration was high in the City. According

to the model presented by carney (1998) five capital are described

those are human, natural, financial, social and physical.

Carney’s Model on Livelihood

After Carney 1998

The main capitals given by Carney 1998 have been explained

on respondent immigrants of Bahawalpur City below.

Human Capital

106

Human capital is an important asset for livelihood. It is related

to skill and knowledge which leads towards earning in different

ways. In services or employment education and skill requires, in

business, skill and experience required. People migrating or leaving

behind their old areas have better livelihood, facilities in urban

areas rather than rural areas.

As human capital immigrants in the Bahawalpur City have

played a major role. These immigrant joined services, (government,

semi-government and private). 28.23 percent respondent are

serving as government employees, 1.45 percent are in semi-

government, 9.03 percent are working in private institutions or

factories or some private organizations, and 10.97 percent are

retired from their services but most of them are not sitting idle they

are working in private institution or organizations and helping their

families as main human capital. (Table 4.1, Fig. 4.1)

Respondent immigrants came from nearby rural areas where

they were cultivating crops on their land or growing fruits in

orchards.

Human beings are serving in the farms as well as they are

also playing an important role in business either in small scale or on

large scale. Somewhere these are owner of business or they are

supplier or middle man between rural growers and urban traders. It

is real human capital which is most important as immigrants

107

respondents in the Bahawalpur City. Respondent immigrants detail

is given in Table 4.2 Fig. 4.2.

Table 4.1

Respondent's Service Types

Government Retired/Pension

Private Semi Government

28.23 10.97 9.03 1.45

Respondents Service Types

Government Retired/Pension Private Semi Government0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00 28.23

10.979.03

1.45

Service Types

Perc

enta

ge

Fig. 4.1Table 4.2

Respondents Small Business Categories

Shop

Supplier

Middle man

Land Owner

Farmer

Different Business

29.20 1.29 1.29 9.35 3.39 6.61

108

Small Business categories of Respondents

Shop Supplier Middle man Land Owner Farmer Different Business

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

29.2

1.29 1.29

9.35000000000001

3.39

6.61

Per

cent

Fig. 4.2

During last sixty five years there are so many schools,

hospital, shopping plazas and numerous other buildings have

been constructed utilizing as productive place where

population of the City is taking benefits in different fields, such

as markets, private clinics, hospitals etc

The City has three major hospitals including one hospital

for women only. Apart from that city have so many private

clinics and renowned doctors in various fields and serving

people of Bahawalpur City. But some of the people rely on

homeopathic treatment due to less side effect of medicine and

some are having belief on traditional and native South Asian

medicines are provided by hakims, which is effective too.

There are people who have belief on spiritual care, so they are

109

visiting spiritual leaders mostly on shrines. 50.48 respondent

visiting doctors, 27.26 percent taking homeopathic medicine,

18.71 are having belief on doctors and homeopathic too so

they are taking both kind of medicine, while 1.13 person

visiting hakims and,0.65 percent going to spiritual care.(Table

4.3 Fig. 4.3)

Table 4.3Health Care of Respondents

Doctors

Homeopathic

Hakim (Traditional)

Spiritual Doctor and No

AnswerHomeopathic

(Both)

50.48 27.26 1.13 0.65 18.71 1.77

Health Care of Respondents

Doctors

Homeo

pathic

Hakim

(Tra

ditional)

Spiri

tual

Doctor a

nd Hom

eopath

ic

No Answ

er0

10

20

30

40

50

6050.48

27.26

1.129999999999980.65000000000000

8

18.71

1.77


Perc

ent

Fig. 4.3

110

In case of respondents worsen health condition for example

high blood pressure, cardic problem they are approaching to big

hospital. Currently there are three major hospitals in Bahawalpur

City serving population of the city. 50.48 percent respondents are

going to government hospitals, 27.26 percent are visiting private

hospitals, 1.13 percent are calling doctors at home, 0.65 percent are

taking their patient to private and government hospital both

depending on availability of relevant doctors, and 18.71 percent are

either going to hospital or calling doctors at home depending

condition of patient.(Table 4.4 Fig.4.4)

Table 4.4

Respondent's Worsen Health Condition

Government

Private

Call Doctor

Government and

Hospital or Call

No Answer

Hospital Hospital

at Home

Private Hospital

Doctor at Home

(Both)

50.48 27.26 1.13 0.65 18.71 1.77

Respondents Worsen Health Condition

111

Gover

nmen

t Hos

pita

l

Privat

e Hos

pital

Call D

octo

r at H

ome

Gover

nmen

t and

Priv

ate H

ospit

al B

oth

Hospi

tal o

r Call

Docto

r at H

ome

No Answ

er0

10

20

30

40

50

6050.48

27.26

1.129999999999980.65000000000000

8

18.71

1.77

Per

cent

Fig. 4.4Natural Capital

Natural capital is the things provided by nature such as land,

its fertility from which farmers are getting their products growing in

that agricultural land. The land which is available in the Bahawalpur

City where immigrants found possibilities to construct any

residential houses, educational institutions, shopping plazas,

hospitals to serve the people of the area. In the City, government

also made general parks, amusement parks, play grounds etc.

Apart from parks there is a huge national park 36 kilometers

to Bahawalpur City is famously known as LalSuhanra National Park.

Respondents migrated from nearby rural areas have their own

agricultural land on which most of them are growing cotton, wheat

and suitable crops but their agricultural land is so small that is

unable to provide proper income to fulfill requirement of family. So

people migrated to Bahawalpur City to enhance their income which

they have completed by having small trades. Respondents have

112

various categories of small business. In these small business 29.20

percent respondents have their own shops of various things, 1.29

percent are supplier, 1.29 percent are middle man, 9.35 percent are

land owners either they have given their land on rent or

constructing some houses or if it is closer to market then they are

constructing small shops or shopping plaza. 3.39 percent

respondents are farmers they are selling their farmland products to

market and earning money, 6.61 percent have different business

which are not classified in above said categories. (Table 4.2.Fig.4.2)

As natural capital respondent constructed their residence in

Bahawalpur City. A great percentage of immigrants are living in

their own houses that is 73.39 percent, while half of the percent of

own residence is constructed ten years back, and rest half houses

are five year older. 14.19 percent respondents are residing on rent

0.16 percent are living without rent either someone has given

empty house to respondents, 1.29 percent are living in joint family

system in combined houses, 9.84 percent are living in government

provided hoses where those are government employees, and 1.13

percent didn’t give any answer. (Table 4.5 Fig. 4.5)

Table 4.5Respondents Residential Categories

Own Residen

ce Living Combin

ed Governme

ntNo

Answer Residen

ce on Rentwithout

RentResidenc

e Residence

113

73.39 14.19 0.16 1.29 9.84 1.13

Respondents Residential Categories

Own Res-idence

Residence on Rent

Living without Rent

Combined Residence

Government Residence

No Answer 0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.0073.39

14.19

0.16 1.29

9.84

1.13

Per

cent

Fig. 4.5

114

Financial CapitalFinancial capital is an important capital for livelihood. It is

basic factor due to which migration prevails. Generally people are

migrating to improve standard of living and to alleviate poverty. In

case of Bahawalpur City respondent migrated for different reasons.

The City was having a number of facilities related to different

sources. It was initially headquarter of princely state, where rulers

provided every facility to their population. The first thing was safety

of the population, for that forces were maintained, for better food

requirement they improve agricultural land providing them facility

of irrigation water, because most of the area of state is desert.

Canals are taken out from Sutlej River to reclaim land for

agriculture. In the past period Hakra(Saraswati) River was the main

source of water. Due to climatic change it dried up, and currently

the only River Sutlej is passing through this region. Canals are

source of drinking water as well as irrigation water. Respondent

migrated in the Bahawalpur City for services, either government or

private (Table 4.1, Fig 4.1). Services are usually based on education

level. Number of respondent migrated to have better education for

themselves and for their children after establishment of Sadiq Public

School, Islamia University of Bahawalpur and so many professional

colleges. Education level of respondent is presented in Table 3.4,

Fig. 3.5 (Chapter 3). After getting higher education post graduate

degrees and professional degrees they start serving various

institutions in the city.

