Systems Development

Dr. Ashok Agarwal

Development Models

RAD

Waterfall

Proto type –RAD /

Waterfall

System Development life cycle

System Requirement Document

• System Design Document• System Specification Document• Test Plans

• Study of existing system

• Defining user needs

• Gaps, if any

• Conceptual Design.

• Detailed Design

• Design Database

• Design Processes

• Detailed Programming.

• Testing

• Conversion

• Training of end users

• On-going maintenance

Systems Analysis

Systems Design & Development

Implementation

PrototypingIdentify basic

requirements

Develop a working

prototype

Use the prototype

User satisfied

Revise & enhance prototype

Operational prototype

No

Yes

End User Computing• Developed by end users with no assistance from

technical group

Manager Staff MIS Management

Systems Analyst

Programmer

Months

TRADITIONAL

Manager Staff End-user Computing Tools

Minutes or Days

END USERS

Design Programming Test

The Onsite - Offshore Model

Review Reports, Test Reports, Walk Through, Internal Quality Audit, Non conformance, Change Control Document

Proj. Mgt. Plan, Quality Plan, Master Proj. Plan, Wkly. Plans, Time Sheets, Proj. Status Report, Milestone Status Report Communication Review Meetings

Design DetailingSetup

Environment

Study / Design(SDD)

On site

SQL Star

Offshore DevelopmentCenter

SetupEnvironment

AcceptanceTrainingSupport

Coding,Testing Reworks

Support

Testing

Client

Onsite - Offshore Model- Project Organization

Structure

On Site

Core Team

OffshoreProject Manager

Project LeaderArchitect SE QA

QAML1 ML2 ML3

SE SE SE SE

Business Process Reengineering

• Need to redesign business processes before

introducing computers.

• Mortgage Application Process - Example

Before BPR

After BPR

Before ReengineeringCredit

Reporting

Prequalification Document Generation

Application Processing

Credit Analysis & underwriting

Approval & Closing

• Loan limit estimates• Loan structuring

options• Maximum monthly payment estimates

• Application Documents• Disclosure Documents• Compliance Documents• Credit analysis

worksheets

• Appraisal• Title search• Credit checking &

scoring

• Closing calculations

• Closing documents

• Set up for servicing

Value

and risk

Transfer to secondary

market

Payment Processing &

Reporting

Escrow Management

Customer service

Collections, bankruptcies &

foreclosures• Payment

accounting• Statements • Tax reporting

• Hazard insurance accounting

• Private mortgage insurance

• accounting• Property tax accounting

• Balance inquiries• Escrow inquiries• Statement requests

• Late payment notices

• Management of delinquent accounts

• Loan inventory• Gain/loss calculations• Risk Mgmt• Loan purchase & sale

Mgmt

• Loan pooling• Loan shipment

Servicing of loan in multiple locations by specialists in credit analysis and underwriters

Loan servicing by specialists in insurance and escrow

Organization of loan: paper application

After Reengineering

Regional Production

Center

Loan Origination

Team

Loan Servicing

Team

Field Rep

Laptop

Information

Customer

PreapprovedCredit limit

Dial-up network of intranet

Loan servicing by specialists working as a team

Regional production center:teams process open applications

Loan processing by teams of loan representatives who handle whole cases

Work Flow Management

• Automating processes for routing documents to

different locations,securing approvals scheduling and generating reports.

• Ability to retrieve document/file.

• Multiple people working on the same document

in parallel, if necessary

Key Processes

Project Management Testing & Reviews Configuration

Management Documentation

Project Management

For development

projectsDriven by requirements / study

Emphasis on design

For maintenance

projectsDriven by change requests

Emphasis on impact analysis

Process Flow – Software Development

Marketing

Request for Proposalfrom prospective client

Proposal

Proposal Team

Contract Signed

Project Initiation & Planning

Requirements StudyRequirements Specification

Document

Design Design Documents

Development Testing & Quality Assurance Software Delivery

User Acceptance & Sign-off

Post delivery support / warranty

Process Flow (Development Projects)

Contract Review PMP & QP Requirements

Specification (Prototype) System Design Development & Testing Configuration

Management

Process Flow (Maintenance Projects)

Contract Review PMP & QP Requirements Specification /

Change Requests Impact Analysis & System

Specifications Development & Testing Configuration Management

Project Planning Process

Project Initiation

ProjectRequirements

Note

Project Initiation

Note

Allocation of Resources

Preparation of PMP & QPPMP & QP

Review & Approval of PMP & QP

Applying Methodology mentioned in PMP & QP till the project

closure

PSR,MIS, Review Reports, Audit Reports, C & PA action point …

Testing

Testing each program separately.Test the system as a whole.Final certification.

Will the System produce desired results?

• Extremely complex and time consuming and FRUSTRATING

• Test Plan – Prepared by development team

along with “USERS”.

• Unit Testing :• System Testing :• Acceptance Testing :

Testing & Reviews

All the documents are reviewed All the software components

are tested Metrics collected on defects,

schedules and efforts Analysis done and

improvements suggested

Testing ProcessReviewed TP SSD Standards

Coding / Rework

Testing by SE

Bug Free

Add TCs

TPA by SENo

Yes

No

Apply SCM

Yes

Testing by PM Add TCs

TPA by SE

Yes

Bug Free No

Defect logging

No

Assessment

Defect Assignment

Rework / Initial

Initial Coding

Update the defect DB

Rework

Testing by QA

Add TCs

TPA by QAE

Yes

Yes

Bug Free No

No

Mark for release

Yes

Configuration Management

Change ManagementHow the requests are received

How they are addressed & closed

Version ManagementHow different versions are

managed

What are the changes in each

version

Change Management

Document the changes into CCD

Receive the change requests

A

A

Testing by QA

CCD Closure

Release to QA

PM Reviews the work

Developer completes the coding & testing

Assign CCD work to Developer

Prepare the specification Documents & Test Plans

Get the approval

Study the impact, estimate efforts & schedule (PM)

Customer Focus/Satisfaction

Customer Feedback

Customer Satisfaction

Rating

Analysis and action

Documentation

Process Documents Project Management Plan

Quality Plan

Technical Documents Requirements Specification Document

User Interface Standards Document

System Analysis Document

System Design Document

System Specification Document

User Manual

System Manual

Conversion

Process of changing Old System to New System.• Parallel Approach :

• EXPENSIVE• Danger of both systems operating

• Direct Cut over : • On a appointed time changeover “VERY

RISKY”

• Pilot Study : Introduce in Limited Area and expand.

• Phased Approach – Implement in stages.DETAILED DOCUMENTATION & END USER TRAINING REQUIRED

Thank you