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Alfred Szwarc
32ª Conferencia Regional de la FAO para America Latina y el CaribeBuenos Aires - 27/03/2012
Second Generation Biofuels from Lignocellulosic Feedstocks: Technology and Sustainability Issues
Biocombustibles de Segunda Generación de Matérias Primas Lignocelulósicas: Tecnologia y Sustentabilidad
ABOUT UNICA
• UNICA is the leading sugarcane industry association, representing approximately 140 mills in Brazil (most in the São Paulo State).
• Member companies respond for over 50% of ethanol and over 60% of sugar production in Brazil and are leaders in the generation of bioelectricity.
• International presence in Washington, DC, and Brussels to engage in constructive dialogue with stakeholders.
Why Biofuels
Status of Second Generation Biofuels from Lignocellulosic Feedstocks
Technology & Sustainability Issues
Source: Vital Signs 2007-08, Worldwatch Institute
IEA forecasts global energy needs will grow over 50% today’s demand by 2030 and oil will still be a major source
of energy (price, availability ???)
Transportation will be the main driver of oil consumption alternatives ?
Oil is a very precious and finite commodity subject to supply
disruptions and price volatility
Oil Supply Vulnerability
TRANSPORT: ~ 25% of Global CO2 Emission
SOURCE: IPCC 2001
Global Warming
Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2008
Gig
ato
nn
es
de
CO
2e
Greenhouse Gases: Emission Control Scenarios
+ 2°C+ 3°C+ 6°C
CCS: Carbon capture & storage
Current View of Second Generation Biofuels
Decentralized production. Can be readily integrated with existing fuel infrastructure. Note: Biodiesel from vegetable oils and animal fat not included here.
• Ethanol • Butanol• Diesel equivalent• Gasoline equivalent• Jet Fuel equivalent
Biofuels Market
Biofuels Demand Evolution
1972 - 2008
Source: Special Report on Renewable Energy, IPCC, May 2011
Petroleum and bi-products
37,9%
Sugarcane18,1%
Hydroelectricity15,2%
Wood and other biomass
10,1%
Natural Gas8,8%
Coal4,8%
Other renewable sources
3,8% Uranium1,4%
Brazilian Energy Matrix
Source: BEN (2010). Elaboration: UNICA
Energy Supply Structure
Second Generation Lignocellulosic Biofuels
Biomass = celullose + hemicelullose + lignin (sugarcane
bagasse, wheat straw, corn stalk, wood waste, rice hulls etc.)
Technologies use combination of processes (mechanical, thermal, chemical, biological). Example:
Pre-treatment Saccharification (hydrolysis)
Fermentation
Main Technology Paths
Chemical/Biochemical: acid/enzimatic hydrolysis
Termochemical: Gasification (approx. 1000 °C)
Termochemical: Pyrolysis (approx. 450 °C)
Fee
dst
ock
s
Key Players
• Oil & Car Companies: Petrobrás, Shell, BP, Chevron, Total, ConocoPhilips, Neste Oil, Statoil, VW, GM, Ford, Daimler etc. • R&D&D companies and organizations: Amyris, LS9, Solazyme, Butamax, Butalco, Gevo, Cobalt, Iogen, Poet, Abengoa, Sekab, Borregard, Verenium, Coskata, Chempolis, Virent, BlueFire, Alico, Range Fuels, Catchlight Energy, Choren, Iowa State U./Ames Lab, NREL, U.California, MCT, Embrapa, FAPESP (BIOEN), UFRJ, CTC, UNICAMP, UFSCAR, IPT, CTBE, Dedini, Oxiteno, GraalBio etc.
Source: Amyris
Not Only Biofuels.....
Conventional
Conventional+ Cellulose
1 hectare
1 hectare
Sugarcane Juice +Molasses
Sugarcane Juice+ Molasses +Bagasse + Straw
7,000 liters of ethanol
12,500 liters of ethanol... or more(7,000 L from juice + 5,500 L from bagasse and straw)
The Case of Ethanol
Product Laboratory Pilot Plant Demonstration Plant
Market
Ethanol 1st generation
Ethanol 2nd generation
BioHC (Diesel, Jet Fuel etc)
Butanol 2nd generation
Technology Status
Commercial scale plants are expected to start operation within next three years but it will take at least a decade until production reach significant volumes.Best technologies: ???
A TYPICAL SUGARCANE INDUSTRIAL PLANT IN BRAZIL: SUGAR, BIOELETRICITY AND BIOENERGY (ETHANOL AND MORE TO COME…)
Bagasse
Sugar cane field
Distillery Sugar plantEthanol storage tanks
2nd gen. ethanol
Straw (tops & leaves)
2nd gen. bioHC &
bioButanol
The Concept of Biorefineries
• Integration of biomass conversion technologies
• Broad range of byproducts (food, energy, biofuels,
chemicals, materials, animal feed etc.)