115

The earning of the respondents based either on education or

on their experience in their relevant field. As the service types and

business categories of respondents is mentioned in (Table 4.1, 4.2

and Fig. 4.1 & 4.2).

Highest percentage of respondents is in service and

percentage is 49.68 percent. Those respondents who have a little

education are engaged in small business and their percentage is

44.84 percent, Detail of small scale business categories are given in

Table 4.2 Fig.4.2. The lowest percentage is of those respondents

who have large scale business, percentage is 5.48 percent and their

income level is high too. (Table 4.6, Fig. 4.6) Detail of income is

given in Table 3.3 and Fig 3.4 in chapter 3.

As per Respondent financial categories, they are having best

category residential buildings. Their building categories are divided

into three categories, A, B and C. These categories are based on

locality, condition of residence and facilities respondent have in the

house. Residential category A percentage is 12.74 percent, which

depends on monthly income of respondents given in Table 3.3

Fig.3.4 Chapter 3. The respondent, whose income is above Rs

30,000/- percentage is 11.78 percent that is varying till .2 million.

Three respondent’s income is above .15 million. But majority of

immigrant income is Rs 10,000 or below, those are living in category

C resident and the percentage is 22.90 percent but highest percent

is of category B residence which is 64.35 percent, it means that

116

those who have low income but they are living in the houses

provided by their employers. (Table 4.7, Fig. 4.7)

Table 4.6Respondents Source of Income

Service Business on Small Scale Business on Large Scale

49.68 44.84 5.48Respondents Source of income

Fig. 4.6Table 4.7

Residential Categories of Respondent Immigrants

Category A Category B Category C

12.74 64.35 22.90

Residential Categories of Respondent Immigrants

Category A Category B Category C0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

12.74

64.35

22.90

Residential Category

Pe

rce

nt

117

Fig. 4.7

118

Financial capital can also be judged by the source of

transportation immigrants have. 14.68 percent have cars, 28.39

percent motorcycles, 16.61 cycles, 7,10 percent have both car as

well as motorcycle, may be family size of respondents is high so

they have more than one transport facility, 11.77 have car and

cycle, because the city size is not too big so in the close by areas

they are travelling on cycle, 17.21 percent have motorcycle and

cycle both, 2.26 percent gave no response.

(Table 4.8, Fig. 4.8)

Table 4.8

Respondents Personal Source of Transportation

CarMotorcyc

leCycl

e Car and Car,Car and

Motorcycle

No Answer

Motorcycle

Motorcycle Cycle

and Cycle

and Cycle

14.68 28.39

16.61 7.10 11.77 1.94 17.26 2.26

119

Respondents Personal Source of Transportation

Car

Motorcycle

Cycle

Car an

d Motorcy

cle

Car, M

otorcycle

& Cycl

e

Car an

d Cycle

Motorcycle

& Cycl

e

No Answer

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

14.68

28.39

16.61

7.10

11.77

1.94

17.26

2.26

Source of Transport

Perc

ent

Fig. 4.8

Social CapitalSocial capital is basically related with human beings, its

culture, language, behavior, relationship between family members,

neighbours, and communities which are generally known as norms.

It relates within society that runs under certain systems, where

people interact between one another, discuss values, traditional

systems help each other if problem exist.

An economically important thing that can influence people to

enhance their values in term of education, business, and health

describes as social capital.

There are several types of social capital based on approaches

are

1) People have their own tribe or community where they have

close relations between one another and help them in either

120

ways, like to help children in education, to find jobs, to give

opportunities in business either on small scale or on a large

scale.

2) They provide help to the people or their groups or relatives

apart they are living in a large distance from each other, like

in another location or city or country.

3) People help their relatives or group or communities to support

them economically in various ways.

Social capital is an important link between the individuals and

groups whether they belong to same culture or different culture

such as religion, language, living system, housing, service, trade.

Cultural acculturation is important as a social capital where

language is an important source or ingredient which is explained in

Table 3.1 of Chapter 3. The respondent immigrants are five

Pakistani language spoken, among which highest percentage is

Panjabi spoken that is 50.48 percent, while basically Bahawalpur

City native language is Saraiki, respondent also migrated from

neighbouring rural areas or from Saraiki speaking areas, are next to

Punjabi, 30.16 percent, then comes Urdu speaking and percentage

is 18,55 percent. (Table 3.1 of Chapter 3) Immigrants have business

on a large scale as well as on small scale. Respondent immigrants

who are in service either government or private are in middle

income group, while those who are in large scale business group are

included in a high income group which is above Rs 40000/- per

121

month. These immigrants have interaction between them in number

of ways. Number of them have their own houses, apart from that a

good percentage have farm land and as stated earlier have business

in number of ways. Bahawalpur is famous for its embroidery,

handlooms textile fabrics. This work is mostly traditional which

mostly had done by women in villages and sell in city attract

domestic and foreign tourists. This is great social assets of local and

immigrants too.

Physical Capital

In this capital includes all moveable and immoveable property.

Which have been explained in various tables of chapter 3 as well as

in Tables 4.5, 4.6, 4.7 and 4.8.Based on immoveable property

respondent immigrant have their own houses whatever the category

of the residential is (Table 4.5, Fig 4.7). In immoveable property

immigrant have their business on small scale in their own shops,

any type of business they have, the percentage of shop owner is

29.20 percent. Those who are earning from lands either giving on

rent or growing crops in the adjacent fringe of the City, are 9.39

percent, 3.39 percent are basically farmers but living in the City, the

reasons vary either for education of their children where they have

best school, colleges, professional colleges as well as university.

Where their children can receive any kind of education and can

choose any profession, that is why these farmers are living in

122

Bahawalpur City while their lands are in nearby villages. The

percentage of farmers is 3.39 percent. (Table 4.2, Fig 4.2)

Having moveable property nearly 97.74 percent have vehicles

for transportation, in which from cycle to cars are included, which

they are using in their daily routine. The breakup of vehicle is given

in Table 4.8 and Fig 4.8.

Based on residential category of respondent it is clear that

middle class percentage is high followed by lower class and then

high class (Table 4.7, Fig 4.7).

It is clear that carney’s diagram is basically for rural livelihood

but it can be applied in urban areas too. And it is also worked. In

urban areas of developing countries especially these five capitals

are influencing on the policies, strategies and remove stress from

the people.

When immigrants start to live in a new area or location, they

live in a new society and they need houses to live and need social

and cultural integration.

It is the process through which immigrant’s established new

location, either an individual or group of people. In this definition the

specific necessities used for recognition by a society vary

significantly from place to place. It also imitates the point that the

obligation for integration reposes with people and immigrants

themselves, the host administration, organizations, and populations.

123

How Integration Develops There are two groups involved in integration procedures,

immigrants, with their individualities, dynamisms and adjustment,

by the receiving society, collaborations with these incomers and

their establishments. It is the teamwork between the two that

regulates the way and the result of the integration procedure. These

two can be imbalanced associates if they have problems, such as

understanding and association. The new society’s institutional

structure and behavior to immigrants create a new dialog or result

of the process if it is not positive.

The integration and level can be measured in different ways

specially education, employment, housing, and merger of

immigrants socially and culturally. Utilization of resources based on

all kinds of level of immigrants.

Integration can be divided into various groups in which most

important one are social and financial.

Social Integration

Social integration is also part of sociology, but it is also

studied other sciences too. It is the movement of a population or a

small group of people, which moves together with their own ethics,

refugees and underprivileged sections of a society into the

mainstream of societies. Language is an important element in social

integration of a society. In any society acceptance of the laws and

adoption of its common set of values are very important ingredient

124

of integration. It does not mean that one group will give up all of its

culture and re-adjust itself in new culture, but it may require

forgoing some aspects of its culture which are inconsistent with the

laws and values of the society. To understand the societies, a new

member or,( one can say), a small group of persons use social

integration to gain full access to the opportunities, rights and

services available to the members of the mainstream of society.

Integration is a word that can be measured when members

are being transparent in all of various works, personal, faith and

local community interactions.

