system development & design

7/24/2019 system development & design

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Module V

Selection of Hardware and Software

Processor, memory, Peripherals

Vendor SelectionSoftware Selection; Operating System

Performance and Acceptance Criteria


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Computers

Computers are automatic, electronic machines that accept data instructions from a user !"#P$%&

store the data instructions !S%O'A()&

manipulate the data according to the instructions!P'OC)SS"#(&

store *or output the results to the user !O$%P$%&

A computer system is composed of hardware and

softwareHardware components are the physical, tangi+le

pieces that we can see and touch


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Software

Program a seuence of instructions to accomplish a result

a computer processes information under the direction of a

program-ata

information to +e processed +y a program

).ample

Data/ for each employee, the employee num+er, hourswor0ed hourly pay rate

Program/ instructions on how to process the data to producepay cheues, payroll register, etc1


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Hardware


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-igital Computers

%he computers that we use are digital, not analoguecomputers

Analogue technology

%he signal is directly analogous to the information itrepresents

%he signal is continuous and in direct proportion to thesource of the information

2 "n a thermometer, mercury rises in direct proportion to thetemperature

2 "n an amplifier or telephone, the electronic 3oltage signal 3aries indirect proportion to the freuency and amplitude of the soundwa3es it represents


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-igital %echnology

-igital technology

%he signal is discrete

%he information is +ro0en down into pieces, and each piece is

represented separately Analogue information is measured many times per second !the

sampling rate& and each measurement is represented as a num+er

How music is stored on a compact disc 4 the disc stores num+ers

representing specific 3oltage le3els sampled at specific times

Can +e used to digiti5e sound, 3ideo, graphics, etc1

Our computers wor0 with digital technology, hence the

term digital computers


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Storage of Programs and -ata

Sampling is only one way to digiti5e information

Since our computers wor0 O#67 with num+ers,

e3erything !not 8ust analogue information such assound and 3ideo& must +e con3erted to num+ers

%e.t !letters and special characters& gets con3erted to

num+ers !A 9 :&, using a standard coding con3ention

called ASC"" (raphics !images&, gets +ro0en down into pieces

!pi.els& and each colour gets a num+er


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e would need a uniue physical representation in the

computer for each of the @? digits, ?, @, ,BB11,


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Hardware

$nits of measure

All done relati3e to a


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CentralProcessing

Unit

MainMemory

Floppy Disk

Hard Disk

Monitor

Keyboard

A simplified 3iew of a computer

system


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Hardware -e3ices

"nput -e3ices !(et information&

Fey+oard

Mouse

Scanner

Output -e3ices !(i3e information&

Screen*monitor Printer


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Hardware -e3ices

Processing -e3ice !Arithmetic*logic*repetition& Central Processing $nit !CP$&

2 D:, ID:, GD:, Pentium, F, F:

Has three +asic parts2 Arithmetic 6ogic $nit !A6$&

e.ecutes all the arithmetic and logic instructions

2 Control $nit

decodes instructions and determines which is ne.t to +ee.ecuted

2


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%he Central Processing $nit

%he CP$ continuously follows thefetch-decode-

execute cycle:

fetch

etrie!e an instr"ction #rom main memory

decode

Determine $%at t%einstr"ction is

execute

Carry o"t t%einstr"ction


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Hardware -e3ices

Storage %wo types

2 Primary and secondary

Primary Storage !main memory& On +oard memory !located on the mother+oard&

Very fast, +ut e.pensi3e

%wo types

2 'AM 'andom Access Memory

2 'OM 'ead Only Memory


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Hardware -e3ices

'AM 4 'andom Access Memory

'ead*write capa+ility

Contents lost when computer is turned off !3olatile&

A program must be in RAM for it to execute

@D to :M< for a typical des0top computer


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Hardware -e3ices

'OM 4 'ead Only Memory

'ead +ut not write capa+ility

Permanent !non 3olatile&

Stores the preliminary instructions to +e e.ecuted when

the computer is turned on, for e.ample

2 %o chec0 'AM

2 %o chec0 communications with peripheral de3ices

2


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Hardware -e3ices

Secondary Storage !secondary memory& ).ternal de3ices !not on the mother+oard&; either inside or