• Efficient use of feedstocks and resources
• Minimum generation of residues and pollutants
• Best environmental, social and economic results
Carbon Dioxide Cycle
Sugarcane GrowthUptake: 7,650 kg
Farming & HarvestingEmission: 2,961 kg
Sugarcane ProcessingEmission: 3,604 kg
Bioelectricity generationUptake: 225 kg
Road TransportEmission: 50 kg
Vehicle OperationEmission: 1,520 kg
Total: 8,135 kg CO2 Total: 7,875 kg CO2
Gasoline Life-cycleEmission: 2,280 kg
Net emission: 260 kg CO2 (89% reduction to gasoline emission) reduced emission with lignocellulosic ethanol
Life Cycle GHG Emissions
Estimated values refer to 1,000 liters of ethanol and equivalent volume of gasoline (corrected for energy content).
Source: Macedo, I., 2008
Sugar Cane Diesel
Sugarcane Process
SugarcaneDiese
l
1 hectare = 4200 litersCloud point: - 50°CCetano nunber: 58,6Sulfur: almost nilLubricity: 330 m (HFRR)Energy: similar to Diesel
The US EPA has already approved bends with up to 35% sugarcane diesel.
In Brazil: tests with 10% blend : -9% PM and no NOx increase ;Power, torque, fuel economy similar to ordinary diesel.
“Drop In Fuel”
CO2 Reduction ~ 90%
Source: Amyris and MBB
Avoided CO2 emissions in Brazil from use of ethanol in Flex Fuel Vehicles since 2003 to date (march/2012) are estimated to be in the order of 160 million ton.
Equivalent to the effect of approximately 1,1 billion trees over a period of 20 years.
Avoiding Emission of Greenhouse Gases
2nd gen. ethanol can further improve this benefit !
87% of domestic sugarcane harvest
Sugarcane area for ethanol production occupies 1.4% of
Brazilian arable lands
Note: Arable land (Censo IBGE 2006) 1) Total permanent and temporary crops (Censo IBGE 2006); Data for suybean, corn and sugarcane (IBGE 2010). 2) Pastures (Censo IBGE 2006 3) Protected areas and native vegetation (Gerd Spavorek 2009, not published) APP = Permanent Preservation Area; UC = Conservation Units and TI = Indigenous lands 4) Available area = arable land – Crop – Pastures. Source: ICONE and UNICA. Elaboration: UNICA.
Millions of hectares
% Brazil% arable
land Brazil 851.4
Total arable land 329.9
1. Total crop land 59.8 7.0% 18.1%
Soybean 23.3 2.7% 7.1%
Corn 12.9 1.5% 3.9%
Sugarcane 9.2 1.1% 2.8%
Sugarcane for ethanol 4.6 0.6% 1.4%
2. Pastures 158.7 18.6% 48.1%
3. Protected areas and native vegetation 495.6 58.2% -
4. Available area 137.2 16.2% -
Land Use
Life Cycle GHG by Feedstock
Note: Reductions in well-to-wheel CO2-equivalent GHG emissions per km, from bioethanol comparared to gasoline, calculated on a life-cycle basis. Source: IEA – International Energy Agency (May, 2004), based on a review of recent articles. Prepared by Icone and Unica.
Emissions avoided as the result of ethanol replacing gasoline
-100%
-80%
-60%
-40%
-20%
0%
Ethanol from grains(US / EU)
Ethanol from sugarbeet (EU)
Ethanol from sugarcane (Brazil)
WORLD BIOFUELS PROGRAMS
Oil consumption
Current Mandates
In discussion
Biofuel Filling Station
On-board reformer
A View of the Future ?
Reformer
H2
Ethanol & Butanol
Dedicated engines / FFV
FFV Hybrids Gasohol
Gasoline Blends
Sugarcane Diesel
& Biodiesel
Diesel Fuel Cell
BIOPLASTICS: A GROWING MARKET
Source: Braskem, Johnson & Johnson, The Coca-Cola Company, Tetra-Pak, and “The Graduate” (1967)
Sugarcane is now being used to replace
fossil fuel feedstocks.
Various companies have begun to
produce and market bioplastics from
sugarcane ethanol and other bio-sources.
UNICA SUPPORTS CERTIFICATION SCHEMES
What it is Multistakeholder forum
producers, tradings, industries and NGOs
Goal Promote sustainable production of sugarcane based on internationally accepted principles and measurable criteria and encourage adoption of best management and production practices in line with the three sustainable development pillars: social development, environmental protection and economic progress.
Principles
1. Law compliance
2. Human rights labor standards
3. Higher efficiencies to enhance sustainability
4. Management of biodiversity and ecosystems
5. Improvement of business key areas
Final Comments
Food & biofuels production are not incompatible technology innovation, political willingness and sound policies can foster production of both whenever possible.
Energy demand and global warming require sound and sustainable alternatives certification schemes and incentives can both identify and promote the best.