Financial Integration Financial integration is an observable fact in which adjacent

economic markets, local and/or worldwide economy may be strongly

connected collectively. Different forms of real financial integration

have sequence distribution between financial institutions;

distribution of finest practice between monetary institutions; sharing

of important boundary technologies (by licensing)

between economic institutions; firms have a loan and lift up funds

straight in the worldwide principal markets; investors openly endow

in the worldwide principal markets; recently engineered economic

goods are locally reformed and launched after that sell and buy in

the worldwide principal markets; fast alteration/imitation of recently

engineered economic goods between monetary institutions in

125

dissimilar economies; cross-border investment flows;

and overseas involvement in the local economic markets.

These two levels interrelated and create number of

opportunities and limitations too. Immigrant can bring positive

changes in the city or area where they have been migrated, in

various ways by applying their resources based on their level of

intelligence or skill. The result of integration process depends

between the natives and immigrants interaction and collaboration.

Marriage Integration

Marriage integration is part of social integration.Marriage

among people of different families is the best indicator of social

integration, especially for migrants. Significant thing is that a person

born outside of locality is becoming part of the place after marrying

a local. Sometimes getting good figures on “mixed marriages” is

unfortunately hard.

Intermarriage is one of the most complete measures of the

closure of social and cultural obstacles, and of social and cultural

integration because it is the result of close communal interaction

between people of two different backgrounds values and ambitions,

important foundations in preparation social interconnection and

contributing to social integration in multicultural societies. Inter-

marriage affects the communal and cultural individualities of the

following generation who will be of mixed or multinational

126

backgrounds. As a sign of integration, intermarriage is main

indicator of the growth of multiculturalism in countrywide varied

societies. Intermarriage occurs in multicultural communities where

there are chances for social interaction among persons of different

backgrounds. This interaction is assisted by several reasons with

access to education, physical activity and employment potentials for

young population of all cultural backgrounds, and chances for

individuals to join in social and community activities irrespective of

different background. That is why social, cultural and religious

reasons and organizations or administrative strategies and

programs that simplify an access to the opportunities that increases

intermarriage rate.

Intermarriage Integration in Bahawalpur City

In a place like Bahawalpur City immigration and increasing

ethnic diversity, intermarriage is not a surprising incident. The

spouses are of different groups or ethics. Intermarried couples can

easily cross an obstacle in their joint decisions apart social and

cultural differences. This process, develops on common objectives

and values, respect and tolerance, and contributes to the

improvement of multiculturalism, which promotes respect and

patience of different cultures. Intermarriage is normally common in

multicultural societies where different cultural people have daily

contact with each other in schools, workplaces and social and public

events than in some societies where cultural minorities are

127

residentially or generally more isolated. Multiculturalism encourages

and also forward-thinking by intermarriage. Intermarriage also

contributes to the progress, uniqueness in many families who are

having intermarriages, with their multi-cultural identities, become

part of the Bahawalpur City. These results prove the significant role

of intermarriage in the integration of immigrants and cultural groups

in multicultural societies. In the current research integration

basically has taken as of marriage integration, or in other words

inter-marriage. With survey I tried to find out marital exogamy

especially intermarriage between respondent immigrants and locals

among the survey sample size 25 percent respondent immigrants

from total respondent immigrants in Bahawalpur City married with

local people.

Based on various categories such as education,

language, residential level and on monthly income have been

analyzed intermarriages.

Bahawalpur City: Intermarriage on Education Level

It is analyzed that respondent immigrants have married with

locals or native people whose education level is below matric and

percentage is 67.52 percent. In which 15.29 percent respondent

immigrants education is below primary, 17.20 percent have studied

till primary, 16.56 are middle pass mean they reached to eighth

class and left school, 18.47 percent are having matric certificate,

which is the highest percentage based on education level, then 128

16.56 percent intermediate pass, 3.82 percent are graduate, 1.91

percent are diploma/certificate holders and 10.19 percent who

married locals are illiterate. It is clear that intermarriages prevail

mostly in the low education level, and if we include illiterate too

then percentage is 77.71 percent. (Table 4.9, Fig 4.9)

Table 4.9

Bahawalpur City: Intermarriages Based on Education level

Illiterate Below

Primary

Middle

Matric

Intermediate

Graduate Diploma/

Primary

Certificate

10.19 15.29 17.2 16.56 18.47 16.56 3.82 1.91

Bahawalpur City: Intermarriages Based on Education level

Illite

rate

Below

Prim

ary

Primar

y

Mid

dle

Matri

c

Inte

rmed

iate

Gradu

ate

Diplo

ma/C

ertific

ate02468

101214161820

10.19

15.2917.2 16.56

18.4716.56

3.821.91

Education Attainment

Per

cent

Fig. 4.9

129

Bahawalpur City: Intermarriage based on Spoken Language

Based on spoken languages (mother tongue) highest

percentage is of Punjabi’s whose percentage is 48.41 followed by

Saraiki speaking people that is 26.11, Urdu speaking 22.93, Sindhi

speaking 1.91 and lowest is Pashto speaking 0.64 percent. The

language of Bahawalpur City natives is Saraiki. (Table 4.10, Fig

4.10)

Table 4.10Bahawalpur City: Intermarriages Based on Spoken

Language

Punjabi Saraiki Urdu Sindhi Pashto

48.41 26.11 22.93 1.91 0.64

Bahawalpur City: Intermarriages Based on Spoken Language

Punjabi Saraiki Urdu Sindhi Pashto0

10

20

30

40

50

60

48.41

26.1122.93

1.91 0.640000000000008

Spoken Language

Perc

ent

Fig. 4.10

130

131

Bahawalpur City: Intermarriage based on Monthly Income

From analysis it is clear that highest intermarriages occur

among those people whose income is highest that is above Rs

40,000/- per month. Then percentage gradually decreasing as

income is lowering that is 22.93 percent intermarriages prevail of

income ranging between Rs 31,000/- to 40,000/- followed by 16.56

percent respondent immigrant monthly income Rs 21,000/- to

30,000/- , 8.56 percent varying income Rs 11,000/- to 20,000/- and

lowest percentage is of those respondent immigrants whose income

is below 10,000 rupees. It is also noted that respondents who hide

their income also having second highest percentage of

intermarriages that is 22.93 percent (Table 4.11, Fig 4.11)

Table 4.11

Bahawalpur City: Intermarriages Based on Monthly Income

Income in Rupees

No Answer Below 11000 to 21000 to 31000 to Above 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 40,000

22.93 3.16 8.28 16.56 22.93 26.11

Bahawalpur City: Intermarriages Based on Monthly Income

132

Fig. 4.11

Bahawalpur City: Intermarriage based on Residential Category

Residents are divided into three categories that is high,

medium and low. It is surprising when compared with monthly

income that those who have highest monthly income have highest

percentage of intermarriage but when we see residential category

that highest percent inter married couples are living in the lowest

category residence that is 62.41 percent, followed by medium

residential category 25.48 percent and 12.10 percent couples are

living in highest category residences. It shows that respondent

immigrants whose education level is low, residential category level

is low but income level is very high are doing business. In business

requires experience rather than education and because their

education level is low so they prefer to live in low level residence

where they enjoying all basic facilities but they are avoiding in tile

flooring or best drawing room where they have expensive sofa or

expensive beds in their bedroom. They may be investing their

133

money in business compare to increase their residential category,

which may be in their thinking waste of money. (Table 4.12, Fig

4.12)

Table 4.12

Bahawalpur City: Intermarriages Based on Residential Category

High Medium Low12.1 25.48 62.42

Bahawalpur City: Intermarriages Based on Residential Category

High Medium Low0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

12.1

25.48

62.42


Pe

rce

nt

Fig. 4.12

Bahawalpur City: Intermarriages of those Respondent Immigrants that hide their Income

