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8/2/2019 T1 Ch1 CoSc 626 GIS Introduction (S1!10!11) L1
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Geographic Information Systemsand
Spatial Data Management
Topic 1
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Expected Learning Outcomes:
On successful completion of the Topic students will be able to:
develop familiarity with various applications of Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) and spatial data management,
acquire knowledge of modeling and managing spatial data,
develop the know-how of designing Spatial Database,
use and apply GIS software tools for practical problems,
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Outline for Topic 1:
1. Introduction to GIS
2. Geographic Data & GIS
3. Modeling Geographic Data and Spatial Analysis
4. Spatial Databases and Spatial Queries
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Methods:
Lecture in Class
Lab on ArcGIS
Project (report and demonstration)
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Reference Books:
1. Geographic Information Systems and Science: P. A. Longlry,
M. F. Goodchild, D. J. Maguire, D. W. Rhind, John Wiley,
2003.
2. Spatial Databases: With Application to GIS; P. Rigaux, M.
Scholl, A. Voisard, Morgan Kaufmann. 2002.
3. An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems,
Heywood, Ian etal., 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, 2002.
4. Spatial Databases: A Tour, Shashi Shekhar, Sanjay Chawla,
Prentice Hall, 2003.
5. Fundamentals of Spatial Information Systems Academic
Press, by Robert Laurini & Derek Thompson, March 1992,
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Chapter 1: Introduction to GIS
1.1 What is GIS?
1.2 Application Domains
1.3 Positioning on Earth
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1.1 What is GIS?
Spatial: any thing pertaining to the concept of
space, place, and location.
Spatial Data: Data that have some form of spatial
or geographical reference that enables entities to
be located in two- or three-dimensional space.
Any information about the location and shape of,
and relationships among, geographic features.
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Spatial Data:
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Geography
is concerned with the location or spatialvariation in both physical and human phenomenaon the earths surface -Martin Kenzer, 1989.
is the study of earth as the home of people Yi-Fu Tuan, 1991.
is the study of the patterns and processes ofhuman (built) and environmental (natural)landscapes, where landscapes comprise real(objective) and perceived (subjective) space. -Gregg Wassmansdorf, 1995.
http://geography.about.com/library/misc/blquote.htm
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Geographic Information System (GIS) is a system that
uses geographically referenced data (spatial data) as well asnon-spatial data and includes operations to support spatial
data analysis with a common purpose of:
decision-making, and
Managing data:
For Example:- use of land, resources, transportation, oceans or
any spatially distributed entities,
the connection between the elements of the system is
geography (e.g. location, proximity, spatial distribution)
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can be seen as a system of hardware, software andprocedures designed to support, capture, manage,
manipulate, analyze, model and display a spatially-
referenced data for solving complex planning and
management problems.
although many other computer programs can use spatial data
(e.g. AutoCAD and statistical packages), GISs include the
additional ability to perform spatial operations and analysis.
GIS: Contd
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GIS: Contd GIS provides a method to visualize or display spatial data.
GIS integrates spatial and other kinds of data within a single
system,
GIS allows access to administrative records - propertyownership, tax files, utility cables and pipes - via their
geographical positions.
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GIS-Summary
Specialized computer systems to process Geographical
Information (exists since the early1970s),
Techniques to input geographical information, converting
information in to digital formats,
Techniques of storage and query for geographic information, Methods for automated analysis of geographical data: search
for patterns, combine different kinds of data, make
measurements, find optimum sites or routes, and a host of other
tasks, Techniques for display of data in the form of maps, images, etc.
Capabilities for output of results in the form of numbers, tables,
and maps.
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Structure of a GIS
Application layers
Geographic
database
Data acquisition
subsystem
Mapping
subsystem
Data analysis
subsystem
DB querying
and management
subsystem
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GIS is a convergence of technological fields
GIS has been called an "enabling technology" because of the
potential it offers for the wide variety of disciplines which must
deal with spatial data,
each discipline provides some of the techniques which make up
GIS,
many of these disciplines emphasize data collection - GIS
brings them together by emphasizing integration, modeling and
analysis ,
as an integrating field of these disciplines, GIS often claims to
be the science of Spatial Information,
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Geography
Cartography
Remote Sensing
Photogrammetry
Surveying Geodesy
Statistics
Operations Research
Computer Science Mathematics
Civil Engineering
Contributing Disciplines and Technologies:
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Cartography
concerned with the display of spatial information,
deals with the design of maps, which is an important source ofinput data for GIS and the main form of output from GIS,
computer cartography (also called "digital cartography","automated cartography") provides methods for digitalrepresentation and manipulation of maps and their methods ofvisualization,
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Remote Sensing
remote sensing includes techniques for data acquisition and
processing anywhere on the globe at low cost, consistent
update potential,
images from space and the air are major source ofgeographical data,
interpreted data from a remote sensing system can be
merged with other data layers in a GIS,
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Photogrammetry
the process of making maps or scale drawings from
photographs, especially aerial photographs,
the process of making precise measurements by means of
photography,
is the source of most data on topography (ground surface
elevations) used for input to GIS,
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Surveying
the measurement of dimensional relationships, as ofhorizontal distances, elevations, directions, and angles, on the
earth's surface especially for use in locating property
boundaries, construction layout, and mapmaking.
provides high quality data on positions of land boundaries,buildings, etc
the geologic science of the size and shape of the earth,
source of high accuracy positional control for GIS
Geodesy
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Statistics
the science of collection, organization, interpretation and
analysis of numerical data, many models built using GIS are statistical in nature,
many statistical techniques are used for analysis,
statistics is also important in understanding issues of error
and uncertainty in GIS data,
Operations Research
the use of mathematical or statistical analysis of a process
or an operation, it is used in making decisions.
many applications of GIS require use of optimizing
techniques for decision-making
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Mathematics
branches of mathematics, such as geometry and graphtheory are used in GIS system design and analysis of
spatial data,
Civil Engineering
deals with the design and construction of public works,
such as bridges or dams, and other large facilities
GIS has many applications in transportation, urban
engineering, etc. Hence, borrows techniques of civil
engineering.
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1.2 Application Domains
1. urban planning
2. environmental planning
3. rural and forestry planning
4. marine applications
5. transportations6. natural resources
7. Earth sciences / geology
8. archaeology
9. real estate management
10. Defense, etc
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