outside the computer

Store programs and data permanently

Slower, +ut cheaper2 'AM 4 nanoseconds, -ri3e 4 milliseconds

-ifferent si5es*styles2 Jloppy -is0 4 @1GM< !porta+le&

2 Kip -ri3e 4 @??4?M< !porta+le&

2 C- 4 :?M< !porta+le&

2 La5 -ri3e @4(< !porta+le& discontinued

2 Hard -is0 -ri3e 9?(< !not porta+le&

2 %ape 4 ?(< !porta+le, 3ery slow&

2 Jlash dri3es !porta+le&


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Hardware -e3ices

Other de3ices

Port

2 Jor connecting peripheral de3ices

2 $S


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Software


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Software

A computer program is a series of instructions each instruction is e.pressed in a format consistent with

a predefined set of rules

a computer processes data under the direction of theinstructions in a program

there are instructions to input, process, store and outputdata

the user of a program !as distinct from its creator& has noneed to +e aware of the details of its construction

the user is only interested in the ser3ices that theprogram is a+le to pro3ide


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Software

Programming 6anguages

@st generation

2 machine language

2 instructions coded using com+inations of ?Es @Es

nd generation

2 assem+ly languages !low4le3el sym+olic languages&

2 instructions coded using letters num+ers2 one assem+ly language instruction is translated into one

machine language instruction


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Software

Programming 6anguages

Ird generation

2 high4le3el sym+olic languages

2 one instruction generates multiple machine language

instructions

Gth generation programming languages

2 non4procedural languages2 code Nwhat not Nhow


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Software

5 9.Py MOVA6, Q ??@?@??@???@ MOVAH, 7 ??@?@@????@? A--A6, AH?@?????@??@? MOVK, A6 ??@???@?@?@@


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Software

%ranslation Software

"nterpreters

2 translate each instruction as it is entered

Ad3antage/ easier to find*correct mista0es

-isad3antage/ redundant translation

Compilers

2 translate a group of instructions

Ad3antage/ generally faster

-isad3antage/ all errors are gi3en at one time


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Software

A file is a unit for storing information

All information on a computer is stored in files

-ata Jiles

2 created +y the user of the computer MyR%hesis1doc, [email protected]

Program Jiles2 created +y a programmer

>ord, ).cel, >indowsD

#aming Con3ention2 Jile #ameT1).tensionT

the e.tension, !usually I letters long&, descri+es the type of program used for

that file

U doc!>ord&, .ls!).cel&, ppt!PowerPoint&


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Software categories

Operating System controls all machine acti3ities

pro3ides the user interface to the computer

manages resources such as the CP$ and memory

>indows QP, $ni., 6inu., Mac OS

Application program generic term for any other 0ind of software

word processors, games, 1 1 1

Most operating systems and application programs ha3e agraphical user interface!($"&


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Software

Operating Systems %he most important software on a computer

2 always running to perform the following tas0s

create and manage files run programs

control information going to*from the peripherals

2 )g/ MS4-OS

create and manage files 4 se3eral programs run programs 4 COMMA#-1COM

peripherals 4 "O1S7S, MS-OS1S7S


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Software

-irectories to organi5e files

tree structure2 root directory

2 files within each directory

current or acti3e directory

change, ma0e or remo3e directories

path

2 the complete name for a file2 starts from the root directory

2 separates directories with a


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Software

>indows c/windows

MSOffice c/MsOffice

).cel c/MsOffice).cel

>in>ord c/MsOffice>in>ord

PowerPoint c/MsOfficePowerPoint

MoneyMap c/MoneyMap


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Software Standard Commands

-is0 6e3el2 Jormat !Prepare a dis0&2 Vol !-isplays the dis0Es 3olume la+el&

-irectory 6e3el2 M- !Ma0e -irectory&

2 '- !'emo3e -irectory&

2 C- !Change -irectory&2 -el%ree !)rase e3erything +elow this le3el&

Jile 6e3el2 -ir !6ist all the files&

2 Copy !Copy a file&

2 Mo3e !Mo3e a Jile, Copy and erase&2 'ename !Change the name of the file&

2 -el !)rase a file&


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-is0 Operating System !-OS&

).ample of command line interface !-OS promptin +old; user entries in italics&

c:\ a:

a:\formata:\ Format another (Y/N)n

a:\ c:

c:\ cd csi1301\lectures

c:\csi!"#!\$ectures copy lecture2 a:

c:\csi!"#!\$ectures a:

a:\ dir /p


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>indows

An operating system that has four ad3antages o3er

MS4-OS

(raphical user interface !($"&2 uses pictures sym+ols ! not 8ust te.t num+ers&2 replaces the -OS command line interface

