System of Fish Farming

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

  • 8/13/2019 System of Fish Farming

    1/21

    Class Notes on Aquaculture Diploma in Agriculture (3rdyear)

    Classification of Fish Species

    A. Based On the Feeding Niche

    1. Surface Feeder

    Silver carpHypothalmichthys molitrix !"ytoplan#ton feederC"inese carp $ig "ead carpAristrichthys nobilis

    $"a#ur Catla catla Zooplankton feeder

    %. $ottom FeederCommon Carp (&sareli Carp) Cyprinus carpio'rigalnaini Cirrihinus mrigla

    3. Column Feedero"uLabeo rohitaSilver *ar*Puntius gonionotus+rass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella,ilapia Oreochromis mossambicus

    B. On the basis of feeding Habit

    -. ooplan#ton feeder$ig "ead carpAristrichthys nobilis$"a#ur Catla catlaain*o/ ,rout Oncorhynchus mykiss

    0. !"ytoplan#ton feederSilver carpHypothalmichthys molitrix+rass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellao"uLabeo rohita

    . 2mnivorous

    Nile ,ilapia Oreochromis niloticusSa"ar Tor torAfrican Catfis" Clarias gariepinus

    . DetrivorousFres" /ater !ra/n Macrobrachium rosenbergii

    C. Other classification

    4. 5eed Fis"esPuntius sp

    Fa#eta6as*ora6C"el"a

    7. !redatory fis"esChanna sp. (8ile)Clarias batrachus ('angur'ungri)!allago attu ( $u"ari)Mystus seenghala(,engro)

    1 'adan $"andari 'emorial Academy6 Nepal &nstructor $i*e# Ac"arya6 %99

  • 8/13/2019 System of Fish Farming

    2/21

    Class Notes on Aquaculture Diploma in Agriculture (3rdyear)

    2.2. Cage and pen fish culture

    2.2.1. General Considerations.

    Cage culture

    Cage is defined as t"e rearing of fis" from :uvenile stage to commercial si;e in a volume of

    /ater enclosed on all sides including *ottom *y net6 /"ile allo/ing t"e free circulation of

    /ater t"roug"out cage unit. &t is porta*le and can *e carried from almost all standing /ater to

    flo/ing /ater. &t is /ell adopted in area /"ic" cannot *e drained out e.g in la#e.&t is an

    innovative tec"nique to economic use of t"e /ater mass /"ic" cannot *e used for ot"er purpose.

    egular investigation of fis"es and t"eir feeds is muc" easier.

    8arvesting of t"e fis" is comparatively easier and desira*le quantity at time.

    2verall operation activities and installment is easier.

    % 'adan $"andari 'emorial Academy6 Nepal &nstructor $i*e# Ac"arya6 %99

  • 8/13/2019 System of Fish Farming

    3/21

    Class Notes on Aquaculture Diploma in Agriculture (3rdyear)

    Since t"e mes" of t"e net is small6 t"ere is less c"ance of escaping fis" from t"e mes"

    and less c"ance of predators attac#.

    ,"e diagnosis and treatment of t"e diseases is muc" simpler t"an pond culture.

    ,"e provision of inlet and outlet system is not required.

    &t covers t"e part of t"e /ater mass6 so t"e ot"er part can *e used for ot"er purpose.

    !isadantages of Cage and Pen fish far"ing

    ,"e ris# of t"eft is "ig".

    &f net or cage is not maintained regularly t"en small "ole in cage may cause "uge loss.

    ,"e fis" #ept in cage cannot get t"e natural feeds according t"eir c"oice.

    Dissolved 2%in pond may *e decreased in t"e summer and t"at may *e pro*lematic for

    t"e fis".2.2.2. #$pes of Cages

    A. On the basis of "aterials used

    1. $am*oo Cage

    ,"e locally made *am*oos are used. ,"ese are of t/o si;es. 2ne is %?%?%.0 m 3and ot"er

    is %?%?% m3. ,"ese types of cage are constructed /it" t"e *am*oo frames and *am*oo

    stripes /it" 3@- cm space for /ater circulation. ,"is type of cage can *e painted /it" t"e

    enamel to prevent /eat"ering. ,"ese types of cage are convenient in "andling so are

    popular.

