Tuomas AuraT-110.4206 Information security technology

Payment systems

Outline

1. Money transfer

2. Card payments

3. Anonymous payments

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MONEY TRANSFER

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Common payment systems

Cash

Electronic credit transfer

Direct debit

Check

Credit card

Cash transfer

Mobile payment

Anonymous payment

Which are regulated?

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Electronic credit transfer Also called bank transfer, wire transfer Payment process (e.g. UK CHAPS):

– Clearing: if the payment is between two banks, the sending bank sends the information to a central processor, which keeps track of payments

– Settlement: transfer of funds between the central-bank reserve accounts of the two banks at the end of the day for the balance of all transactions that day ( risk to central bank or receiving bank if a sending bank fails)

Float: money between being debited from the sender’s bank account and credited to the receiver’s account banks gain interest on float payments take days even when technically unnecessary

Finality varies for sender, banks and receiver – Most electronic transfers immediately final to sender and bank, not receiver– Direct debit in Finland final for sender; SEPA direct debit will be reversible

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Central processor

Sending bank

Receiving bank

Sender Receiver

Sender makes payment

Clearing Settlementbetween banks

Funds availableto receiver

Timelinefloat

Check Check payment:

1. Payer writes the check

2. Clearing: payee deposits the check, bank collects payment, paying bank inspect the check for authenticity and sufficient funds

3. Settlement: transfer of funds between banks

Float: in some countries, funds are available soon after deposit, before clearing and settlement payee effective gets an interest-free loan

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Payer writes check

Clearing Settlementbetween banks

Funds availableto payee

TimelinePayee depositscheck

float

[classhelper.org]

Credit card

Credit card issuer takes a ~2-5% transaction fee from seller– Buyer protection: issuer takes some of the risk

– Initial 30-60 days interest-free credit for buyer

– Kickbacks to some buyers

Transaction final after 90 daysmore certainly than in bank transfer

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Creditcardpurchase

Transactionfinal

Buyer maypay balance

TimelineFunds availableto seller

interest-free

Cash transfers Western Union, MoneyGram: money transfer for people

without bank accounts– Sender pays cash at one branch office; receiver gets the cash at

another branch office– Used mostly by migrants to send money to 3rd world countries– Receiver must have id card or answer test question

Example:NAME: MICHAEL SMITHADDRESS: 144 EAST STREET LAGOS TEST QUESTION: WHAT IS THE DOGS NAMEANSWER: SPOT

Hawala: informal network of agents system based on Islamic law or honor system– Problems with money laundering legistlation

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Issues with float Victim receives check or credit card details; ships goods

before payment clears

Victim receives a check; funds available before the check clears; victim makes an irreversible payment (e.g. refunds all or part of the money)

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Scammerwritesfalse check

Check foundto be false orno fundsreversed

Funds availableto victim

TimelineVictim depositscheck

Victim returns(part of)the money

Funds availableto scammer

Scammerwritesfalse check

Check foundto be false orno funds reversed

Funds availableto victim

TimelineVictim depositscheck

Victim shipsgoods

Issues with float Victim receives a reversible payment; victim makes an

irreversible payment

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Criminal(e.g phisher)makes a moneytransfer

Muleasked torepay

Funds availableto mule

Timeline

Mule makes payment

Funds availableto scammer

Mobile payment Replacing banks in countries where branch network

sparse and carrying cash unsafe M-PESA in Kenya MTN Mobile Money in South Africa

– Implemented with SMS and SIM-Toolkit– PIN and some kind of symmetric crypto– Deposit and withdrawal at agent offices– Money transfer and bill payment with phone– SMS money transfer to unregistered users– Anyone can just start using the service; some limits relaxed

if strong authentication with id card

Nokia Money in India– App on phone, not bound to SIM

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PayPal

Depends on credit cards and banks accounts for deposit and withdrawal

Payer and payee can remain pseudonymous

Stronger traceability of verified accounts

– Links user to a bank account

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CARD PAYMENT

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Mag-stripe bank cards Magnetic stripe contains primary account number (PAN), name,

expiration date, service code, PVKI, PVV, CVV1 Signature and (sometimes) id card required at point of sale (POS) PIN required by automated teller machines (ATM) and some POS

– PIN is a function of data on mag stripe and key in terminal offline PIN verification at POS or ATM

Possible to copy data on the mag stripe CVV1 is a cryptographic MAC of the PAN, name, expiration and

service code (based on 3DES) Offiline terminal has a security module to store the card and PIN

verification keys CVV2 to make online fraud harder

– 3-4 digits printed on card but not on mag stripe– Required for online (card not present) transactions– Not stored by merchant after online verification– Vulnerable to online phishing

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Visa PIN verification Input from magnetic stripe:

– Primary account number (PAN) i.e. 15-digit card number – PIN verification key indicator (PVKI, one digit 1..6) – PIN verification value (PVV, 4 decimal characters)

Verifier must have– PIN verification key (PVK, 128-bit 3DES key)– PVKI is an index for PVK to enable PVK changes

Create security parameter (TSP):1. Concatenate 11 rightmost digits of PAN, PVKI and PIN2. The 16-digit concatenation is one hexadecimal DES block

PVV generation:1. 3DES encryption of TSP with the key PVK2. Decimalization of the encryption result to 4-digit PVV

Decimalization happens by taking the 4 leftmost digits 0..9 from the hexadecimal encrypted block– If less than 4 such digits, take 4 first digits A..F and map A=0,B=1,C=3...[For details see IBM]

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Chip-and-PIN bank cards EMV standard (Europay, Mastercard, Visa) Smartcard chip (ICC) on the bank card

– Tamperproof ICC stodes a cryptographic signature key– Card also contains a certificate

Three levels of secure tranactions:1. Static data authentication (SDA):

– Certificate verification (not used in ATMs)

2. Dynamic data authentication (DDA): – Card signs a random challenge sent by terminal

3. Combined DDA and application cryptogram (CDA):– Card signs transaction details incl. random challenge

Card holder authenticated with PIN or signature

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EMV security issues

Not possible to copy the chip

Mag stripe can still be copied

Possible to create a copy with “broken” chip or use at offline POS in the US

– Stripe data is also readable from the chip

PIN used frequently easier to capture

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ANONYMOUS PAYMENTS

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Anonymous digital cash David Chaum 1982, later DigiCash product — never really used but

an influential idea Participants: bank, buyer Alice, merchant Bob

Anonymous:– Bank cannot link issued and deposited coins, not even with Bob’s help

Not transferable: must be deposited to bank after one use Uses blind signatures: bank signs coins without seeing their

contents cannot link events of coin issuing and use

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Bank

Alicebuyer

Bobmerchant

1. Bank issues coin

2. Alice spends coin

3. Bob deposits coin

Anonymous digital cash Blind signature:

Bank has an RSA signature key pair key (e,d,n) for signing 1€ coins (and different keys for 10€, 100€,...)

1. Alice creates a coin from random “serial number” SN and redundant padding required for RSA signature;Alice generates a random number R, computes coin ⋅ Re mod n, and sends this to the bank

2. Bank computes (coin ⋅ Re)d mod n = coind ⋅ R mod n and sends this to Alice

3. Alice divides with R to get the signed coin coind mod n Bank has signed the coin without seeing it and cannot link the

coin to Alice

Alice can pay 1€ to Bob by giving to coin to him– Bob deposits coin to bank; bank checks signature and only

accepts the same coin once

Problem: Cheaters are anonymous; if someone pays the same coin to two merchants, how to know who it was?

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Anonymous digital cash Double-spending detection:

– Alice must set SN = h( h(N) | h(N xor “Alice”) ) where N random– After Alice has given the coin to Bob, Bob asks Alice to reveal one of

h(N),N xor “Alice” or N,h(N xor “Alice”) If Alice spends the coin twice, she reveals her name with 50%

probability

Make each 1€ coin of k separately signed sub-coins detection probability p = 1-2-k

– Coins will be quite large: k=128 with 2048-bit RSA signatures is 32kB/coin

Q: But how to force Alice to create SN this way? How can bank check the contents of the message when she signs blindly?

Cut and choose:– Alice creates k pairs of sub-coins for signing– Bank asks Alice to reveal N for one sub-coin in each pair and signs the

other one cheating detection probability p = 1-2-k

Alice can make anonymous payments but will be caught with probability p = 1-2-k if she tries to create an invalid coin or spend the same coin twice

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Exercises What are the main threats in

a) online card transactions?b) POS transactions?c) ATM cash withdrawals?

What differences are there in the way credit cards and bank debit cards address these threats?

Could you (technically) use bank cards a) as door keys?b) for strong identification of persons on the Internet?

How could a malicious merchant perform a man-in-the-middle attack against chip-and-PIN transactions?

When a fraudulent bank transaction occurs, who will suffer the losses? Find out about the regulation and contractual rules on such liability.

Bank security is largely based on anomaly detection and risk mitigation. In what ways could a bank reduce the risk of fraud in mag-stipe or chip-and-PIN payments?

Even though DigiCash coins are unlinkable, what other ways are there in which the merchant, bank or both together can find out what Alice buys?

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Related reading

Ross Anderson: Security Engineering, 2nd ed., chapter 10

Interesting reading online:

– http://thescambaiter.com/

– http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/security/banking/

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