Multitas0ing2 allows running or opening or more programs simultaneously

2 clic0 on the tas0+ar to switch +etween open programs


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>indows

$niformity among applications

2 menus loo0 the same/ Jile, )dit, Help

2 use of similar dialog +o.es, +ars and +uttons

O+8ect lin0ing and em+edding

2 a+ility to transfer information from one program to another

2 allows changes in the source document to +e automatically

reflected in the destination documents


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>indows

Jile Management

programs

2 M% &omputer

displays the parts of a computer in a window

2 'xp$orer

displays the parts of a computer in a tree form

files can +e copied or cut and pasted as with other selected data


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Starting !


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Computer Hardware Components/

CP$, Memory, and "*O

>hat is the typical configuration of a

computer sold today=


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Computer Hardware Components

"n this chapter/

How did the computer +ecome 0nown as the stored4

program computer=

2 -o they all ha3e the same characteristics=

Memory on chips and memory on magnetic media, how

do they differ=

>hat do you loo0 for when comparing memory de3ices=

How is information mo3ed around within the computer=

How can you help your computer run better=


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Sources of -ata

for the Computer%wo types of data stored within a computer/

*rigina$ +ataor information/ -ata +eing

introduced to a computing system for the first time1

2 Computers can deal directly with printed te.t, pictures,

sound, and other common types of information1

Preious$% store+ +ataor information/ -ata that

has already +een processed +y a computer and is

+eing stored for later use12 %hese are forms of +inary data useful only to the computer1