    %. 5ooden Cage

    ,"e locally availa*le /ooden plan#s are used in t"is type of cage construction. Cages are

    of -4 m3 si;e and are constructed *y sal plan#s generally. ,"ese plan#s are arranged

    closely /it" 1@% cm spacing on t"e frame. ,"ese types of cages are not so popular due to

    its /eig"t and *ul#y nature.

    3. Nylon or polyt"ene net cage

    ,"ese cases are most popular among t"e fis" gro/ers. All most all t"e cages t"at are

    used in Nepal are of 09 m3 (0?0?%)6 *ecause t"ey are easy to "andle and maintenance.

    Dura*ility of polyt"ene cages is "ig"er comparatively t"an ot"ers.

    -. &ron Angled Nylon Cage

    3 'adan $"andari 'emorial Academy6 Nepal &nstructor $i*e# Ac"arya6 %99

  • 8/13/2019 System of Fish Farming

    4/21

    Class Notes on Aquaculture Diploma in Agriculture (3rdyear)

    &t consists of frame of iron angle /it" nylon mes". +enerally iron angled of 1.3 cm or

    1.7 cm are /elded toget"er to form a frame of -?B?%.0 m3 cage area. +enerally empty oil

    drums are mounted at - sides of cages. So as to #eep it floating on t"e /ater mass. ,"e

    cage is provided /it" top cover /it" /ire mes".

    B. On the basis of Floating nature

    1. Fi%ed cage

    ,"is type of cage is fi

  • 8/13/2019 System of Fish Farming

    5/21

    Class Notes on Aquaculture Diploma in Agriculture (3rdyear)

    8ead carp are *eing cultivated commercially in la#es. Stoc#ing of 10@%0 gram average /eig"t of

    t"e fis" species at t"e density of 19 fingerlings per m3 area are stoc#ed.

    2.2.(. Far"ing Operations

    2.2.(.1. )aintenances and care of cage

    &t is essential to #eep t"e cage clean to reduce mortality of t"e fis"es due to inadequate 2 %

    supply. !eriodic cleaning s"ould *e done manually *rus"ing in@situ or cage removed and cleaned

    and again put in /ater. %@0 o"u can *e used as t"e *iological cleaning agent in t"e cage.

    egular gro/t" c"ec# is necessary for *etter production of fis"es.

    2.2.(.2. Haresting of Fishes

    8arvesting is relatively easy in cages. &n /ell framed cages6 suc" as *am*oo or /ooden cages6

    "arvesting can *e done *y using a large scoop net. 8arvesting is done /"en t"ey reac"ed t"e

    mar#eta*le si;e6 to c"ec# t"e gro/t" rate and disease investigation. 8arvesting is done in partial

    or as a /"ole (total *iomass "arvest). &n 1 year 0.% #gm3 fis" can *e "arvested. "#ai and

    Mulmi$ %&&'( . estoc#ing s"ould *e done as soon as possi*le.

    3.5. Types of Fish culture

    3.5.1. Monoculture 2n t"e *asis of fis" species cultivated fis" culture system fis" culture system "as *eenclassified.Fis" production system /"ere only type of fis" species are reared in t"e /ater *ody is #no/n as

    t"e monoculture system. eg. trout6 tilapia6 catfis" etc species are cultivated singly in t"e /ater

    *ody. 'onoculture of "ig" mar#et oriented6 "ig" valued fis" species are in practice. Complete

    feeding is necessary for t"e monoculture system.

    8ere are t"e some of t"e advantages of t"e monoculture system.

    ,"e feeding practice is easy. i.e one type of feeding "a*it of fis".

    &t permits great control over t"e age6 si;e and se< of t"e fis".

    'anagement operation is easy to operate.

    Selective "arvest of t"e mar#eta*le fis" can *e done.

    Suita*le for t"e farmers /"o "ave less land.

    Disadvantages of t"is systemE

    Natural productivity of t"e pond is not fully utili;ed.

    Availa*le space in /ater is not fully utili;ed.

