T f dBiTypes of Bridge - Mahidolmucc.mahidol.ac.th/~egpcp/Handout406/40610 - Types.pdf · C S Adh Case Study: Arthur RlRavenel JJr Bid S h C il USABridge, South Carolina, USA Construct

EGCE 406B id D iBridge Design

II. Bridge Types

Praveen ChompredaPraveen ChompredaMahidolMahidol UniversityUniversityFi S Fi S 20102010First Semester, First Semester, 20102010

Class Topics & Objectivesp j Topics Objective

Types of bridge Students can identify the type and/or structural system for a given bridge

Considerations for choosing the types of bridge

given bridge Students can explain the

factors that are used in the types of bridgeselecting a type of bridge

Parts of the topics discussed in this class can be found in: Parts of the topics discussed in this class can be found in:

Section 1.1-1.2

Section 14.1-14.3

T f B idTypes of Bridge

Types by Kinds of TrafficTypes by Traffic Position

Types by Material and FabricationTypes by Material and FabricationTypes by Structural System

Types of Bridge by TrafficTypes of Bridge by Traffic

Highway bridge (trucks, cars) Pedestrian bridge (pedestrians, bicycles) Railway bridge (trains)y g ( ) Transit guideway (city trains, monorail) Other types (pipelines utilities industrial aqueduct airport Other types (pipelines, utilities, industrial, aqueduct, airport

structure)

Types: Highway BridgeTypes: Highway Bridge

Golden Gate BridgeCalifornia, USA

Avon Mouth BridgeBristol, UK

Source: www.wikipedia.org

Types: Pedestrian BridgeTypes: Pedestrian Bridge

El Alamillo BridgeSeville, Spain200m span


Japan Bridge (1994) Japan Bridge (1994) Paris, France

100m span

Types: Railway BridgeTypes: Railway Bridge

Mountain Creek Bridge (1880)

Stoney Creek Bridge (1894)

g ( )Canada

Stoney Creek Bridge (1894)Canada

325 ft span

Types: Transit GuidewayTypes: Transit Guideway

BTS SystemBangkok, Thailand

Types: OthersTypes: Others

R A d tRoman AqueductSpain

Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct) (circa 19 BC) N FNimes, France

Source: Nowak (2005)


Runway at the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX)Los Angeles, USA


g


Navigational Canal Source: Nowak (2005)

Netherlands

Types of Bridge by Traffic Positionyp g y Deck type

Structural components under the deck Preferred by drivers (can clearly see the view) Requires space under the bridge

Through type Structural components above the deck Obstructed view (not a problem for railway bridges) No structure under the bridge

Half-through type

Types: Deck TypeTypes: Deck TypeRainbow BridgeNiagara Falls, NYNiagara Falls, NYUSA

Bridge Near New Port, Rhode IslandUSA

Types: Through TypeTypes: Through Type

Bridges over Ohio RiverPi b h P l i Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

Types: Through TypeTypes: Through Type

Tonegawa River Bridge (1972) J


Japan

Types: Half-ThroughTypes: Half Through

Lupu Arch Bridge (2003)p g ( )Shanghai, China550 m span (2nd longest of arch bridge in the world)


Types by Material & FabricationsTypes by Material & Fabrications Materials

M (b k k) Fabrications

P (RC/PC) Masonry (brick, rock) Timber Reinforced Concrete (RC)

Precast (RC/PC) Cast-in-place (RC/PC) Pretensioned (PC) Reinforced Concrete (RC)

Prestressed Concrete (PC) Iron

Pretensioned (PC) Posttensioned (PC) Prefabricated (steel)

Steel Aluminum

( ) Rivet (steel) Bolted (steel/ timber)

Composites Plastics Etc

Welded (steel) Etc…

Etc…

Types by Material & FabricationsTypes by Material & Fabrications

Timber Bridgeprobably built in place?