2 ).amples/ Jloppy dis0s, -V- dis0s, and music C-s1


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"nput -e3ices

%wo categories of input hardware/

%hose that deal with original data1

%hose that handle pre3iously stored data1


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"nput -e3ices

"nput hardware/ %hose that deal with original data1

Fey+oard

Mouse

Voice recognition hardware

Scanner

-igital camera

-igiti5ing/ %he process of ta0ing a 3isual image, or audio

recording and con3erting it to a +inary form for the computer1

$sed as data for programs to display, play or manipulate the digiti5ed

data1


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"nput -e3ices

Connecting Hardware to the computer/

Hardware needs access through some general input*output

connection1

2 Port/ %he pathway for data to go into and out of the computer frome.ternal de3ices such as 0ey+oards1

%here are many standard ports as well as custom electronic ports

designed for special purposes1

Ports follow standards that define their use1

USCS", $S


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"nput -e3ices

Connecting Hardware to the computer/

!continued&

Hardware needs software on the computer that can

ser3ice the de3ice12 Deice +rier/ Software addition to the operating system that

will allow the computer to communicate with a particular

de3ice1


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"nput -e3ices

Common


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"nput -e3ices

)lectronic Circuits

Most e.pensi3e of the three forms for storing +inary

information1

A flip4flop circuit has either one electronic status or the

other1 "t is said to flip4flop from one to the other1

)lectronic circuits come in two forms/

2 Permanent

2 #on4permanent


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"nput -e3ices

Magnetic %echnology

%wo parts to most of the magnetic forms of information

storage/

2 %he me+iumthat stores the magnetic information1

).ample/ Jloppy dis01 %iny spots on the dis0 are

magneti5ed to represent ?s and @s1

2 %he +eicethat can Nread that information from the medium1

%he dri3e spins the dis01

"t has a magnetic sensing arm that mo3es o3er the dis01

Performs nondestructi3e reading1


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"nput -e3ices

Optical

$ses lasers to Nread the +inary information from the

medium, usually a disc1

2 Millions of tiny holes are N+urned into the surface of the disc1

2 %he holes are interpreted as @s1 %he a+sence of holes are

interpreted as ?s1


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"nput -e3ices

Secondary Memory "nput -e3ices

%hese input de3ices are used +y a computer to store

information and then to retrie3e that information as

needed12 ).ternal to the computer1

2 Commonly consists of floppy dis0s, hard dis0 dri3es, or C-4

'OMs1

Secondary memory uses +inary1

2 %he usual measurement is the +yte1

A +yte consists of D +inary digits !+its&1 %he +yte is a

standard unit1


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"nput -e3ices

%he four most important characteristics of storage

de3ices/

Speed and access time

Cost * 'emo3a+le 3ersus non4remo3a+le

Capacity

%ype of access


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"nput -e3ices

,pee+!Access time& 4 How fast information can

+e ta0en from or stored onto the computer

memory de3iceEs medium1

)lectronic circuits/ Jastest to access1

2 G? +illionths of a second1

Jloppy dis0s/ Very slow in comparison1

2 %a0es up to @* second to reach full speed +efore access is

e3en possi+le1


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"nput -e3ices

&ost

Megab%te/ A Million +ytes1

-igab%te/ A +illion +ytes1

%wo parts to a remo3a+le secondary storage de3ice/2 %he cost of the medium1 !Cheaper if bought in quantity

2 %he cost of the dri3e1

).amples/ Cost for dri3e Cost for medium

Jloppy dri3e !@1GM


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"nput -e3ices

&apacit%4 %he amount of information that can +e

stored on the medium1

Unit Description Approximate Size

@ +it @ +inary digit

@ ni++le G +its

@ +yte D +its @ character

@ 0ilo+yte @,?G +ytes @* page, dou+le spaced

@ mega+yte @,?GD,: +ytes ??,??? pages

@ million +ytes

@ giga+yte @,?I,G@,DG +ytes million pages

@ +illion +ytes

@ tera+yte @ trillion +ytes +illion pages


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"nput -e3ices

.%pe of Access2 ,euentia$4 O+tained +y proceeding through the storage

medium from the +eginning until the designated area is

reached !as in magnetic tape&1

2 Ran+om Access4 -irect access !as in floppy and hard dis0s&1


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Primary Memory

Primar% storageor memor%/ "s where the data and program that are

currently in operation or +eing accessed are stored during use1

Consists of electronic circuits/ ).tremely fast and

e.pensi3e1 %wo types/

2 RAM!non4permanent&

Programs and data can +e stored here for the computerEs use1

Volatile/ All information will +e lost once the computer shuts

down1

2 R*M!permanent&

Contents do not change1


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%he Central Processing $nit

%he Central Processing $nit ! CP$&

Often referred to as the N+rain of the computer1

'esponsi+le for controlling all acti3ities of the computer system1

%he three ma8or components of the CP$ are/@1 Arithmetic 0nit!Computations performed&

Accumulator !'esults of computations 0ept here&

1 &ontro$ 0nit !Has two locations where num+ers are 0ept&

1nstruction Register!"nstruction placed here for analysis&

Program &ounter!>hich instruction will +e performed ne.t=&I1 1nstruction Deco+ing 0nit!-ecodes the instruction&

