THE CELL AND ITS THE CELL AND ITS ORGANELLESORGANELLES

SCIENTISTS OF CELLS

Hooke viewed cork; coined the term “cells”

van Leeuwenhoek first to view cells under the microscope

Schleiden plants made of cells Schwann animals made of cells Virchow new cells only come from

division of other cells

ALL THESE SCIENTISTS LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CELL THEORY!

CELL THEORYCELL THEORYAll living things are composed of

cellsCells are the basic units of

structure and function in living things

New cells are produced from existing cells

CELL CATEGORIESCELL CATEGORIESProkaryotes

no membrane bound organelles

genetic material not in the nucleus

Cell membrane Small

Eukaryotes (YOU!) Have organelles Genetic material contained

in nucleus Cell membrane Large

BacteriaBacteria

CATEGORIES OF CELLS

animal cellsanimal cells plant cellsplant cells

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

CELLS AND THE WORK OF LIFEgas exchange: O2 in vs. CO2 out take in & digest foodmake energymake energy

ATPbuild moleculesbuild molecules

proteins, carbs, fats, nucleic acidsremove wastes control internal conditionsrespond to external environment

What are they responding to?build more cellsbuild more cells

growth, repair, reproduction & development

ATP

CELL ORGANELLES Carry out specialized

functions within the cell

Lots of different ones found in eukaryotic cells

Cytoplasm is a thick, liquid residing between the cell membrane holding all living material inside the cell doesn't contain the

nucleus.

CYTOSKELETONActs as skeleton

and muscle

Provides shape and structure

Helps the cell with movementMicrotubulesMicrofilaments

CELL WALL Found in plant and bacterial

cells Rigid, protective and

supportive barrier Located outside of the cell

membrane Porous Made from fibers of carbs and

proteins Plant Cell Walls are made from

Cellulose Plasmodesmata: holes or

channels in the cell wall that allow for transport/communication

11STST MAJOR FUNCTION: MAJOR FUNCTION:CELLS NEED TO MAKE ENERGY!CELLS NEED TO MAKE ENERGY!

To fuel daily life & growth, the cell must…

take in food & digest ittake in oxygen (O2)make ATP (energy)remove waste

Organelles that do this work…cell membrane vacuoleslysosomesmitochondria

ATP

CELL MEMBRANE Boundary of the cell Made of a phospholipid bilayer

CELL MEMBRANE (CTD.)

FunctionFunctionseparates cell from outside

environmentcontrols what enters or leaves cell

O2, CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, wasterecognizes signals from other cells

allows communication between cells StructureStructure

Double layer of fatphospholipid bilayer

Protein molecules (50%)Receptor proteinsStructural proteinsProtein channels

carb chainsID cards

lipid “tail”

phosphate“head”

LYSOSOMES Garbage disposal

of the cell THEY GET RID OF THE CELL JUNK

Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes and food Food needs to be

broken down into useable forms

Breakdown organelles that aren’t functioning properly

VACUOLES Large central

vacuole usually in plant cells

Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells

Storage container for water, food, enzymes, wastes, pigments, etc.

FOOD & WATER STORAGE

plant cellsplant cells

contractilevacuole contractilevacuole

animal cellsanimal cellscentral vacuole central vacuole

food vacuole food vacuole

MITOCHONDRIA Nickname:

“Powerhouse of the cell” Function: Convert

chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are usable by the cell Cellular respiration

occurs here Bound by a double

membrane Has its own DNA,

ribosomes, and can make its own protein!

MITOCHONDRIA ARE IN BOTH CELLS!!

animal cellsanimal cells plant cellsplant cells

mitochondriamitochondria

CHLOROPLAST Found only in plant

cells Contains the green

pigment chlorophyll Site of food

(glucose) production

Bound by a double membrane

SECOND IMPORTANT SECOND IMPORTANT FUNCTIONFUNCTIONCELLS NEED TO MAKE CELLS NEED TO MAKE PROTEINS!PROTEINS!

Making proteins to run daily life & growth, the cell must…

read genes (DNA) build proteins

structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws) enzymes (speed up chemical reactions) signals (hormones) & receptors

organelles that do this work nucleus ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatus

NUCLEUSFunction: Control

center of the cellContains DNAContains instructions

for making protein Surrounded by a

double membrane Usually only one per

cell

RIBOSOME Small particles of

RNA and proteinFunction: Site of

protein synthesis Found attached to

rough ER or floating free in cytoplasm

Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Nickname: “ER” Connected to

nuclear membrane “Highway of the

cell” Rough ER: studded

with ribosomes; it makes proteins

Smooth ER: no ribosomes; functions in detoxification; it makes lipids!

GOLGI APPARATUSFunction: Stores,

modifies and packages proteins

Nickname: Post office of the cell

Molecules transported to and from the Golgi by means of vesicles

THIRD IMPORTANT JOB!THIRD IMPORTANT JOB!CELLS NEED TO MAKE MORE CELLS!CELLS NEED TO MAKE MORE CELLS!

To replace, repair & grow, the cell must…

copy their DNAmake extra organellesdivide the new DNA & new

organelles between 2 new “daughter” cells

Organelles that do this work NucleusNucleus Microtubules Microtubules CentriolesCentrioles

MICROTUBULESMICROTUBULESMade up of proteins known as tubulins

Important in cell divisionmitotic spindle separates chromosomes

CENTRIOLE Help coordinate cell

division Found only in

animal cellsOne pair in each

cell Made of

microtubules