L d D V B d (2001)Leonardo DaVinci Bridge (2001)Norway40 m SpanGlue-laminated Timber Bridge


Steel P f b i dPrefabricated(probably with precast slab)


Prestressed & Precast & PretensionedPrestressed & Precast & Pretensioned(most likely with precast concrete slab)

Types by Material & FabricationsTypes by Material & FabricationsPrestressed Segmental BridgePrecast & Post TensionedPrecast & Post-Tensioned

Types of Bridge by StructureTypes of Bridge by Structure

Arch Beam Cantilever Cable-Stayed Suspension Suspension Others

Types: Arch BridgeTypes: Arch Bridge

Forces Along the Arch

Reaction ForcesReaction Forces

Types: Arch BridgeTypes: Arch Bridge Semi-circle (has vertical reaction

f l )force only) Flat arch (has vertical and

horizontal forces at the support)horizontal forces at the support) Tied arch (tie resists tension

force))


Hinge changes the degree of i d i i h hingless indeterminacy in the structure

2 hi d2 hinged

3 hinged

keystone

3 hinged

tie

voussoir


Hinge Detail at the top of an arch bridge


Ponte dei Salti Bridge (circa 1st century AD)

Switzerland

Th h i

SwitzerlandMasonry Arch

M i l The arch construction was invented during the Roman empire

Materials Masonry Timberempire Timber Concrete (Reinforced/ Prestressed) Steel

Types: Masonry Arch BridgeTypes: Masonry Arch Bridge

Ponte Fabricio and Ponte Cestio (65 BC), Tiberina Island, ItalyPonte Fabricio and Ponte Cestio (65 BC), Tiberina Island, Italy

Types: Masonry Arch BridgeTypes: Masonry Arch Bridge

Types: Masonry Arch BridgeTypes: Masonry Arch Bridge Types: Masonry Arch BridgeTypes: Masonry Arch Bridge

Types: Masonry Arch Bridgeyp y gLongmen Bridge (1961)(1961)Luoyang, China90 m main spanMasonry archMasonry arch

Types: Concrete Arch BridgeTypes: Concrete Arch Bridge


Bixby Bridge (1932)California, USA

97.5 m span

p g

97.5 m spanConcrete arch

Types: Concrete Arch BridgeTypes: Concrete Arch Bridge

Enz Bridge (1961)Mülacker, Germany

46 m spanConcrete arch

Types: Prestressed Concrete ArchTypes: Prestressed Concrete Arch

Natchez Trace Parkway Bridge (1994)Tennessee, USA

Source: www.fhwa.dot.gov

502 m span

Types: Steel Arch Bridgeyp g

Rainbow Bridge (1941)Rainbow Bridge (1941)Niagara Falls, New York, USA290 m span

Types: Steel Arch Bridgeyp g

Bridge Over Ohio RiverPittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAPittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

Types: Steel Arch BridgeTypes: Steel Arch Bridge

Sydney Harbor Bridge (1938), Sydney, AustraliaParabolic arch, 503 m span

Construction of Sydney Harbor BridgeSource: Nowak (2005)

Types: Beam/Girder BridgesTypes: Beam/Girder BridgesVertical Loads from Traffic

ROADWAY DECK

BEAM

The most basic type of bridge

BEAM Typically consists of a

beam simply supported on each side by a pier

PIER PIERon each side by a pier and can be made continuous later

Typically inexpensive to build

Types: Beam/Girder BridgesTypes: Beam/Girder Bridges

Common Materials Timber Truss RC Beam Steel Plate Girder/ Box Girder Steel Truss Girder Prestressed Concrete Girders

I-Beam, U-Beam, T-Beam Segmentally Prestressed Box Beam Segmentally Prestressed Box Beam

Types: Beam/Girder Bridgesyp g

simple

cantilever

continuous

C l f h b b id (i f RC d PC) Currently, most of the beam bridges are precast (in case of RC and PC) or prefabricated

