Systems Engineering Toolkit for Infrastructure...Systems Engineering Toolkit for Infrastructure Toolkit version 1.0 January 2018 [email protected] What is Systems Engineering for

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Systems Engineering Toolkit for Infrastructure

Mikela Chatzimichailidou and Jennifer WhyteCentre for Systems Engineering and Innovation (CSEI)Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Toolkit version 1.0 January 2018

[email protected]

A Faculty of Engineering Centre in the Department of Civil and

Environmental Engineering

@CSEI_imperial

www.imperial.ac.uk/csei

@CSEI_imperial




[email protected]

What is Systems Engineering for

Infrastructure?

1. User-needs, process models and stage-

specific tools

2. Dependence modelling: Matrix and table-

based tools and methods

3. Modelling languages and Model-Based

Systems Engineering (MBSE)

4. Flow representations and dynamic flow

representations

5. Mathematical systems representation and

analysis

New directions for Infrastructure Systems

Engineering

This toolkit aims to provide:

• an overview of the fundamentals of systems

engineering for delivering infrastructure,

• a set of pointers to the existing resources,

• a starting point for developing new knowledge

about Systems Engineering (SE) and

Infrastructure.

Systems Engineering Toolkit for Infrastructure• SE has its origins in Systems Thinking,

encouraging the exploration of inter-

relationships, perspectives and boundaries

when systems encounter complex

situations and require a holistic and

systemic understanding*.

• Developed in aerospace and military to

manage large projects.

• A challenge in its application to

infrastructure is to address the multiple

stakeholders, and the open nature of

systems in infrastructure.


[email protected]

a) Origins

b) Definitions

c) History of ideas

d) Motivation

e) Systemic aspects

f) Value

g) Best practice


Infrastructure?


specific tools






representations


analysis


Engineering

*Introductory pieces to Systems Thinking: http://learningforsustainability.net/systems-thinking/

http://learningforsustainability.net/systems-thinking/


System

Subsystem Subsystem Subsystem


[email protected]

a) Origins

b) Definitions

c) History of ideas

d) Motivation

e) Systemic aspects

f) Value

g) Best practice

“…an interdisciplinary approach and means to

enable the realization of successful systems.”

(INCOSE 2015)

“…a discipline that concentrates on the design

and application of the whole (system) as distinct

from the parts.” (Ramo & Warfield 1978)

“…an iterative process of top-down synthesis,

development, and operation of a real-world

system.” (Eisner 2008)


Infrastructure?


specific tools






representations


analysis


Engineering

Walden, D. D., Roedler, G. J., Forsberg, K., Hamelin, R. D., & Shortell, T. M. (2015). Systems engineering handbook: A guide for system life cycle processes and activities. John Wiley & Sons.

Ramo, S., & Warfield, J. N. (1978). The Islands of E, CONO, and MY. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 8(6), 512-512.

Eisner, H. (2008). Essentials of project and systems engineering management. John Wiley & Sons.

Systems Engineering Toolkit for Infrastructurea) Origins

b) Definitions

c) History of ideas

d) Motivation

e) Systemic aspects

f) Value

g) Best practice


Infrastructure?


specific tools






representations


analysis


Engineering


[email protected]


b) Definitions

c) History of ideas

d) Motivation

e) Systemic aspects

f) Value

g) Best practice

• Coordinate across technical disciplines and system

components.

• Generate data about systems to support the

decision making process. (Johnson 1997)

Interconnectedness & interdependence

• Large unwieldy systems.

• Systems difficult to model or control,

usually developed in isolation and

controlled by different stakeholders.


Infrastructure?


specific tools






representations


analysis


Engineering


[email protected]

(Masterton et al. 2017),

https://www.ktn-uk.co.uk/news/future-

infrastructure-systems-symposium-review

Johnson, S. B. (1997). Three approaches to big technology: Operations research, systems engineering, and project management. Technology and Culture, 38(4), 891-919.