Respondent immigrants who hide their income analyzed on

the bases of education attainment, residential category and spoken

languages. Because in social integration basic requirement is

cultural integration, in which marriage integration major role is of

religion which hundred percent is same, while the next important

thing is spoken language that plays a vital role in cultural

acculturation. Education is also very important to settle down in the

system. In case of Bahawalpur City highest marriage integration

prevails in low level education, in all income groups respondent

134

immigrants who hide their income whose percentage is also high

that is 22.93 percent (Table 4.11). It is second highest percentage of

inter married couples. The intermarried immigrants in Bahawalpur

City who hide their income are given on the following bases:

a. Intermarriages Based on Education Attainmentb. Intermarriages Based on Residencec. Intermarriages Based on Languages

a. Bahawalpur City: Intermarriages Based on Education Attainment

Those respondent immigrants who didn’t give any

answer about their income are among the highest percentage of all

intermarried couples. Among this group too level of education is

low. The highest percentage among these immigrants is of illiterate

and middle pass which is 20.83 percent, followed by 12.50 percent

are below primary and primary and matric pass, while 8.33 percent

are intermediate and the same percentage is of graduate level. The

level of education in the intermarriage integration is same of all

income level groups from low to very high. Among those percentage

below matric education was 77.71 percent including illiterate

immigrants. And in the group of respondent immigrants who hide

their income the percentage of education matric and lower including

illiterate is also high that is 79.16 percent. Diploma and certificate

level of education among these people are lowest that is 4.17

percent. (Table 4.13, Fig 4.13)

Table 4.13135

Bahawalpur City: Intermarriages Based on Education Attainment

Illiterate Below

Primary

Middle

Matric

Intermediate

Graduate Diploma/

Primary

Certificate

20.83 12.5 12.520.8

3 12.5 8.33 8.33 4.17

Bahawalpur City: Intermarriages Based on Education Attainment

Illite

rate

Below P

rimar

y

Primar

y

Midd

le

Mat

ric

Inte

rmed

iate

Gra

duat

e

Diplom

a/ce

rtific

ate

0

5

10

15

20

25

20.83

12.5 12.5

20.83

12.5

8.33 8.33

4.17

Education Attainment

Perc

ent

Fig. 4.13

136

b. Bahawalpur City: Intermarriages Based on Residence

In all income group intermarriages respondent couples

are residing in low category houses, while those who hide their

income, the highest percentage of respondent couples are residing

in medium class category houses that is 75.00 percent while on the

either categories of low and high percentage is same that is 12.50

percent. (Table 4.14, Fig 4.14)

Table 4.14

Bahawalpur City: Intermarriages Based on Residence

High Medium Low

12.50 75.00 12.50

Bahawalpur City: Intermarriages Based on residence

High Medium Low0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

12.5

75

12.5


Perc

ent

Fig. 4.14

137

c. Bahawalpur City: Intermarriages Based on LanguagesIn this group of respondent immigrants who hide their income

the trend of intermarriage is same of the all income groups, where

Punjabi speaking people percentage is highest that is 37.50 percent

followed by Saraiki speaking 33.33 percent and 29.17 Urdu speaking

respondent immigrant (Table 4.15, Fig 4.15).

Table 4.15

Bahawalpur City: Intermarriages Based on Languages

Punjabi Saraiki Urdu

37.50 33.33 29.17

Bahawalpur City: Intermarriages Based on Languages

Punjabi Saraiki Urdu0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40 37.5

33.33

29.17

Spoken Language

Perc

ent

Fig. 4.15

138

Marriage integration in the respondent immigrants of

Bahawalpur City, a complete analysis is given in Table 4.16 based

on various categories. Residential category explains that income of

high category group is also high while their education level is low.

High income is not depended on education; it depends on

business, because respondent immigrants who are in service

are mostly residing in houses allotted from their employer.

Those are in service does not have much money to think about

high category residence unless they have some other source of

income.

139

Respondent Immigrants based on Residential Category belong to service group

In high category residents of service group respondent

immigrants are mostly retired personals, who have high category

residence because they invest their funds which they receive after

retirement enjoy to live in high category residence. The percentage

of this group is 80.00 percent while the others are in service are

10.00 percent each.

In medium category residence mostly respondent

immigrants are doing double job. They are doing part time jobs after

office hours, in which retired people are also included, who are

doing private jobs to enhance their income. In this category of

residence 37.04 percent respondent immigrants are doing single job

and 62.96 percent are working part time private jobs to fulfill their

requirements.

In lower category of residence respondent immigrants

belong to service group percentage is 24.69 percent. Out of that

only 20.00 percent people are doing single job while 80.00 percent

are working different kind or private part time work to enhance their

income.

Respondent Immigrants based on Residential Category belong to business Community

Respondent immigrants belong to business community are

involved in small business group. Their percentage in marriage

140

integration is 48.10 percent. These people have small business

mostly having shops, some are middle man (supplier), few persons

are having farm land migrated from rural areas to enjoy life in the

Bahawalpur City. In the business community 59.21 percent are shop

owners, earning their money from shop only. The 40.79 percent are

earning from more than one source.

In high category residences 11.84 percent respondent

immigrants involve in business are living.

In this group 77.78 percent traders are shop owners.

The rest are having other business.

In medium category residences 64.84 percent respondent

immigrants of business community are living. In which 27.63

percent are shop owners. 5.26 percent are having farmland,

orchards too who migrated from rural areas to Bahawalpur City, and

the rest are having multiple type of business.

In lower category residence 26.32 percent respondent

immigrants doing business are residing. The business related people

living in low category houses are mostly shop owners and

percentage of this group is 85.00 percent, which is highest

percentage among all three categories of houses. It is clear that

these people have small shops and little earning, and these

respondents are living in small houses to fulfill their requirement.

Analysis in Table 4.16 is explaining marriage integration with

multiple variables.

.141

142

Table 4. 16

Intermarriages of Respondent Immigrants based on following

Categories

Mother Tongue

Education

Residential

Categories

Integration

Marriages

Monthly

Income

Percentage of

marriage with Local

Count

Saraiki Below Primary Medium Local N/A 1.91 3Punjabi Below Primary Medium Local N/A 1.91 3Punjabi Matric Medium Local N/A 1.91 3Urdu Primary Medium Local N/A 1.27 2Saraiki Middle Medium Local N/A 1.27 2Punjabi Middle Medium Local N/A 1.27 2Urdu Matric Medium Local N/A 1.27 2Urdu Intermediate Medium Local N/A 1.27 2Punjabi Intermediate Medium Local N/A 1.27 2Punjabi Illiterate High Local N/A 0.64 1Punjabi Primary High Local N/A 0.64 1Saraiki Matric High Local N/A 0.64 1Saraiki Illiterate Medium Local N/A 0.64 1Urdu Illiterate Medium Local N/A 0.64 1Punjabi Illiterate Medium Local N/A 0.64 1Urdu Below Primary Medium Local N/A 0.64 1Punjabi Primary Medium Local N/A 0.64 1Urdu Middle Medium Local N/A 0.64 1Saraiki Graduate Medium Local N/A 0.64 1Punjabi Graduate Medium Local N/A 0.64 1

SaraikiDiploma/Certificate Medium Local N/A 0.64 1

Saraiki Illiterate Low Local N/A 0.64 1Saraiki Middle Low Local N/A 0.64 1Urdu Middle Low Local N/A 0.64 1Punjabi Middle High Local 80000 0.64 1Urdu Primary Medium Local 65000 0.64 1

143

Saraiki Graduate High Local 50000 0.64 1Urdu Matric Medium Local 50000 0.64 1Sindhi Primary Low Local 50000 0.64 1Punjabi Matric High Local 40000 0.64 1Punjabi Illiterate Low Local 40000 0.64 1Punjabi Intermediate Low Local 40000 0.64 1Punjabi Intermediate Medium Local 38000 0.64 1Punjabi Below Primary Medium Local 36000 0.64 1Punjabi Graduate High Local 35000 0.64 1

UrduDiploma/Certificate High Local 35000 0.64 1

Punjabi Graduate Medium Local 35000 0.64 1Urdu Illiterate Low Local 35000 0.64 1Punjabi Primary Low Local 35000 0.64 1Saraiki Intermediate High Local 33000 0.64 1Punjabi Below Primary Medium Local 33000 0.64 1Punjabi Primary Medium Local 33000 0.64 1Punjabi Intermediate Medium Local 30000 1.27 2Punjabi Primary High Local 30000 0.64 1Punjabi Middle High Local 30000 0.64 1Urdu Graduate High Local 30000 0.64 1Urdu Below Primary Medium Local 30000 0.64 1Saraiki Primary Medium Local 30000 0.64 1Punjabi Middle Medium Local 30000 0.64 1Urdu Intermediate Medium Local 30000 0.64 1