Motherboar+/ %he place where most of the electronics

including the CP$ are mounted1


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Output -e3ices

Output units store and display information !calculated

results and other messages& for us to see and use1

Jloppy dis0 dri3es and Hard dis0 dri3es1

-isplay monitors/ Hi4resolution monitors come in twotypes/

2 &atho+e ra% tube!C'%& 4 Streams of electrons ma0e phosphors

glow on a large 3acuum tu+e1

2 2iui+ cr%sta$ +isp$a%!6C-& 4 A flat panel display that uses

crystals to let 3arying amounts of different colored light to passthrough it1

-e3eloped primarily for porta+le computers1


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Output -e3ices

Audio Output -e3ices

>indows machines need special audio card for audio output1

Macintosh has audio play+ac0 +uilt in1

Audio output is useful for/2 Music

C- player is a computer1

Most personal computers ha3e C- players that can access +oth

music C-s and C-4'OMs1

2 Voice synthesis !+ecoming more human sounding1&

2 Multimedia

2 Speciali5ed tas0s !i1e1/ ele3atorEs floor announcements&


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Output -e3ices

Optical -is0s/ C-4'OM and -V-

C-4'OM !Compact -is0 4 'ead Only Memory&

2 rita+le&

2 "t ta0es longer to write to a C-4' than a hard dri3e1

2 Special software is needed to record1


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Output -e3ices

-V- !-igital Versatile -is0&

Allows up to @ giga+ytes of storage !from G1 (< to

@ (


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Output -e3ices

Storage 'euirements/ How much storage capacity is

needed forB One 0eystro0e on a 0ey+oard1 @ +yte !D +its&

One page single4spaced document1 G1? F

#ineteen pages formatted te.t1 F

One second of high4fidelity sound1 4@@? F

Complete word processing program1 D1G M(

Storage Capacity/ How much data can +e stored onB

One inch of @* in1 wide magnetic tape1 G F One I @* floppy dis0, high density1 @1G M(

One Compact -is01 :? M(

One -V-1 up to @ (ithin the Computer


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Mo3ing "nformation

>ithin the Computer ).ample of sending

the word >O> o3er

the ri++on ca+le

Voltage pulsescorresponding

to the ASC""

codes would

pass through

the ca+le1


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Pac0aging the Computer

%he many physical forms of the

general purpose computer/

All follow general

organi5ation/2 Primary memory

2 "nput units

2 Output units

2 Central Processing $nit

(rouped according to

speed, cost, si5e, and

comple.ity1

Super Computers

Mainframe Computers

Minicomputers

Microcomputer

Palmtop Computer

Calculator

Jast ).pensi3e Comple. 6arge

Slow Cheap Simple Small


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Software %ools for Maintaining

7our Computer Hardware 0ti$it% Programse.ist that can help diagnose and sol3e computer hardwarepro+lems1

Jour ma8or pro+lem areas where utility programs are helpful/

2 Jinding and fi.ing pro+lems1

%esting "nput*Output peripherals1 %esting 'AM, mother+oard, 3ideo cards1

'eco3ering deleted files or fi.ing damaged dis0s1

2 "mpro3ing computer performance1

-e4fragmenting a dis0 !Pac0s all files closer together&1

2 Pre3entati3e maintenance12 %rou+leshooting1

6ocates incompati+le programs1


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Supplier )3aluation and Selection


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Agenda

"mportance of Supplier Selection

Supplier Selection Process

Supplier )3aluation Criterias

Supplier )3aluation Methods

AHP

Other Methods


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"mportance of Supplier Selection 4 @

One of te most important processes performe! in

or"anizations to!a# is te e$a%&ation' se%ection an!

contin&o&s meas&rement of s&pp%iers(

Se%ectin" a $en!or is no) as important a process as

!e$e%opin" ne) pro!&cts(


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"mportance of Supplier Selection 4

!upplier selection process is a multi-criteria problem" #hich includes

both qualitati$e and quantitati$e factors%

&urchasing commands a significant position in most organi'ations

sincepurchased parts" components" and supplies typically represent (0

to )0 percent of the sales of its end products% *hus relati$ely small cost reductions gained in the acquisition of

materials can ha$e a greater impact on profits%

!uppliers ha$e a large and direct impact on the cost"

quality"technology" and time-to-mar+et of ne# products%


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"mportance of Supplier Selection 4 I

,rgani'ations ability to produce a quality product at a reasonablecost and in a timely manner is hea$ily influenced by its

supplierscapabilities%

!upplier selection is one of the +ey issues of !C. because the costof ra# materials and component parts constitutes the main cost ofa product .anagement%

A so&n! s&pp%ier se%ection !ecision to!a# can re!&ce orpre$ent a ost of pro*%ems tomorro)


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Supplier Selection Process

Steps in Supplier Selection Process

)3aluating #eeds and -efining O+8ecti3es

(athering a 6imited Pool of Vendors

"nter3iewing with Vendors

Selecting and Applying the Method


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)3aluating #eeds and -efining O+8ecti3es