Masterton, G., Smith, S., Baker, H. R., Rush, D., & Harrison, G. (2017). Exploring Complex Systems at the Heart of Future Infrastructure, University of Edinburgh Report.

https://www.ktn-uk.co.uk/news/future-infrastructure-systems-symposium-review


b) Definitions

c) History of ideas

d) Motivation

e) Systemic aspects

f) Value

g) Best practice

• Safety, reliability, resilience & security

• Quality assurance

• Human factors engineering

• Training needs analysis

• Environmental engineering/ impact analysis

• Mass properties engineering

• Electromagnetic compatibility

• Value engineering

• Integrated logistics support

• Maintainability

• Producability

• Affordability/Cost-effectiveness

(INCOSE SE BoK 2017; NASA SE Handbook 2007)


Infrastructure?


specific tools






representations


analysis


Engineering


[email protected]

INCOSE (2017). Guide to the Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge (SEBoK) v1.8, http://sebokwiki.org/wiki/Guide_to_the_Systems_Engineering_Body_of_Knowledge_(SEBoK)

NASA (2007). NASA Systems Engineering Handbook Rev1, available online: https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_systems_engineering_handbook.pdf

http://sebokwiki.org/wiki/Guide_to_the_Systems_Engineering_Body_of_Knowledge_(SEBoK

https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_systems_engineering_handbook.pdf


b) Definitions

c) History of ideas

d) Motivation

e) Systemic aspects

f) Value

g) Best practice

• Manages complexity and change as they

escalate in products, services and society.

• Sets a top-level context and brings the right

bodies together early in the process.

• Extends the effort performed in concept

exploration to reduce the risk of hasty

commitments.

• Reduces the risk associated with new systems

or modifications to complex systems.

• Increases impact on innovation; a well-defined

plan is critical to establish and maintain new

inventions.

(INCOSE 2015)


Infrastructure?


specific tools






representations


analysis


Engineering


[email protected]

Walden, D. D., Roedler, G. J., Forsberg, K., Hamelin, R. D., & Shortell, T. M. (2015). Systems engineering handbook: A guide for system life cycle processes and activities. John Wiley & Sons.1Improving Delivery of London’s Infrastructure, https://www.london.gov.uk/file/18866/download?token=_cnB8nmX2Whyte, J. (2016). The future of systems integration within civil infrastructure: A review and directions for research. INCOSE International Symposium, 26(1), 1541-1555.

Berlin Brandenburg

Airport2

Crossrail1

https://www.london.gov.uk/file/18866/download?token=_cnB8nmX

Systems Engineering Toolkit for InfrastructureRecent research and best practice:a) Origins

b) Definitions

c) History of ideas

d) Motivation

e) Systemic aspects

f) Value

g) Best practice

INCOSE Handbook (2015); BoK (2017); –

tools/methods per stage on the life cycle

ProRail Guidance (2013) – tools/methods per

functionality

NASA SE Handbook (2007)

RAEng (2007)

Blockley and Godfrey (2017)


Infrastructure?


specific tools






representations


analysis


Engineering


[email protected]


a) ‘V’ diagram

d) Functional analyses


Infrastructure?


specific tools






representations


analysis


Engineering


[email protected]

• Identify, structure and

document the requirements

of a system.

• Hierarchical decomposition

of the system functionality.

(ProRail 2013)

Bottom image: US Department of Transport, Federal Highway Administration. Systems Engineering for Intelligent Transportation Systems, https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/seitsguide/section3.htm

ProRail (2013). Guideline for Systems Engineering within the civil engineering infrastructure v3, https://www.leidraadse.nl/assets/files/downloads/LeidraadSE/V3_EN/boek_Leidraad_SE_ENG_3_72dpi-def.pdf

https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/seitsguide/section3.htm

https://www.leidraadse.nl/assets/files/downloads/LeidraadSE/V3_EN/boek_Leidraad_SE_ENG_3_72dpi-def.pdf


a) ‘V’ diagram

d) Functional analyses


Infrastructure?


specific tools






representations


analysis


Engineering


[email protected]

(ProRail 2013)

ProRail (2013). Guideline for Systems Engineering within the civil engineering infrastructure v3, https://www.leidraadse.nl/assets/files/downloads/LeidraadSE/V3_EN/boek_Leidraad_SE_ENG_3_72dpi-def.pdf

Faction Analysis

System Technique

Faction Flow

Block Diagram

https://www.leidraadse.nl/assets/files/downloads/LeidraadSE/V3_EN/boek_Leidraad_SE_ENG_3_72dpi-def.pdf


• Matrices visualise coupled tasks.