PunjabiDiploma/Certificate Medium Local 30000 0.64 1

Saraiki Intermediate Medium Local 27000 0.64 1Punjabi Matric High Local 25000 1.27 2Urdu Matric Medium Local 25000 1.27 2Saraiki Below Primary High Local 25000 0.64 1Saraiki Intermediate High Local 25000 0.64 1Saraiki Below Primary Medium Local 25000 0.64 1Punjabi Below Primary Medium Local 25000 0.64 1Saraiki Primary Medium Local 25000 0.64 1

144

Saraiki Matric Medium Local 25000 0.64 1Saraiki Intermediate Medium Local 25000 0.64 1Punjabi Intermediate Medium Local 25000 0.64 1Saraiki Intermediate Medium Local 23000 0.64 1Sindhi Intermediate Low Local 22500 0.64 1Urdu Intermediate Medium Local 22000 0.64 1Urdu Illiterate High Local 20000 0.64 1Punjabi Illiterate Medium Local 20000 0.64 1Urdu Middle Medium Local 20000 0.64 1Punjabi Middle Medium Local 20000 0.64 1Urdu Matric Medium Local 20000 0.64 1Saraiki Intermediate Medium Local 20000 0.64 1Urdu Intermediate Medium Local 20000 0.64 1Saraiki Middle Low Local 20000 0.64 1Punjabi Intermediate Low Local 20000 0.64 1Punjabi Matric Low Local 18000 1.27 2Urdu Middle Medium Local 18000 0.64 1Saraiki Matric Medium Local 18000 0.64 1Saraiki Intermediate Medium Local 18000 0.64 1Punjabi Intermediate Medium Local 18000 0.64 1Saraiki Illiterate Medium Local 16666 0.64 1Urdu Below Primary Medium Local 16666 0.64 1Punjabi Intermediate Medium Local 15000 1.27 2Punjabi Primary Low Local 15000 1.27 2Saraiki Matric High Local 15000 0.64 1Urdu Below Primary Medium Local 15000 0.64 1Saraiki Primary Medium Local 15000 0.64 1Punjabi Primary Medium Local 15000 0.64 1Urdu Middle Medium Local 15000 0.64 1Punjabi Middle Medium Local 15000 0.64 1Punjabi Matric Medium Local 15000 0.64 1Punjabi Illiterate Low Local 15000 0.64 1Punjabi Middle Low Local 15000 0.64 1Urdu Intermediate Medium Local 13000 0.64 1Punjabi Matric Low Local 13000 0.64 1

145

Punjabi Primary Medium Local 12500 0.64 1Punjabi Illiterate Medium Local 12000 0.64 1Urdu Middle Medium Local 12000 0.64 1Punjabi Illiterate Low Local 12000 0.64 1Punjabi Middle Medium Local 10000 1.91 3Urdu Primary Low Local 10000 1.91 3Punjabi Matric Medium Local 10000 1.27 2Punjabi Matric Low Local 10000 1.27 2Saraiki Below Primary Medium Local 10000 0.64 1Punjabi Primary Medium Local 10000 0.64 1Punjabi Below Primary Low Local 10000 0.64 1Punjabi Primary Low Local 10000 0.64 1Saraiki Middle Low Local 10000 0.64 1Saraiki Below Primary Medium Local 9000 0.64 1Punjabi Middle Medium Local 9000 0.64 1Saraiki Matric Medium Local 9000 0.64 1Punjabi Below Primary Medium Local 8333 0.64 1Saraiki Primary Medium Local 8333 0.64 1Saraiki Matric Medium Local 8333 0.64 1Punjabi Illiterate Low Local 8000 0.64 1Pashto Primary Low Local 8000 0.64 1Saraiki Primary Low Local 7000 1.27 2Punjabi Primary Low Local 7000 1.27 2Punjabi Matric Medium Local 7000 0.64 1Urdu Intermediate Medium Local 6762 0.64 1Punjabi Below Primary Medium Local 6600 0.64 1Saraiki Middle Low Local 6600 0.64 1Punjabi Below Primary Medium Local 5000 1.27 2Saraiki Matric Medium Local 5000 0.64 1Urdu Below Primary Low Local 5000 0.64 1Sindhi Illiterate Low Local 4166 0.64 1Punjabi Below Primary Low Local 4166 0.64 1Saraiki Middle Low Local 4166 0.64 1Urdu Illiterate Low Local 4000 0.64 1Punjabi Middle Low Local 4000 0.64 1

146

Saraiki Matric High Local 3000 0.64 1Source: Author’s surveyed data (NA. No Answer)

147

Summary and Conclusion

1. Migration is still prevailing in the world. International migration is continuously

increasing all over the world. It is said that in the world, 3.3 percent population of

the world is migrant. Migrant of population is not the same in all countries of the

world, as it depends on the facilities as well as the laws of the country. In

developed countries migration percentage is high, due to availability of

employment. But developing counties are also having migrant population that

varies due to different reason.

2. Pakistan is a developing country but it is included in the countries where migrant

population is on a considerable number, where reasons are based on typology of

push and pull factor. Push factor is Afghan war which is occurring from decades.

Pull factor was when Pakistan emerged on the map of the world; Muslim

population migrated from India to a new Muslim state.

3. The population of Pakistan has been continuously increasing, but the migrant

population of the country recorded increase and then decrease since 1951. Migrant

population of Pakistan increased in 1961, then in 1972 migrant population census

was not occurred. Increase was shown in 1981 and 1998 censuses.

4. On the provinces level the proportion of migrant population has a trend of

increase and decrease. The same trend was at national level, increase till 1961 and

decrease from 1981 to 1998. But the fact is that migrant population increased,

percentage being low because of increase in total population

5. The trend of migrant population of Punjab Province is the same as of national

trend. Bahawalpur District is located in Province of Punjab, among thirty four

(34) districts of Punjab Province, Bahawalpur District ranks fifteenth (15th) in

148

migrant population. It is analyzed that trend of migrant population in Bahawalpur

District is the same as of national as well as Punjab Province.

6. The cities of Pakistan are growing on a faster rate. In 1947 most of the migrant

population from India settled in cites of Pakistan. Most of them were settled in

cities of Sindh andPunjab. Mostly in the cities of Pakistan, Population is

migrating from rural areas where they are getting opportunities of employment

and improvement of their standard of living.

7. Population of the cities of Pakistan is still increasing. There is natural increase as

well as migration is also occurs from rural areas to urban areas. Among the fifteen

largest cities of Pakistan based on 1998 census of Population and estimated

population in 2013 rank of Karachi is 1st, Lahore 2nd and Faisalabad 3rd, while rank

of Bahawalpur City is 13th. According to 1998 census of Population and estimated

population in the Punjab Province among cities Lahore has first rank, Faisalabad

second, and Rawalpindi third, while Bahawalpur is ranks eight. (World Gazetteer)

8. In the Bahawalpur City migrant population in 1951 census of Population was

16845 persons that was due to muslim migration from India to Pakistan. In 1951

Bahawalpur was the princely state, it became district of Pakistan in 1955.

According to 1961 census of population migrant population of the City increased

53.39 percent. In the census of popualtion of 1972 migrant populaion is not

available, but in 1981 census report migrant population percentage decreased to

2.58 percnet and in 1998 census report it was in negative -6.68 percent that is

because total population increased on an extensive rate.

9. Profile of the respondent immigrants in the Bahawalpur city is that 99.03 percent

are male and 0.97 percent female. Among respondent immigrants 97.10 percent

149

are Muslim, 2.20 percent are Christian and 0.64 percent Hindu. In the respondent

immigrant highest percentage is of Punjabi speaking or Punjabi as a mother

tongue are 50.48 percent, followed by Saraiki speaking 30.16 percent, 18.55

percent are Urdu speaking, 0.65 percent Sindhi speaking and 0.16 percent Pashto

speaking.

10. Respondents age group is highly variable, middle age group percentage is high

that is 27.90 percent is of 41 to 50 year of age, then 26.29 percent of 51 to 60 year

of age, 21.29 percent is of 31 to 40 and 13.71 is of 61 to 70 years age group. Age

group below 30 year and above 70 years percentage is below 4 percent.