Most are simply-supported Most are simply-supported Some are made continuous on site


Mountain Creek Bridge (1880)CanadaTimber



hot-rolled box plate girder sections sections

Steel sections may be hot-rolled shapes (for short-span bridge), Box section (medium span), or Plate Girder (medium span)

Types: Beam/Girder Bridgesyp gSteel Box Gi d Girder Bridge


Upper: Steel Plate Girder BridgeLower: Prestressed Concrete I-Girder Bridge


Steel Plate Girder


Steel Plate Girder(C ti )(Continuous)

Types: Beam/Girder Bridgesyp g6'9" Prestressed Concrete

P t ( d P t i d)

8"

Precast (and Pretensioned) sections are usually of I-shapep

54"28 o 0.5" strands

13@2" =26"

6@2" =12"

@

T T i d

Typical Cross-Section of Pretensioned AASHTO

AASHTO Type IV Girder. Type IV girder

Types: Beam/Girder Bridgesyp gPrecast Pretensioned Prestressed Concrete BridgeSi l S d BSimply-Supported Beam

Types: Beam/Girder BridgesTypes: Beam/Girder Bridges Post-Tensioned Prestressed Concrete are often found in the form of

t ll t bsegmentally precast members


Types: Beam/Girder BridgesTypes: Beam/Girder Bridges Segmental construction may be

t t d i 2 constructed in 2 ways Cantilever Construction –

construct from the pier equally p q yon both sides

Span-by-Span Construction –finish one span at a timefinish one span at a time

Span-by-Span

Cantilever


Some types of truss bridges can also be considered as a “beam bridge” h l k d l b llwhen looked globally

Types: Beam/Girder BridgesTypes: Beam/Girder Bridges Types: Beam/Girder BridgesTypes: Beam/Girder Bridges

Truss bridge can be of beam type, arch type, or cantilever typedepending on the primary load-transfer mechanismdepending on the primary load transfer mechanism


Components of Truss


Vierendeel Truss Bridge (circa 1900)Belgium

Types: Cantilever BridgesTypes: Cantilever Bridges In a cantilever bridge, the roadway is constructed out from the pier in two

di ti t th ti th t th i ht b th id t b l directions at the same time so that the weight on both sides counterbalance each other

Notice the larger section at the support to resist negative moments Notice the larger section at the support to resist negative moments

Types: Cantilever BridgesTypes: Cantilever Bridges

Types: Cantilever BridgesTypes: Cantilever Bridges Steel Truss Cantilever Prestressed Concrete Segmental Cantilever Beam

350'

150'

1700'Firth of Forth Bridge (1890), Scotland

521m span

Types: Steel Truss Cantilever BridgeTypes: Steel Truss Cantilever Bridge

Firth of Forth Bridge (1890)Scotland

521m span

Types: Steel Truss Cantilever Bridgeyp g Types: Cantilever BridgesTypes: Cantilever Bridges Prestressed Concrete Segmental Cantilever Beam

Columbia River Bridge

USA 1950 ft span

Types: Cable-Stayed BridgeTypes: Cable Stayed BridgeTOWER/ PYLON TOWER/ PYLON

Vertical Loads from Traffic

ROADWAY DECK

PIER PIERPIER PIER

Reaction Force Reaction Force

Types: Cable-Stayed BridgeTypes: Cable Stayed Bridge Cable-stayed bridge uses the prestressing principles but the prestressing

tendons are external of the beamtendons are external of the beam All the forces are transferred from the deck through the cables to the

pylon

Roadway deck can be: (Prestressed) Concrete Box Deck Steel Box Deck Steel Truss Deck Steel Truss Deck