>hat need you are loo0ing to satisfy=

"ncrease product uality

>hich e3aluation categories you will use=

>hat are your +usiness, technical and usa+ility reuirements=

>hat are the must reuirements= Ma. price, min performance, etc

How will you score the reuirements=

*0.&*M':list of reuirements, o+8ecti3e and criterias to

e3aluate the 3endors and the way to score different criterias


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(athering a 6imited Pool of Vendors

)3aluating all potential 3endors ta0es much time


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"nter3iewing with Vendors

One +y one inter3iew with 3endors

(ap analysis +etween your reuirements,o+8ecti3es and 3endor properties

Scoring each criteria

*0.&*M':criteria4score list for each 3endor


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Selecting and Applying the Method

Select one among 3arious methods

AHP, fu55y logic method, etc

Calculate o3erall 3endor score using selected

method

Select the 3endor with +est score


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%he e3aluation criterias are fundamental to choose the +estsupplier1 %hey are specific to each firm, +ecause they 3aryaccording to the needs1

%he criteria e.posed in the following slides are the mostcommon ones1W

Si. categories of criteria selected

(*) We have analysed almost 30 texts in order to select the most

common criterias


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%he si. classes for the suppliersEe3aluation

measurement/

J"#A#C"A6 H)A6%H )QP)'%"S)

OP)'A%"O#A6 P)'JO'MA#C) M)%'"CS


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Jinancial Health

"n order to e3aluate if a potential supplier is in good

financial position, a +uyer can use indicators such as/

Sales

Profita+ility

6iuidity

'O"

-e+t ratio

%ransparency of finances


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).pertise

%he purchasing department of the firm should choose

its suppliers according to its capa+ilities/

#etwor0 capa+ilities Xuality and production capa+ilities !dedicated le3el=&

%echnical le3el compared to sector a3erage

Spread of technical creation

"n3estment in '-


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Operational Performance

%here are a large num+er of criteria in this category, such

as/ On4time deli3ery

6ead time

'esponsi3eness "n3entory management and control/ reorder management,

forecasting capa+ilitiesB

Order acceptance, processing fulfillement

Customer ser3ice

Pre3enti3e maintenance

Hours of operators training in %otal Xuality Control !%XC& or L"%


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hat is the impro3ement culture of the supplier= Arehis information capa+ilities always up4to4date=

>hat is his intention of coordination=


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'is0 Jactors

A supplierEs ris0s are ris0s for the +uyer1 "ndeed, if

a supplier ta0es too much ris0, it can ha3e a great

impact on his customer1

'is0 factors can +e unco3ered in the pre3iouscriteria e.posed, +ut also in criteria such as/ trade

relations, currency e.change, insurance,

legislations1


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Criteria Selection

"n reality, these mesures of supplier performance are

difficult to o+tain !financial pu+lications, uestionnaires,

sur3eys, site 3isits&1

>hiche3er criteria chosen, the assessment system must +eoptimal for good decision ma0ing1

Mar0o3 chain concept/ the decision en3ironment is

dynamic, i1e1 there must +e interaction +etween the

cooperation patterns and the supplier e3aluation criteria1


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Analytic Hierarchy Process

Jor Comple. -ecisions raher than Correct -ecision

Mathematics and Human Psychology

(o3ernment,


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).1 Comple. -ecision Situations

-eciding how +est to reduce the impact of glo+al climate change

Xuantifying the o3erall uality of software systems !Microsoft

Corporation&

-eciding where to locate offshore manufacturing plants!$ni3ersity of

Cam+ridge& Assessing ris0 in operating cross4country petroleum pipelines

!merican !ociety of Ci$il ngineers&

-eciding how +est to manage $1S1 >atersheds !%!% epartment of

griculture&

)tc111


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AHP Process

State the O+8ecti3es-efine the Criteria Pic0 the Alternati3es

)sta+lish Hierarchy Pairwise Comparison Synthesi5e Ludgments Chec0 Consistency "nde.