11. Monthly income of respondent immigrant is also highly variable but among

percentage it is high in low income that is 26.13 percent below 10,000/- per month

decreasing gradually towards high income, till 5.81 percent of those earning above

40,000/- per month. But those respondent immigrants who hide their income are

27.58 percent is the highest percentage.

12. Education level of respondent immigrants is low. The percentage of respondent

having education below matric is 46.93 percent. Matric and above percentage is

decreasing that is matric 18.23 percent, intermediate 16.13 percent, graduate 5.97

and post graduate 0.16 percent. But education level is not affecting their income.

13. Family size of respondent immigrants is highly varying from 1 to 14 members, but

I and 14 members family size percentage are very low. Highest percentage is of

five members that is 21.45, 17.26 percent is of four persons size, which is an ideal

family size in Pakistan, because it is said by elders that a boy needs brother and a

girl needs sister to share their problems and ideas too. Next family size percentage

is 16.29 percent is the six member.

150

14. A survey of respondent migrant population conducted in Bahawalpur City in

2006. Where respondent immigrants have been divided of ten years duration from

1947 to 2006, but some immigrants came before 1947. The whole period is

divided into eight phases. Before 1947 percentage of migrant was very low.

Before 1947 first migration occurred in 1840 and last in 1946 to Bahawalpur City.

People migrated from India as well as from places within Pakistan in princely

state of Bahawalpur where better facilities of livelihood were available that

attracted people from different areas to Bahawalpur City.

15. Migration also occurred to Bahawalpur City from other countries before 1947 till

2006. Among countries highest number is from India 86.76 percent followed by

Saudi Arabia 10.29 percent, England 1.47 percent and Bangladesh and Iran 0.74

percent each.

16. From 1947 to 1950 heavy migration prevailed from India to Pakistan, due to a

new Muslim state in different cities, such as Karachi, Lahore and Bahawalpur. In

this period a total 17.90 percent respondent immigrants came to Bahawalpur City,

out of that 16.29 percent people came from India and 1.45 percent migrated from

various places within Pakistan, which was highest only in four year time period.

17. During 1951 to 1960 total migration occurred 5.32 percent out of which 1.61

percent prevailed from places located in Punjab Province. Migration occurred

because till 1955 Bahawalpur was a princely state and much developed that so

many other cities of Punjab of same population. Educational institution, armed

forces, libraries, hospitals etc. only 0.65 percent people came from outside

Pakistan.

151

18. In the period of 1961 to 1970 overall 7.58 percent respondent immigrant came to

Bahawalpur City, out of which 6.94 came mostly from places of Punjab Province

but some came from Karachi too, and 0.65 percent came from India and Saudi

Arabia. During this period mostly respondent migrated in 1965 and 1970.

19. From 1971 to 1980 a total percentage of respondent migration occurred that is

17.10 percent, out of that 15.65 percent prevailed within Pakistan mostly from

Punjab but a small percentage from Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa too. 1.45

percent respondent migrant came from India, Saudi Arabia and England.

20. During 1981 to 1990 percentage of respondent immigrants increased and that was

17.26 percent, out of that 16.61 migrant who came to Bahawalpur City were

mostly from neighbouring places within Punjab Province and also from Sindh and

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa too. 0.16 percent respondents came from Saudi Arabia.

21. From 1991 to 2000 respondent migration percentage was highest that was 24.03

percent. In this time period Bahawalpur City developed as a modern city where

nearly all kinds of facilities were available, regarding education, health,

marketing, tourism, developed infrastructure and much more. In this period 23.55

percent respondent migrated most of them were from Punjab, but from Sindh and

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa also. 0.48 percent respondents came to settle here from Iran

and Saudi Arabia.

22. In the period of 2001 to 2006, when a survey was conducted 8.06 percent

respondent immigrants came to Bahawalpur City, where 7.90 percent migrated

from places of Punjab, and Sindh and only 0.16 percent came from Saudi Arabia.

23. A livelihood contains the expertise, including resources, activities important as a

means of living social resources. A livelihood promote standard of living and to

152

alleviate poverty among people either living in urban or rural areas. It became

sustainable when one is able to succeed to build up its strength from “stresses and

shocks”

24. Fundamentals structure of sustainable livelihood and main ideologies presented in

three groups of modules in the livelihood structure are:

i. The benefit collection making the central component of livelihood,

ii. The Weakness Situation and Plan, Organizations and Developments, and

iii. The eye connecting livelihood approaches and livelihood results.

25. A livelihood explained by Carney (1998) in the model presented for rural areas is

meant to alleviate poverty. The Carney’s model also describes livelihood in urban

areas. The model is applied to respondent immigrants of Bahawalpur City. He

explained in his model five major capitals that can change vulnerability and will

make changes in policies and strategies of livelihood.

26. The model can be easily explain changes which prevail in human life either in

case of financial improvement or education enhancement or technical assistance

taken from city dwellers to improve livelihood. The seasonality trend changes

with the help of key capitals which have been explained in the respondent

immigrants in Bahawalpur City. Basically Bahawalpur City population is

immigrants. The rulers of the Princely State came from Iraq and developed a state

there. They developed agricultural land, infrastructure for trade and

communication with British Empire and other princely States of undivided India.

These developments in different sectors attract population from neighbouring

areas as well as from other parts of the country. The State then merged in Pakistan

as a district in 1955, but developments made by empire were statistically higher

153

than the other close by district, so migration was high in the City. According to

the model presented by carney (1998) five capital described are human, natural,

financial, social and physical.

27. Human capital is an important asset for livelihood. It is related to skill and

knowledge, which leads towards earning in different ways. In services or

employment education and skill are required, in business skill and experience are

required. People migrating or leaving behind their old areas have better livelihood,

facilities in urban areas rather than rural areas. Respondent immigrants as human

capital have played an important role in the Bahawalpur City. These immigrant

joined services, as government employees, semi-government and private

institutions, factories and organizations. Mostly respondent immigrants retired are

keeping busy themselves as working in private institutions or organizations

helping their families as main human capital. Those respondent immigrants who

came from neighbouring rural areas are also busy in cultivating crops on their land

or growing fruits in orchards. Respondent immigrants serving in the farms also are

playing an important role in business either on a small scale or on a large scale.

Somewhere these are owner of business or they are suppliers or middle men

between rural growers and urban traders. It is real human capital which is most

important respondents immigrants in the Bahawalpur City.

28. Natural capital is those gifts provided by nature for example fertile land used by

farmers to get farm products from that land. The land available in the Bahawalpur

City was used by immigrants to construct residential houses, educational

institutions, shopping plazas, hospitals to serve the people of the area. In the City

government also made general parks, amusement parks, play grounds etc.

Respondents migrated from nearby rural areas have their own agricultural land

154

where they are growing cotton, wheat and vegetables for city dwellers. Their farm

size is so small that it is unable to provide proper income to fulfill requirement of

the family. So these people migrated to Bahawalpur City to enhance their income

which they have completed by having small trades. Respondent immigrants have

various categories of small business. In this small business they have their own

shops, some are supplier, some are middle men, few respondent immigrants are

land owners either they have given their land on rent or constructing some houses

or if it is closer to market then they are constructing small shops or shopping

plaza. Some respondent immigrants are farmers selling their farmland products to

market and earning money. As natural capital respondent constructed their

residence in Bahawalpur City. A great percentage of immigrants are living in their

own houses while half of the percent of own residence is constructed ten years

back, and rest half houses are five year older. Some respondents are residing on

rent while some are living without rent. Few are living in joint family system in

combined houses. Those who are in government service are living in government

provided houses.

29. Financial capital is very important for livelihood. Generally people are migrating

to improve standard of living and to alleviate poverty. In case of Bahawalpur City

respondent migrated for different reason. The City was having a number of

facilities related to different sources because it was headquarter of princely state,

where rulers provided every facility to their population. The first thing was safety

of the population. For that purposes, forces were maintained. For better food

requirement they improved agricultural land providing them facility of irrigation

water, because most of the area of state is desert. Canals are taken out from Sutlej

River to reclaim land for agriculture. Ancient time period Hakra (Saraswati) River

155

was the main source of water for drinking and irrigation for agriculture. Due to

climatic change it dried up, and currently the only River Sutlej is passing through

this region. Canals are source of drinking as well as irrigation water. Respondent

migrated in the Bahawalpur City for services, either government or private.