Types: Cable-Stayed BridgeTypes: Cable Stayed Bridge

P t Steel Box

BeamI-Shaped

Cross Beam

Precast Concrete Panel

Roadway

Types: Cable-Stayed BridgeTypes: Cable Stayed Bridge Harp Type

Fan Type Fan Type

Types: Cable-Stayed BridgeTypes: Cable Stayed Bridge Cable-Stayed Bridge

Rama IX Bridge

Bangkok

450m spanp

Tatara Bridge

JapanJapan

890m span

Types: Cable-Stayed BridgeTypes: Cable Stayed BridgeMillau ViaductFranceFrance

I d i l Ri R d B idIndustrial Ring Road BridgesBangkok, Thailand

Types: Cable-Stayed BridgeTypes: Cable Stayed Bridge Types: Cable-Stayed BridgeTypes: Cable Stayed Bridge Construction sequence

C S d A h R l J B id S h C li USA Case Study: Arthur Ravenel Jr Bridge, South Carolina, USA

Construct Pylons


Erect the deck away from the pylon from both sides of the pylons.


Join the cable-stayed sections with the back piers (back piers help resist tension forces)


Lay the concrete roadway deck after the deck structure is erected


Finally, join the two cantilevers at the midspan

Types: Suspension BridgeTypes: Suspension Bridge Suspension bridge carries all the weight of the structure and traffic

th h l bl ( ll 2) d d tthrough large cables (usually 2) suspended over towers The main cables have to be very strong Cables are anchored at the abutment abutment has to be massive Cables are anchored at the abutment abutment has to be massive

TOWER/ PYLONTOWER/ PYLON

Vertical Loads from Traffic

ROADWAY DECK

PIER PIER

ABUTMENTABUTMENT

Types: Suspension Bridgeyp p g

Forces in Main Cable

Reaction Forces

Reaction Force Reaction Force

Types: Suspension BridgeTypes: Suspension Bridge

Abutment of a suspension bridge


London Tower Bridge (1894)London, UK 3-Hinged Suspension Bridge

Tension member is a truss Tension member is a truss


Mackinac Bridge (1957)Mi hi USAMichigan, USA

1158 m span

S rce: iki edia rSource: www.wikipedia.org

Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)Washington, USA2800 f 2800 ft span


Akashi Kaikyo Bridge (1998) Akashi Kaikyo Bridge (1998) Japan 1991m central span


Types: Suspension Bridgeyp p gMillennium F b id Footbridge (2002)London, UK144m span


Types: Suspension BridgeTypes: Suspension Bridge Types: Othersyp

Pontoon (Floating) Bridge


The bridge can The bridge can rotate to allow ships

to go under

Gateshead Millennium Bridge (2000)Gateshead Millennium Bridge (2000)Gateshead, UK126m span


Charing Cross Bridge (middle - truss) and Golden Jubilee g g ( ) JBridges (outer – cable-stayed).

C d F f Consideration Factors for B id TBridge Type

Which type should I use?Which type should I use?Consider the followings: Span length Bridge length

B i Beam spacing Material available Sit diti (f d ti h i ht t i t ) Site conditions (foundations, height, space constraints) Speed of construction Constructability Constructability Technology/ Equipment available Aesthetics Aesthetics Cost Access for maintenance Access for maintenance

Span LengthSpan LengthEconomical span length for each bridge type

steel suspension

steel truss arch

steel rib arch

steel truss

concrete arch

ype

s

Types min max

cable-stayed concrete

cable-stayed steel

Ty slab 0 12

concrete girder 10 220steel girder 10 270cable-stayed concrete 90 250

t i d

steel girder

cable stayed concrete ycable-stayed steel 90 350steel truss 90 550concrete arch 90 300steel truss arch 250 500

slab

concrete girder steel truss arch 250 500steel rib arch 120 370steel suspension 300 2000

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000Span Length (m)

Span LengthSpan Length

Cost vs. Span LengthCost vs. Span Length The span length may be influenced by the cost of superstructure

