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8/14/2019 Systems Engineering Described
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Systems Engineering
Described
12/28/09 Robert Johnson
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Definition
Systems Engineering is:
A structured approach to the development of
complex, engineered systems.
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Components of Systems Engineering
The Whole System Approach
Project Management
The Iterative Design andEvaluation Method
Risk Management
Interface Design
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The Whole System Approach
Top-down design, optimizing for system effectiveness, not component
effectiveness.
E.g. Metallic structures on spacecraft can magnify radiation hazards. Metal
may be the best choice for the frame component, but may not be the bestchoice for the whole system.
Design the right system.
Systems design is inherently interdisciplinary. Systems Engineers must
possess and cultivate broad technical knowledge.
Manage subsystem interactions.
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Project Management
Manage cost, resource allocation, and scheduling constraints
from an engineering standpoint.
Collect the Voice of Customer (VOC), communicate with
stakeholders, and manage and coordinate suppliers.
Prepare and maintain a current Systems Engineering
Management Plan (SEMP) as the primary control document
for all system development activities.
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The Iterative Design and Evaluation Method
The Systems Engineering method is an iterative
process by which a system concept is developed
and refined, with continual evaluation againstrequirements, until a completed and functional
system design is produced that meets the goals
established for the system.
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The Iterative Design and Evaluation Method
1. Develop system performance and cost
requirements.
2. Develop multiple system concepts that can satisfy
most or all of the requirements.
3. Select a concept and begin the design / evaluation
loop.
4. Produce and implement the system.
Define
Concept
Design/Evaluate
Implement
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The Design / Evaluation Loop
At the outset of the design / evaluation loop, the system concept has
poor definition. Each pass through the loop increases the detail of the
design.
Also, at the outset there are many risks and unknowns. As detail is addedto the design, frequent evaluation of the design through testing and
simulation identifies problems that are then corrected in subsequent
design iterations. In this way risk is diminished on each pass through the
loop.
The design / evaluation loop concludes when a system design that
satisfies the performance and cost requirements is complete, and when all
risks relevant to the design have been abated or effectively managed.
EvaluateDesign
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Risk Management
Systems design carries large inherent risks relating to complexity and the
need to reach new levels of performance.
Some common systems risks are:
Interdependencies between subsystems magnify the effects of point failures.
Complex system behavior may be difficult to model or predict (greater than the sum of
its parts).
System dynamics are strongly characterized by bottlenecks, load variations, and
feedback loops.
New failure modes arise due to novel design, new technology, or increasing complexity.
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Interface Design
The Systems Engineer (or team) is wholly responsible for the
specification and design of system interfaces.
Create and maintain current Interface Control Documents (ICDs) for all system
interfaces.
Interfaces carry material, information and energy between
components. Interface types include mechanical, electrical,
and data.
Interfaces are loaded junctions exposed to hazards from
more than one direction.
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Interface Design (cont.)
Interfaces are sensitive to peak loads, and are
natural bottlenecks that can limit system
performance.Interfaces can be the source of unintended
feedback loops.
The more complex a system is the more criticalinterface design becomes.
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Misconceptions About SystemsEngineering
Systems Engineering is a relatively new discipline, and not well-
understood in general industry, or in business. The term Systems
Engineer is often mistakenly applied to IT specialists. As has been
noted, Systems Engineers are generalists and not specialists of any
kind.
Systems Engineering was invented by the aerospace industry, and is
closely associated with it. However, Systems Engineering has broad
applications in manufacturing, civil engineering, business andenterprise management, public policy, and anywhere that a systems
approach can be valuable.
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The Future of Systems Engineering
Systems Engineering is already being broadly applied to the redesign ofAmericas transportation and power generation networks, and similar
projects.
The application of principals of Systems Engineering outside of industrial
and civil applications is just starting to be investigated. One significantrecent development is the use of the Systems Engineering method in
Financial Engineering, currently under research at the University of
Illinois.
The use of Systems Engineering within Economics for the purpose of
designing effective public policies , and for engineering market-
effective solutions in business is a new field where research is just
beginning.