    0 'adan $"andari 'emorial Academy6 Nepal &nstructor $i*e# Ac"arya6 %99

  • 8/13/2019 System of Fish Farming

    6/21

    Class Notes on Aquaculture Diploma in Agriculture (3rdyear)

    'a

  • 8/13/2019 System of Fish Farming

    7/21

    Class Notes on Aquaculture Diploma in Agriculture (3rdyear)

    3.5.3. Integrated fish farming&t is t"e system of fis" farming along /it" t"e ot"er enterprises. Fis" enterprises can *e

    integrated /it" t"e ot"er type of crop6 livestoc# enterprises. &t is more profita*le and /astes can

    *e utili;ed properly.

    1.Horticulture cu" fish far"ing

    Fis" culture along /it" t"e fruits6 vegeta*les and flo/ers is #no/n as t"e "orticulture

    cum fis" farming. &n 1 "a of pond 9.3 "a is availa*le for di#es on /"ic" fruits li#e

    *anana6 papaya 6 citrus and vegeta*les of flo/ers can *e cultivated. =eaves and /astes

    are used as t"e fis" feed and manure and pond /ater can *e used as t"e irrigation /ater.

    2.,iestoc- cu" fish far"ing

    Fis" farming can *e integrated /it" all most all type of t"e livestoc# components. $ut

    pig6 duc#6 poultry and cattle are commonly used. Fis" species e.g common carp6 C"inesecarp and &ndian ma:or carps6 Nile tilapia are generally reared in integrated fis" farming.

    2.1. Pig Fish Far"ing

    ,"e integration of pig /it" t"e fis" farming is "ig"ly profita*le *usiness. C"inese says6

    !igs are t"e costless fertili;er factory moving on "oovesG. 2nly 9 of t"e feed is

    digested *y t"e pig and remaining 39 is e

  • 8/13/2019 System of Fish Farming

    8/21

    Class Notes on Aquaculture Diploma in Agriculture (3rdyear)

    ,"ere is co@e

  • 8/13/2019 System of Fish Farming

    9/21

    Class Notes on Aquaculture Diploma in Agriculture (3rdyear)

    &f rice failed6 it /ill *e compensated *y t"e fis".

    ,ypes of t"e ice cum fis" farming

    1. Capture system

    &t is t"e system of capturing t"e natural fis" in t"e rice field. ,"ere is no stoc#ing. ,renc"

    is prepared in one place and fis"es are captured.

    %. Culture system

    &n t"is system fingerlings are stoc#ed and reared in rice field. &t can *e done as

    simultaneous culture /it" rice /"ere Fingerlings are released after some time of

    transplanting and "arvest *efore rice "arvesting. &n rotational culture system fingerlings

    are released in t"e rice field after "arvest of rice to t"e period of rice transplanting.

    #echni*ues of rice cu" fish far"ing

    1. Site selection

    ,"e follo/ing points s"ould *e considered /"ile selecting site for rice cum fis" farming.

    ,"e availa*ility of adequate /ater supply.

    Soil "aving good /ater "olding capacity6 prefera*ly loamy soil(!"@7)

    Near to t"e residence for care and management.

    Sites /"ic" are prone to t"e flood and landslides s"ould not *e avoided.

    +enerally %99@%999 m%plot s"ould *e ta#en for easy management.

    %. Di#e*und construction

    ,"e di#e s"ould *e sufficiently increased so t"at it can "old at least 10 cm /ater. +enerally

    di#e of 09 cm *asal /idt"6 09 cm "ig" and 39 cm at t"e top /idt" s"ould *e constructed. 5ire

    net s"ould *e #ept in t"e inlet and outlet of /ater entry. &nlet and outlet s"ould *e constructed

    in diagonal position to allo/ t"e complete /ater supply in t"e field.

    3. ,renc" construction

    ,"e trenc" acts as a refuse for fis" /"en t"e /ater level drops to lo/6 /"en t"e temperature of

    rice fields is too "ig" and /"en t"ere is t"reat of predators. &t also serves as a catc" *asin. &n

    Nepal perip"eral6 linear6 , s"aped trenc" are practiced.

    a. !erip"eral trenc"

    7 'adan $"andari 'emorial Academy6 Nepal &nstructor $i*e# Ac"arya6 %99

  • 8/13/2019 System of Fish Farming

    10/21

    Class Notes on Aquaculture Diploma in Agriculture (3rdyear)

    09 cm /ide and 09 cm deep trenc" is construction all around t"e field. ,renc" s"ould not cover

    more t"an 19 area of t"e field.