( t/ t ) d b t t ( t/ i )(cost/meter) and substructure (cost/pier) If the substructure cost is about 25% of total cost shorter span is more

cost-effectivecost effective If the substructure cost is about 50% of total cost longer spans are

more economical

Cost vs. Span LengthCost vs. Span Length

Substructure here is expensive compared with the superstructuresuperstructure

If the water is shallow, substructure is inexpensive p

compared with the superstructure

Access for MaintenanceAccess for Maintenance

Total Cost = Initial Cost + Maintenance Cost Bridge should be made easy to inspect and maintain Maintenance cost may govern the selection of bridgey g g

Steel bridge needs a lot of maintenance in coastal regions Concrete bridge usually require the least maintenanceg y q

Catwalk underneath a bridge for inspection

Beam SpacingBeam Spacing Beam spacing determine the

number of girdersnumber of girders Large Spacing

Fewer girder (faster to erect) Deeper and heavier girder

(can it be transported?) Reduced redundancy Reduced redundancy Thicker slab

Smaller Spacing More girder Smaller girder More redundancy (but more More redundancy (but more

beams to inspect) Thinner slab

MaterialsMaterials

Steel Concrete

Cast-in-place Precast

Material choice depends on pthe cost of material at the bridge site

Shipping cost from fabricators

Speed of constructionSpeed of construction

In urban areas, the construction of bridge may disrupt traffic Prefabricated/ Precast member are the only choice Substructure construction may disrupt traffic more than the

i id l superstructure erection may consider longer spans

Precast I GirderPrecast I-Girder

Site RequirementSite Requirement

Is the bridge straight or curved Precast I-Girder cannot be

dcurved Segmental prestressed can have

slight curveslight curve Cast-in-place

Shipping of prefabricated Shipping of prefabricated pieces to site

Is shi in channel re ired?

Segmental pieces may be easier to ship in

Is shipping channel required? Is the temporary falsework

i d? C i b d i h

narrow urban streets

required? Can it be done with the site conditions?



Requirement for shipping channel leads to long span bridge



In the MillauViaduct, the superstructure was completed inland and pushed into the span


AestheticsAesthetics

An ugly bridge, however safe, serviceable, and inexpensive, is not a good bridge

Long span bridge over a river can be a landmark; thus, aesthetics should be an important factor

Bridge should blend with the environmentg Smooth transition between members Avoid unnecessary decorations Avoid unnecessary decorations Bridge should have an appearance of adequate strength

AestheticsAesthetics

Determinant of bridge’s appearance (in order of importance) Vertical and Horizontal geometry relative to surrounding topography

and other structuresS h i d Superstructure type: arch, girder, etc…

Pier placementAb t t l t Abutment placement

Superstructure shape, parapet and railing Pier shape Pier shape Abutment shape Color surface texture ornamentations Color, surface texture, ornamentations Signing, Lighting, Lanscaping

AestheticsAesthetics AestheticsAesthetics

Aesthetics Harmony with existing bridges

Bridges in Pacific Coast Highway, C l f USACalifornia, USASource: www.wikipedia.org

AestheticsBridges Across Grand CanalVenice ItalyVenice, Italy

Rialto Bridge (1591)29 m spanSource: www.wikipedia.org

Scalzi Bridge (1934)Source: www wikipedia orgSource: www.wikipedia.org

Constitution Bridge (2008)80 m spanSource: www.skyscrapercity.com

References Image Sources

N k (2005) B d D Recommended References

B k R M d P k J A Nowak (2005). Bridge Design Handouts, University of Michigan, MI.

Barker, R. M, and Puckett, J. A. (2007). Design of Highway Bridges: An LRFD Approach, 2nd

www.wikipedia.org Edition, John Wiley and Sons, NJ.

Documents

T f dBiTypes of Bridge - Mahidolmucc.mahidol.ac.th/~egpcp/Handout406/40610 - Types.pdf · C S Adh Case Study: Arthur RlRavenel JJr Bid S h C il USABridge, South Carolina, USA Construct