• Their display can be manipulated to

emphasise certain features.

• Assess the degree of binding and

coupling to determine architectures

based on the natural structure of the

system.

• Record and aid the management of

interfaces in a system.

• Identify and document the

interconnectivity in a system to help

understand behaviours and provide

guidance for improvement.


[email protected]

a) Use

b) DSM and N2


Infrastructure?


specific tools






representations


analysis


Engineering


The Design Structure Matrix


[email protected]

(Khudaykova and

Danilovic 2007)

a) Use

b) DSM and N2

*https://www.burgehugheswalsh.co.uk/Uploaded/1/Documents/N2-

Analysis-Tool-Draft.pdf

See also: http://dsmweb.org/ and https://www-edc.eng.cam.ac.uk/cam/


Infrastructure?


specific tools






representations


analysis


Engineering

• A tool that uses an nxn matrix to

record the interconnections between

system elements – alias N2*.

Khudaykova, T., & Danilovic, M. (2007). System-level based IDM/DSM/DMM Dataset for Multi-Project Coordination. In DSM 2007: Proceedings of the 9th International DSM Conference, Munich, Germany, 16.-18.10.

2007.

https://www.burgehugheswalsh.co.uk/Uploaded/1/Documents/N2-Analysis-Tool-Draft.pdf

http://dsmweb.org/

https://www-edc.eng.cam.ac.uk/cam/


• Modelling and simulation practices replace

document-based approaches.

• MBSE is the formalised application of

modelling to support system requirements,

design, analysis, verification and validation

activities from design throughout development

and later life-cycle processes. (Estefan 2007)

• The aim is to improve communication among

stakeholders; enable complexity

management; improve product quality;

enhance knowledge capture; improve ability

to teach and learn SE fundamentals.

(INCOSE 2015)


[email protected]


Infrastructure?


specific tools






representations


analysis


Engineering

a) Use

b) SySML

c) MBSE

Estefan, J. A. (2007). Survey of model-based systems engineering (MBSE) methodologies. Incose MBSE Focus Group, 25(8).


• Systems Engineering Modelling

Language (SySML): A graphical

modelling language based on UML.

• Supports MBSE.


[email protected]


Infrastructure?


specific tools






representations


analysis


Engineering

a) Use

b) SySML

c) MBSE

The 4 pillars of SysML

(Friedenthal et al. 2009)

Friedenthal, S., Moore, A., & Steiner, R. (2009). OMG Systems Modeling Language (OMG SysML™) INCOSE Tutorial, http://www.omgsysml.org/INCOSE-OMGSysML-Tutorial-Final-090901.pdf

(Estefan 2007)

Estefan, J. A. (2007). Survey of model-based systems engineering (MBSE) methodologies. INCOSE MBSE Focus Group, 25(8).

http://www.omgsysml.org/INCOSE-OMGSysML-Tutorial-Final-090901.pdf



[email protected]


Infrastructure?


specific tools






representations


analysis


Engineering

a) Use

b) SySML

c) MBSE


IBM Telelogic Harmony-SE: process elements

(Estefan 2007)



[email protected]

INCOSE Object-Oriented SE Method: activities in the

system development process

(Estefan 2007)


Infrastructure?


specific tools






representations


analysis


Engineering

a) Use

b) SySML

c) MBSE



a) Influence

b) Systems dynamics

c) Petri net

d) Control theory


Infrastructure?


specific tools






representations


analysis


Engineering


[email protected]

Stakeholder Influence Map (Burge 2011)

Burge, S. (2011). Stakeholder Influence Map (SIM), https://www.burgehugheswalsh.co.uk/Uploaded/1/Documents/Stakeholder-Influence-Map-Tool-v1.pdf

• Stakeholder influence map: A tool for

capturing the potential stakeholders of a

system and the interactions/influences that

exist between them.

https://www.burgehugheswalsh.co.uk/Uploaded/1/Documents/Stakeholder-Influence-Map-Tool-v1.pdf


a) Influence

b) Systems dynamics

c) Petri net

d) Control theory

• Applied on system phenomena such as complex social, managerial, economic,

and ecological systems.

• Analyses real continuous system problems in which systems and components are

formulated in coupled and nonlinear ways.

• The causal loop diagram consists of positive and negative reinforcement, which

describe system growths and declines.