    *. !ond refuse

    !ond instead of trenc" is also practiced. &t can *e in t"e corner or in t"e middle of t"e pond. &t

    may *e circular6 rectangular /it" 1 meter deep and generally covers 19 of rice field.

    !erip"eral ,renc" , s"aped trenc"

    ActiitiesPractices for /ice cu" fish far"ing

    1. Species selection

    For rice fis" farming t"ere must *e some desira*le qualities /"ic" are as follo/sE

    ,"ey must t"rive in s"allo/ /ater

    ,"ey must tolerate "ig" /ater temperature.

    ,"ey must tolerate in lo/ dissolved 2%.

    ,"ey must /it"stand fairly "ig" tur*idity

    ,"ey must gro/ rapidly to mar#eta*le si;e.

    ,"ey must not s"o/ escaping tendency li#e /ild fis"es.

    +enerally common carp6 Nile tilapia are in practice in Nepal /"ereas silver *ar* can also

    cultivate.

    %. ice varieties selection

    +enerally late maturing varieties of rice are *eing practiced in t"e rice@fis" farming system.

    ice varieties s"ould tolerate t"e "ig" /ater logging condition and t"ey s"ould not *e lodging

    type. 'ansuli (100 days of maturity)6 sa*itri (1-9 days of maturity)6 ad"a@- (1%0 days of

    maturity)6 Iana#i6 8imali6 #anc"an6 $arse@16 $arse@% varieties are suita*le.

    3. !reparation of land and transplanting of rice.

    19 'adan $"andari 'emorial Academy6 Nepal &nstructor $i*e# Ac"arya6 %99

  • 8/13/2019 System of Fish Farming

    11/21

    Class Notes on Aquaculture Diploma in Agriculture (3rdyear)

    =and preparation is generally done as general practices. Seedlings are transplanted at a distance

    of %9@%0 cmE t"is allo/s space for fis" movement. 5ater dept" of 10@%0 cm deep s"ould

    maintain.

    -. Fis" stoc#ing

    Small fingerlings can *e stoc#ed as soon as transplanting of rice for proper gro/t" of fis" *ut

    t"e large fingerlings (H19 cm) s"ould *e stoc#ed after 19@10 days after transplanting (DA,).

    A*out 999 fingerlings per "ectare (109@%09 per ropani) of common carp and 7999 fingerlings

    per "a of Nile ,ilapia or mi

  • 8/13/2019 System of Fish Farming

    12/21

  • 8/13/2019 System of Fish Farming

    13/21

    Class Notes on Aquaculture Diploma in Agriculture (3rdyear)

    3.3. Fish Feeds

    ,"e gro/t" of fis" is directly related to t"e amount of food availa*le in t"e pond. Natural ponds

    are most economical source of nutrients *ut may not *e sufficient. ,"us6 proper management of

    feeding is important to ma

  • 8/13/2019 System of Fish Farming

    14/21

    Class Notes on Aquaculture Diploma in Agriculture (3rdyear)

    spirodela6 "ydrilla6 pistia. ,errestrial plants used are napier6 mul*erry6 *anana6

    ipil@ ipil6 peas etc.

    %. Formulated feed (Supplementary feed)

    ,"ese are food t"at is derived from plant and animal sources *ut is processed in some

    /ay. ,"ese are supplementary foods in t"e pond to promote t"e gro/t" of fis" in a direct

    /ay. Supplementary feeds must "ave follo/ing c"aracters

    >asily availa*le on reasona*le lo/ cost.

    !roteinous and readily accepta*le.

    >asily digesta*le.

    8ig" conversion value.

    >asy to transport.

    8ig" #eeping quality.

    #$pes of supple"entar$ feeds

    1. !lant feeds

    !lant materials are t"e ma:or source of feed for fis" culture.

    2il Ca#es t"ese are t"e ric" source of protein and lipids in fis" feeds. 'ustard oil

    ca#e6 soy*eans oil ca#e6 cotton seed ca#e6 peanut ca#e6 sesame ca#e6 and

    sunflo/er seed ca#e etc are some of t"e oil ca#es used as fis" feed. +rains and *y products many grains as a /"ole and t"eir *yproducts are also

    used as t"e fis" feed. ,"ese are t"e ma:or source of car*o"ydrates in t"e fis" feed6

    t"ey "ave lo/ protein 4@1%6 NF> 00@96 starc" and lipid %@4.. +rains used

    are rice6 /"eat6 corn6 *arley6 oat6 sorg"um6 and *y products are rice *ran6 /"eat

    *ran6 /"eat flour etc.