Services are usually based on education level. Number of respondent migrated to

have better education for themselves and for their children after establishment of

Sadiq Public School, Islamia University of Bahawalpur and so many professional

colleges. After getting higher education post graduate degrees and professional

degrees they start serving various institutions in the city.

30. The earning of the respondents based either on education or on their experience in

their relevant field. Highest percentage of respondents is in service. Those

respondents who have a little education are engaged in small business. Those

respondents who have large scale business, are of low percentage but their income

level is high too. Based on respondent financial categories residential buildings

divided into three categories, A, B and C. These categories are based on locality,

condition of residence and facilities respondent have in the house. Highest

percentage of respondent immigrants are residing in category B houses whose

income is more than ten thousand rupees per month followed by C, where the

income of these respondent immigrants are earning less than ten thousand rupees

monthly and the last or highest is category A residences. The income of people is

above forty thousand per month.

Social capital is basically relates with human being its culture, language, behavior,

relationship between family members, neighbours, and communities which

generally known as norms. It relates within society that runs under certain

systems, where people interact with one another, discuss values, traditional

156

systems help each other if problem exist. An economically important thing that

can influence people to enhance their values is in term of education, business, and

health describes as social capital.

Social capital types based on approaches are as under:

1. People have their own tribe or community where they have close relations

with one another and help them in either ways, like to help children in

education, to find jobs, to give opportunities in business either on small scale

or on a large scale.

2. They provide help to the people or their groups or relatives apart. They are

living in a large distance from each other, like in another location or city or

country.

3. People help their relatives or group or communities to support them

economically in various ways.

Social capital is an important link between the individuals and groups whether

they belong to same culture or different culture such as religion, language,

living system, housing, service, trade.

31. Cultural acculturation is important as a social capital where language is an

important source or ingredient. The respondent immigrants have five mother

languages or spoken languages, among which highest percentage is Panjabi

speaking, while basically the native language of Bahawalpur is Saraiki. Among

respondents who migrated from neighbouring rural areas, Saraiki speaking are

next to Punjabi, then come Urdu speaking. Social capital also depends on income

level which can be easily analyzed into three groups, High, medium and low.

Immigrants have business on a large as well as on a small scale, also in service

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either government or private. These immigrants have interaction with them in a

number of ways. A number of them have their own houses, apart from that a good

percentage have farm land and as stated earlier have business in a number of

ways. Bahawalpur is famous for its embroidery, handlooms textile fabrics. This

work is mostly traditional which is done by women in villages and its sale in city

attracts domestic and foreign tourists. This is great social assets of local and

immigrants too.

32. Physical Capital includes all moveable and immoveable property. Based on

immoveable property respondent immigrant have their own houses whatever the

category of the residential is. In immoveable property immigrant have their

business on small scale in their own shops, any type of business they have. Some

are earning from lands either on rent or growing crops in the adjacent fringes of

the Bahawalpur City, some are basically farmers but living in the City. The

reasons vary. They come for education of their children where they have best

schools, colleges, professional colleges as well as university, where their children

can receive any kind of education and can choose any profession. That is why

these farmers are living in Bahawalpur City while their lands are in nearby

villages. Having moveable property highest percentage have vehicles for

transportation, which include from cycle to cars etc, which they are using in their

daily routine?

It is clear that carney’s diagram is basically for rural livelihood but it can

be applied to urban areas too. And it also works. In urban areas of

developing countries especially these five capitals are influencing the

policies, strategies and remove stress from the people.

158

When immigrants start to live in a new area or location, they live in a new society

and they need houses to live and need social and cultural integration.

It is the process through which immigrant established new location, either an

individual or group of people. In this definition the specific necessities used for

recognition by a society vary significantly from place to place. It also imitates the

point that the obligation for integration reposes with people and immigrants

themselves, the host administration, organizations, and populations.

33. How Integration Develops. There are two groups involved in integration

procedures, immigrants, with their individualities, dynamisms and adjustment, by

the receiving society, collaborations with these incomers and their establishments.

It is the teamwork between the two that regulates the way and the result of the

integration procedure. These two can be imbalanced associates if they have

problems, such as understanding and association. The new society’s institutional

structure and behavior to immigrants create a new dialog or result of the process if

it is not positive.

The integration and level can be measured in different ways specially education,

employment, housing, and merger of immigrants socially and culturally.

Utilization of resources based on all kinds of level of immigrants. Integration can

be divided into various groups in which most important one are social and

financial.

34. Social integration is studied in various science groups. It is the movement of a

population or a small group of people, which moves together with their own

ethics, refugees and underprivileged sections of a society into the mainstream of

societies. Language is an important element in social integration in a society for

an easy communication. In any society acceptance of the laws, common set of

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society

values and adoption of its, are very important ingredient of integration. It does not

mean that one group will give up all of its culture and re-adjust itself in new

culture, but it may require forgoing some aspects of its culture which are

inconsistent with the laws and values of the society. To understand the societies, a

new member or,( one can say), a small group of persons use social integration to

gain full access to the opportunities, rights and services available to the members

of the mainstream of society. Integration is a word that can be measured when

members are being transparent in all of various works, personal, faith and local

community interactions.

35. Financial integration is a noticeable fact in which adjacent economic markets,

local or worldwide economy may be strongly connected. Different forms of

genuine financial integration have series of distribution between financial

institutions;monetaryinstitutions, economic institutions, and lift up funds straight

in the worldwide principal markets and investors openly endow in the worldwide

principal markets, cross-border investment flows; and overseas involvement in the

local economic markets prevails.

36. These two levels interrelated and create a number of opportunities and limitations

too. Immigrant can bring positive changes in the in the city or area where they

have been migrated, in various ways by applying their resource based on their

level of intelligence or skill. The result of integration process depends between the

natives and immigrants interaction and collaboration

37. We also analyze the link between intermarriage and economic integration, with

the results indicating a strong association between intermarriage and economic

integration in terms of employment, business and income. Immigrants married to

160

natives are more likely to be employed, and also to have higher individual and

household income.

38. Marriage integration is part of social integration. Marriage among people of

different families is the best indicators of social integration, especially for

migrants. A significant thing is that a person born outside of locality is becoming

part of the place after marrying a local. Sometimes getting good figures on “mixed

marriages” or some time it is unfortunately hard.

39. Intermarriage is one of the most complete measures of the closure of social and

cultural obstacles, and of social and cultural integration because it is the result of

close communal interaction between people of two different background values

and ambitions, important foundations in preparation social interconnection and

contributing to social integration in multicultural societies. Inter-marriage affects

the communal and cultural individualities of the following generation who will be

of mixed or multinational backgrounds. As a sign of integration, intermarriage is

main indicator of the growth of multiculturalism in countrywide varied societies.

Intermarriage occurs in multicultural communities where there are chances for

social interaction among persons of different backgrounds. This interaction is

assisted by several reasons with access to education, physical activity and

employment potentials for young population of all cultural backgrounds, and

chances for individuals to join in social and community activities irrespective of

different background. That is why social, cultural and religious reasons and

organizations or administrative strategies and programs that simplify an access to

the opportunities increase intermarriage rate.

161

40. In a place like Bahawalpur City immigration and increasing ethnic diversity,

intermarriage is not a surprising incident. The spouses are of different groups or

ethics. Intermarried couples can easily cross an obstacle in their joint decisions

apart social and cultural differences. This process, develops on common

objectives and values, respect and tolerance, and contributes to the improvement

of multiculturalism, which promotes respect and patience of different cultures.

Intermarriage is normally common in multicultural societies where different

cultural people have more daily contact with each other in schools, workplaces

and social and public events than in some societies where cultural minorities are

residentially or generally more isolated. Multiculturalism and forward-thinking

are encouraged by intermarriage. Intermarriages also contribute to the progress

uniqueness in many families who with their multi-cultural identities, become part

of the Bahawalpur City. These results prove the significant role of intermarriage

in the integration of immigrants and cultural groups in multicultural societies. In

the current research integration basically has taken as of marriage integration, or

in other words inter-marriage. With survey I tried to find out marital exogamy

especially intermarriages between respondent immigrants and locals among the

survey sample size 25 percent respondent immigrant from total respondent

immigrants in Bahawalpur City married with local people.