• Stock-and-flow (i.e. components and interactions) approach.


Infrastructure?


specific tools






representations


analysis


Engineering


[email protected]

(Leveson 2011)

Leveson, N. (2011). Engineering a safer world: Systems thinking applied to safety. MIT press.


a) Influence

b) Systems dynamics

c) Petri net

d) Control theory


Infrastructure?


specific tools






representations


analysis


Engineering


[email protected]

• A graphical tool for the description and analysis of concurrent processes,

which arise in systems with many components.

• Represents discrete dynamic system phenomena.

• Consists of two types of nodes: transitions and places.

• A modelling method that uses applied mathematics.

• State-transition (i.e. event and condition) approach.

Peterson, J. L. (1981). Petri net theory and the modeling of systems. Prentice-Hall.

(Peterson 1981)


a) Influence

b) Systems dynamics

c) Petri net

d) Control theory


Infrastructure?


specific tools






representations


analysis


Engineering


[email protected]

• Deals with the control of continuously operating dynamical systems in engineered

processes and machines.

• The objective is to develop a control model (control loop) for controlling such

systems using a control action in an optimum manner without delay or overshoot

and ensuring control stability.

• Control loops represent the action of control in process flows (see below).

(Leveson 2011)

Leveson, N. (2011). Engineering a safer world: Systems thinking applied to safety. MIT press.

Systems Engineering Toolkit for InfrastructureWhat is Systems Engineering for

Infrastructure?


specific tools






representations


analysis


Engineering

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Markov chain: A stochastic processes that satisfies the Markov property to model

many different processes and represent transitions between two states of a system at

time t. (Enqvist 2017).

Bayesian network: A probabilistic graphical model to analyse a large amount of

elements in a system; Uses the previous state of system to analyse a distribution of

system states; Permits qualitative and quantitative representation of the relations

between the variables of the model that represents a system. (Hassene et al.).

Monte Carlo: To get probabilities of different outcomes occurring; Assess the impact of

the new system over the existing conditions; Depict and study the interaction between

system components; Validate the designed system. (Ungureanu & Hartmann 2018)


[email protected]

Enqvist, P. (2017). Systems Engineering, Intro to Markov Chains, Organization and Systems Theory, Lecture notes,

https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0ahUKEwiLn5uCwOvXAhXKDMAKHdlFABM

QFgg2MAE&url=https%3A%2F%2Fkth.instructure.com%2Fcourses%2F3878%2Ffiles%2F535210%2Fdownload%3Fverifier

%3Dxr3NKAFF3BjVY3wC1BXOnaqcn7shlZ7Vntwv4ZuO%26wrap%3D1&usg=AOvVaw1_PIc6We6csm5U5fUJZsDR

El Hassene, A. M., Radouane, L., & Alaa, C. Bayesian networks for the evaluation of complex systems' availability, available

online: http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1256/poster1.pdf

Austin, M. F., Homberger, C., Ahalt, V., Doolittle, E., Polacek, G. A., & York, D. M. (2017, July). Applying Bayesian Networks to TRL Assessments–Innovation in Systems Engineering. In INCOSE International

Symposium (Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 1622-1634).

Ungureanu, L., & Hartmann, T. (2018). Civil Systems Engineering: Definition and Concepts, Construction Research

Congress.

https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0ahUKEwiLn5uCwOvXAhXKDMAKHdlFABMQFgg2MAE&url=https://kth.instructure.com/courses/3878/files/535210/download?verifier%3Dxr3NKAFF3BjVY3wC1BXOnaqcn7shlZ7Vntwv4ZuO%26wrap%3D1&usg=AOvVaw1_PIc6We6csm5U5fUJZsDR

http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1256/poster1.pdf


Infrastructure?


specific tools






representations


analysis


Engineering


[email protected]

Harrison, W. K. (2016). The Role of Graph Theory in System of Systems Engineering. IEEE Access, 4, 1716-1742.

Perelman, L., & Ostfeld, A. (2007). An adaptive heuristic cross-entropy algorithm for optimal design of water distribution systems. Engineering Optimization, 39(4), 413-428.

Dagli, C., & Anderson, M. S. (2007, April). Systems architecting heuristics for systems engineering management and embedded systems engineering. In Systems Conference, 2007 1st Annual IEEE (pp. 1-5). IEEE.

