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T - voicingT - voicing in American Englishin American English
A comparison of initial d and voiced t
What is t - voicing?
striking characteristic of American pronunciation occurs in words like water , better, waiting, 49ers quarterback to non-American and English people it sounds like a /d/ rather
than a /t/ phonetically it is not a plosive
Two different manners of articulation
alveolar tap (e.g. water, better) retroflex flap (e.g. dirty, party)
1 Alveolar tap
Occurs: inter-vocalically in a word (pretty , water ) word-finally before a vowel (put it , light up
) foot-internally after the nasal as a nasalized
tap (winter , twenty ) other realizations in AmEng:
total extinction “British style”
2 retroflex flap
is used before a vowel when the preceding consonant is the approximant /r/
party forty
The Recordings
female speakers from Illinois and Iowa Northern accents
21 and 24 years oldreading coherent text cassette tape computercut out single wordsjust “Iowa file” for presentation
A tap/flap has a different acoustic quality than a , therefore it is an oversimplification to call it .
What are the differences in quality? analysis in praat Used words:
dinner pottery simplicity 49ers quarterback
Initial - dinner
release is marked by high intensity of higher formants
fifth formant at 4500-4900 Hz has highest intensity
the lower formants are comparatively weak
Voiced tap - pottery
in all frequency ranges relatively low intensity
highest intensity in first formant voice bar at ~ 440 HZ
higher formants hardly visible
Voiced tap - simplicity
voice bar at ~ 330 HZ 4th and 5th formant
clearly visible, as intense as 1st formant release
tap quality is similar to quality of initial similar contexts?
Voiced retroflex flap - forty
voice bar at ~ 550 Hz higher formants are less
intense (no release) very intense 2nd and 3rd
formant influence of preceding /r/ ? difference between tap and
flap
• A tap/flap is not a
Initial d tap flap
Release (higherformants)
yes no (exceptionsimplicity)
no
1st formant(voice bar)
In comparison tohigher formants
low intensity
yes yes
2nd and 3rd
formantnothing striking nothing striking Comparatively
intense