    %. Animals feeds

    ,"ese are t"e ma:or source of protein (-9@49) made from t"e *yproduct of processing

    factories6 slaug"ter "ouse. >.g. fis" meal6 s"rimp meal6 *one po/der and feat"er po/der.

    Feed #$pe Crude Protein 3

    A. Oil Ca-es

    'ustard oil ca#e %9@30Soya*ean ca#e -9@09+roundnut oil ca#e %0@39Cotton seed ca#e 30@-0

    1- 'adan $"andari 'emorial Academy6 Nepal &nstructor $i*e# Ac"arya6 %99

  • 8/13/2019 System of Fish Farming

    15/21

    Class Notes on Aquaculture Diploma in Agriculture (3rdyear)

    Sunflo/er seed ca#e -9@09B. Grains and Bran

    5"eat *ran 19@10ice *ran 11@10Cornice @7$arley 19@1%

    C. Ani"al products

    Fis" meal 00@0S"rimp meal -9@09$lood meal 49@79Feat"er po/der 49@79

    5"ile feeding t"e fis" /e must *e a/are on t"e follo/ing t"ings

    ,"e feed s"ould *e given at t"e fi

  • 8/13/2019 System of Fish Farming

    16/21

    Class Notes on Aquaculture Diploma in Agriculture (3rdyear)

    'ai;e flour 19

    5"eat *ran 1-

    5"eat flour 1%

    Soya*ean flour -

    'ustard oil ca#e 3

    Fis" meal -0

    !rocedure

    1. First calculate t"e *asal from t"e lo/ protein concentration feeds.

    ice *ran 1%

    'ai;e flour 19

    5"eat *ran 1-

    5"eat flour 1%

    ,otal -4

    Average M(1%191-1%)-

    M 1%

    =o/ !rotein concentrationM 1%

    %. Average from "ig" protein concentration feeds.

    Soya*ean flour -

    'ustard oil ca#e 3

    Fis" meal -0

    ,otal 1%

    Average (-3-0)3M-%

    8ig" protein concentrationM -%

    3. No/ from !earsonLs square met"od find out t"e amount of *asal and 8!C for %0

    protein requirement feed.

    2r6

    1 'adan $"andari 'emorial Academy6 Nepal &nstructor $i*e# Ac"arya6 %99

    @

    %0

    =!C 1%

    8!C -9

    10

    13

  • 8/13/2019 System of Fish Farming

    17/21

  • 8/13/2019 System of Fish Farming

    18/21

    Class Notes on Aquaculture Diploma in Agriculture (3rdyear)

    e

  • 8/13/2019 System of Fish Farming

    19/21

    Class Notes on Aquaculture Diploma in Agriculture (3rdyear)

    Handling and care at stoc-ing ti"e

    5e must *e careful at t"e time of fis" stoc#ing in t"e pond. Fis" fingerlings or fry from one

    "a*itat to ot"er ta#es time to ad:ust in t"e ne/ /ater and temperature. 5e s"ould not stoc# t"e

    fingerlingsfry more t"an t"e carrying capacity of t"e pond. Same si;ed6 /eig"t and "ealt"

    condition fingerlings s"ould *e used. ,"e proper time of t"e stoc#ing is *efore 19 am. 'ore t"an

    09c temperature may cause t"e mortality so acclimati;ation must *e done *y #eeping t"e pac# of

    fingerlings in t"e /ater for O "our *efore stoc#ing. Dipping t"e fingerlings in potassium

    permagnet solution may reduce t"e parasite attac#. Do not put directly from t"e a*ove *ut

    release t"e fingerlings in t"e /ater surface gently *y opening t"e mout" of pac#.

    Post stoc-ing care and "anage"ent

    &mmediately after releasing t"e fingerlings into t"e pond t"e inlet and outlet s"ould *e c"ec#ed

    /ell. !rovision and availa*ility of *ot" artificial and natural food s"ould *e in proper time.

    egular c"ec# up s"ould *e done if t"e fis" is not proper feeding or not6 rate of mortality6

    predators attac# and ot"er management s"ould *e done for t"e fis" stoc#ed in t"e pond.