2/3

Graph Theory: Uses mathematical structures to model pairwise relations between

objects; It can introduce robust procedures for designing, testing, and modifying SoS

designs prior to a large investment for building prototypes; Graph algorithms and

databases are tools that may be big players in the SoSE space due to their inherent

extensibility and ability to model relationships; Relationships between systems is

where difficultly lies. (Harrison 2016)

Heuristics: Produces approximate solutions; Used for the optimal design of water

distribution systems. Such a system: (a) is a collection of hydraulic control elements

connected together to convey quantities of water from sources to consumers, (b) can

be described as a graph with the nodes representing the sources and consumers, and

the links representing the connecting elements: pipes, pumps, valves. (Perelman and

Ostfeld 2007); There are systems architecting heuristics that support requirements

development. (Dagli & Anderson 2007)


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Sensitivity Analysis: Studies the impact of input changes (nature and magnitude) on

outputs; Helps understand how much output variation is produced, by varying the

inputs of a system (Shearer et al. 2010); The objective is to calibrate complex models

(Ciuffo and Azevedo 2014) and enhance the validity of the simulation model. (Shearer

et al. 2010)


[email protected]

Shearer, N., Khasawneh, M., Zhang, J., Bowling, S., & Rabadi, G. (2010, April). Sensitivity analysis of a large-scale system dynamics immigration model. In Systems and Information Engineering Design Symposium

(SIEDS), 2010 IEEE (pp. 78-81). IEEE.

Ciuffo, B., & Azevedo, C. L. (2014). A sensitivity-analysis-based approach for the calibration of traffic simulation models. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 15(3), 1298-1309.


a) Modularisation

b) Connect models

c) Support decisions

d) Manage uncertainty


Infrastructure?

1. Matrix and table-based tools and

methods



3. Process models and stage-specific

tools


representations


Engineering


Infrastructure?


specific tools






representations


analysis


Engineering


[email protected]

• Explore and explain the role of SE in modular manufacturing.

• Identify the challenges of modularisation in systems integration.

• Develop tools for system decomposition and modularisation to be used

early in the design.


a) Modularisation

b) Connect models




Infrastructure?


methods




tools


representations


Engineering


Infrastructure?


specific tools






representations


analysis


Engineering


[email protected]

• Represent the cyber-physical nature of civil infrastructure through co-

modelling and co-simulations.

• Bring engineering disciplines together to combine data- and

knowledge-driven models.

• Develop demonstrators of model integration and abstract elements and

relationships.

Note: b, c and d cover three aspects of the “Rethinking Infrastructure Systems Engineering” (RISE) programme, starting in May if funded.


a) Modularisation

b) Connect models




Infrastructure?


methods




tools


representations


Engineering


Infrastructure?


specific tools






representations


analysis


Engineering


[email protected]

• Derive design characteristics for the growing complexity of infrastructure.

• Promote a graphical cloud-supported design space for exploring and

reducing the design space.

• Develop new analysis and design tools that describe and quantify the impact

of alternative design choices on the robustness, stability and resilience of

infrastructure SoS.



a) Modularisation

b) Connect models




Infrastructure?


methods




tools


representations


Engineering


Infrastructure?


specific tools






representations


analysis


Engineering


[email protected]

• Develop new techniques to compare model outputs with empirical data

and to visualise systemic consequences.

• Introduce new approaches to quantifying uncertainty and risk.

• Advance new forms of sensitivity analysis and investigate global

approaches for infrastructure projects using co-modelling and co-

simulations.




[email protected]


Infrastructure?


specific tools






representations


analysis


Engineering

Next steps:

• Transition to version 2.0 organised by project stage (e.g.

planning etc.).

• Keep (do not replace with version 2.0) version 1.0 as an

introduction and orientation to SE in delivering

infrastructure.

• Toolkit assessment through workshops and interviews with

experts from academia and industry.

• Early results from interviews suggest that there is a need to

translate the output of the SE tools into an action plan.

ADD IMAGE


Mikela Chatzimichailidou and Jennifer WhyteCentre for Systems Engineering and Innovation (CSEI)Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering


[email protected]

A Faculty of Engineering Centre in the Department of Civil and

Environmental Engineering

@CSEI_imperial


@CSEI_imperial