41. Intermarriages have been analyzed on the basis of various categories such as

education, language, residential level and on monthly income, have been analyzed

intermarriages.

42. It is analyzed that respondent immigrants have married with locals or native

people whose education level is below matric and percentage is 67.52 percent, in

which 15.29 percent respondent immigrants education is below primary, 17.20

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percent have studied till primary, 16.56 are middle pass. It mean, they reached to

eighth class and left school 18.47 percent are having matric certificate, which is

the highest percentage based on education level, then 16.56 percent intermediate

pass, 3.82 percent are graduate 1.91 percent are diploma/certificate holders and

10.19 percent who married locals are illiterate. It is clear that intermarriages

prevail mostly in the low education level, and if we include illiterate too, then

percentage is 77.71 percent.

163

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http://www.worldbank.org/prospects/immigrationandremittences

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR IMMIGRANTS IN BAHAWALPUR CITY

THEIR LIVELIHOOD AND INTEGRATION

SECTION-A

Name of interviewer ________________________________________________________________

Name of person interviewed ________________________________________________________________

House No. ____________________ Muhallah / Street ____________________

Town/ Block __________________ Union Council No. __________________

1. Relationship with the head of family _______________________________2. Gender : Male /Female3. Marital Status : (a) Bachelor (b) Married4. Religion : Muslim / Non-Muslim (Christian, Hindu,

Sikh5. Mother Tongue : Punjab, Saraiki, Urdu, English, any other ___6. Family Structure :

(a) Wife (b) Son (c) Daughter(d) Brother (e) Sister(f) Any other relation

Age (a) Bachelor (b) Married

EducationIlliteratePrimaryMiddle

Holder of N.I.C.Yes/No

7. Children Married to : (a) To relation (b) Outside relations(c) Local Residents

8. Residential status : (a) Posh Area (b) Middle Class Area(c) Slam Area

9. (a) From where and when migrated to Bahawalpur. ____________________(b) Reason of Migration. _________________________________________

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10. (a) How many residences changed in Bahawalpur? 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.(b) Why? ______________________________________________________

11. Monthly income ____________________

12. Tax Payer Yes/No

13. NATURE OF OCCUPATION

(i) : (a) Government (Department________) (b) Retired / prisoner(c) Private (d) Semi Government

(ii) Trade:(a) Large scale: import / export(b) Small scale

i. Shop (General Store, Medical Store, any other _________)ii. Supplier (Whole Seller)

iii. Middle Maniv. Landlord / Tenant Former.v. Gardening

14. IF AN EMPLOYEE THEN: (a) Changed job after Migration to Bahawalpur: Yes / No(b) If Yes how many times changed job (1, 2, 3, 4)(c) Why changed job? __________________________________________

15. IF A TRADER THEN: (a) Change trade / business after migration to Bahawalpur: Yes / No(b) If Yes then what kind of business e.g.

(i) Expand the shop (ii) Change the shop to a new market

(iii) Changed the nature of business

SECTION-B

16. STATUS OF RESIDENCE: (a) Owned (b) Rented

(c)Without rent (d) Shared accommodation with one’s parents

(e) Official

17. IF OWNED HOUSE WHEN CONSTRUCTED: (a) Under construction (b) Less than five years.

(c) More than five years. (d) More than ten years.

18. No. of rooms in the house except kitchen and veranda. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more.

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19. CLASSIFICATION OF ROOMS: (a) Drawing Room Yes / No (b) Lounge Yes / No

(c) Bed Rooms Yes / No (d) No. of Bedroom with attach bath 1, 2, 3, 4.

20. CLASSIFICATION OF ROOF: (a) R.C.C. / RBC (b) T.,R. Guarder

(c) Concrete slab / steel sheet (d) Wooden Logs / Bamboos

20(A) NATURE OF FLOOR OF ROOMS / BATH:

(a) Concrete Slab (b) Mosaiq Floor

(c)Marble Floor (d) Tiles Floor

21. (i) KITCHEN:(a) Separate (b) Common (c) No kitchen

(ii)KITCHEN CONSTRUCTION STATUS:

(a) Tiles (b) Kitchen cabinet built-in / Separate

22. TOILET: (a) Separate (b) Attached

23. BATHS: (a) Separate (b) Attached

(c)Have a facility of cool / hot water Yes / No

24. FIXTURE IN BATH / TOILET: (a) Geyser (b) Cool / Hot water supply line Yes / No

(c)Tiles Yes / No (d) Commode / W.C.

25. CONDITION OF BED ROOMS: (a) Cupboard separate / Built in(b) Modern bed / Cot(c) Single bed / Double bed

26. SOURCE OF WATER: (a) Hand pump Yes / No indoor / outdoor(b) Electric pump Yes / No indoor / outdoor(c) Well Yes / No indoor / outdoor(d) Underground Tank Yes / No indoor / outdoor (e) Over read Tank Yes / No indoor / outdoor

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27. SOURCE OF LIGHT: (a) Kerosene oil(b) Electricity(c) Electricity bulb Yes / No(d) Tube light Yes / No(e) Mercury Bulb Yes / No(f) Energy Saver Yes / No

28. IN CASE OF LOAD SHEDDING: (a) Gas Lamp (b) Lantern(c)Candle Light (d) Charging Light

29. SOURCE OF FUEL: (a) Wood (b) Kerosene oil (c)L.P.G(d) Natural Gas (e) Any other

SECTION-C

STATUS OF LIVING:

30. KITCHEN: Furnished with kitchen Machinery Yes / NoIf Yes then which things?(a) Gas Oven (b) Microwave Oven (c)Refrigerator

(d) Deep Freezer (e) Food Factory (f) Chopper

(g) Juicer (h) Any other electric Appliances

31. LOUNGE: (a) Carpeted Yes / No (b) Cotton Carpet Yes / No

(c)Plastic flooring Yes / No (d) Sofa Yes / No

(e) Settee Yes / No (f) Easy Chairs Yes / No

(g) Air Cooler Yes / No (h) Fan Yes / No

(i) Air conditioner Yes / No (j) T.V. Radio Yes / No

(k) Cable Network Yes / No (l) Computer Internet Yes / No

(m) Telephone Yes / No

32. BED ROOM: (a) Modern Furniture of traditional bed (made of cotton belt)(b) Bed room / house have wire gauze door to prevent lies/mosquitoes Yes/No(d)Attached bathroom Yes / No (c) Have Dressing Yes / No

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33. PERSONAL CONVEYANCE: (a) Car Yes / No Model __________ Make ____________(b) Garage facility available Yes / No (c) Scooter Yes / No(d)Motor cycle Yes / No (e) Bicycle Yes / No(f)How many tricycles for children to play Yes / No 1, 2, 3, 4.

34. WHOM TO CONSULT IN CASE OF ILLNESS: (a) M.B.B.S Doctor Yes / No(b) Homeopathic Doctor Yes / No(c) Hakim Yes / No(d) Spiritual solace Yes / No

35. IN CASE OF SERIOUS ILLNESS WHERE GO: (a) Govt. Hospital Yes / No(b) Private Clinic Yes / No(c) Services of Doctor hired at home Yes / No

36. PREFERENCE OF RECREATION / EXPENSES: (a) Only T.V., V.C.R. Yes / No(b) Outdoor Picnic Yes / No(c) Outdoor Picnic alone Yes / No or with family Yes / No(d) Recreation is considered worthless Yes / No

37. HOW DO YOU CELEBERATE BIRTH DAYS: (a) Whether you celebrate the birthday of your child Yes / No(b) If Yes then.

(i) Children are taken to hotel for dinner Yes / No(ii) Only members of the family give gifts and birth day cake is cut

Yes / No(iii) Relative / friends are invited to the birthday party Yes / No

38. ABOUT EID CELEBERATIONS: (a) Do you spend Eid / Sacrificial Eid at home Yes / No(b) At Eid days join your family at ancestral place Yes / No

39. The interviewer should record his observation about the living standard of person (interviewed)

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Table 1.4prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/13546/1/Abdul... · Web view2016/07/15 · migration is a great trend and powerful notion about one-fourth of all migrations and