    3.8.Fish predators and their control

    Fis"es are attac#ed *y t"e num*ers of predators. !redators are t"ose /"ic" prey and feed on t"e

    ot"er. Fis" are "ig"ly attac#ed *y t"ose creatures and are t"e serious t"reat for t"e production.

    !redators feed regularly on t"e fis" species if are not managed properly in time. Some of t"e fis"

    predators and t"eir control are discussed in t"is c"apter.

    a. 6nsect predator

    $ug is "ig"ly predatory and t"ey attac#ed t"e carps "atc"lings and fry *y piercing t"e *ody

    /it" t"eir s"arp *ea# and suc# out t"e *ody fluid. ,"e *eetles are nonsense to t"e fis" pond as

    t"ey damage t"e spa/n. Similarly nymp" dragon fly are aquatic and "ig"ly predatory on carps

    young fingerlings.

    Control

    !ond must *e #ept out of aquatic insects al/ays *efore stoc#ing. Sometimes insect can *e

    controlled *y using net or /ire net in inlet and outlet. =iming *efore stoc#ing "as positive

    effect on t"e insect predator control.

    17 'adan $"andari 'emorial Academy6 Nepal &nstructor $i*e# Ac"arya6 %99

  • 8/13/2019 System of Fish Farming

    20/21

    Class Notes on Aquaculture Diploma in Agriculture (3rdyear)

    b. /eptilian predator

    5ater sna#e and tortoise are t"e common reptiles t"at occur in fis" pond generally. ,"ey

    directly attac# on fingerling and even ta*le fis" and significant num*er of fis" species can *e

    reduced *y reptiles. Among t"e reptiles sna#e is t"e ma:or t"reat in fis" culture.

    Control

    Sna#e can *e controlled *y ma#ing sna#e traps. ,"e sna#e are led into and in closure t"roug"

    graded entrance /"ere escaping is very difficult for sna#e. ,"e ot"er /ay to control t"e sna#e

    is *y placing *am*oo stic#s around t"e di#e /"ere /e can trap /it" t"e *am*oo volume.

    c. A"phibian predators and their control

    ,"ese are num*er of *ird species /"ic" preys on various stages of fis" and create t"e serious

    pro*lem on fis" farming. Among t"em most "armful are #ingfis"er6 cranes6 sea@gull etc.

    Control

    For t"e control of predatory *irds different met"ods "ave *een practiced over t"e /orld. Some

    of t"e practices are *oating drums6 using ro*ot li#e structure6 scarecro/6 /"istling6 using

    *alloons6 using different colors ri**ons producing sounds.

    d. )a""alian predators and their control

    5"ic" t"e e

  • 8/13/2019 System of Fish Farming

    21/21

    Class Notes on Aquaculture Diploma in Agriculture (3rdyear)

    industrial /aste and seepage from t"e large cities flo/s to t"e river ma#ing t"e river polluted.

    Similarly use of t"e poison and *om*s and electronic current in t"e fis"ing cause negative effect

    on production6 reproduction and in many cases destroys many species of fis"eries.

    ,o discourage t"e illegal activities and fis"ing practices and to conserve t"e fis"eries6 Aquatic

    conservation Act %91G /as esta*lis"ed and rectified in %900 $.S. according to t"e act aquatic

    organisms li#e asla6 tortoise6 crocodile6 dolp"in etc /ould not *e captured6 "aunted and any #ind

    of in:ury to t"ese animals /ill *e prosecuted. ,"ere is strict pro"i*ition for t"e fis"ing *y using

    c"emical6 electronic current.

    For t"e proper management and conservation /e s"ould do t"e follo/ing

    !roper #no/ledge for t"e care and management of fis"eries to t"e local people s"ould *e

    given.

    ,"ere s"ould *e strictly pro"i*ition to t"e illegal activities suc" as fis"ing *y using

    electric current6 poison.

    =ocal people and clu*s s"ould *e functional on conservation practices.

    %1 'adan $"andari 'emorial Academy6 Nepal &nstructor $i*e# Ac"arya6 %99