Comparison +etween Criteria and Alternati3es Calculate Jinal 'an0ings


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AHP Process

*b4ectieis to open an ice cream shop for young children and families1

'stab$ish &riteria

#eigh+orhood

Visi+ility

Competition

Price 1+entif% A$ternaties

Su+ur+an Shopping Center

Main


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AHP Process

Hierarchical Arrangement


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AHP Process

Hierarchical Arrangement


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AHP Process

Pairwise Comparison Matri.@4 )ually preferred

4 )ually to moderately preferred

I 4 Moderately preferred

G 4 Moderately to strongly preferred

4 Strongly preferred

: 4 Strongly to 3ery strongly preferred

4 Very Strongly preferred

4 ).tremely preferred

D 4 Very Strongly to e.tremely preferred


95/120

AHP Process

,%nthesi8e 9u+gments

&hec &onsistenc% 1n+ex


96/120

AHP Process Comparison +etween

Criteria and Alternati3es


97/120

AHP Process

'ecall 'an0ing for the Criteria

&a$cu$ate Fina$ Ranings

Jirst choice/ Shopping Center !Y&

Second choice/ %he Mall !IY&

%hird choice/ Main Street !Y&


98/120

AHP Ma8or idely accepted and applied +y ma8or +usiness corporations and

go3ernment agencies world wide1


99/120

AHP Ma8or Pitfalls

Human perception can distort pair4wise comparison1

Hierarchy is one directional and it is difficult to

accommodate feed+ac01

Values are highly aggregated and difficult to reflect thedegree of uncertainty1


100/120

Other Analytic Vendor Selection Methods


101/120

"% Consultants

and

Pac0aged Software Selection


102/120

'esearch Jocus

%he process of selection and procurement of a

software pac0age within a small organi5ation

Analyses the case in the conte.t of Mar0us and


103/120

Pac0aged software

"ncreasing num+ers of organi5ations shifting from

custom to pac0aged software

Sold as an Z"% solutionE with a trac0 record of

success

-eli3ers comple. systems in short time4frame

ZPac0age parado.E !>illiams, ??&

d i d d l


104/120

Product4oriented de3elopment

Jocus is on de3eloping and ZshippingE a genericproduct

Standardisation is pre4reuisite for

commodification !Jan et al1 ???&-e3elopers !rather than users& needs are central

"% consultants role is crucial as they positionthemsel3es +etween "% 3endors and the client

" i+ d i


105/120

"nscri+ed assumptions

Pac0aged software is itself em+edded or inscri+ed

with assumptions, 3alues and opinions

Zfro5en organi5ational discourseE !


106/120

(uidelines on selection and

procurement

DefineUser

Requirements

Packae!valuation

"inal selectionand

#urchase

P f 0


107/120

Power framewor0

Mar0us and


108/120

Power framewor0

%echnical e.ercise of power "S professionals select design features that users o+8ect to

Structural e.ercise of power

"S professionals create organi5ational structures androutines that gi3e them formal authority

Conceptual e.ercise of power "S professionals define the parameters of design

Sym+olic e.ercise of power "S professionals shape users desires and 3alues

' h M th d


109/120

'esearch Method

Action research

Our role as researchersE ranged from that of

detached o+ser3er to fully engaged participant

Our primary responsi+ility was to the "% Manager

Multiple techniues of data collection

C t d tti


110/120

Case study setting

Owner4managed +usiness

)sta+lished in @?, three locations, with aturno3er of [@1@m

Around ? internal staff and ? e.ternalconsultants

M- had a strong organi5ational Z3isionE

"% systems esta+lished in an ad4hoc manner,running independently of each other

%h Cli t % 0i P


111/120

%he Client %rac0ing Process

!m#loyed or

Performance

$m#rovement

%lient(s) &entorin&entorin

'he Research De#artment and !xternal %onsultants

( th i ' i t


112/120

(athering 'euirements

>e ad3ised of the importance of discussingreuirements with users

A focus day was planned

-ocumentation hoped to appeal to seniormanagement

to provide a business class service and grow

effectively in the future whilst maintaining

efficiency in all areas

(Board of Directors Document)

%h P d t S h


113/120

%he Product Search

Pro8ect team made use of mar0eting literature,

internet, commercial product guides etc1 to short4

list products

#egotiations set up with three C'M 3endors1

Party A/ Sie+el

Vendor


114/120

%he Zanted e.ploration of custom de3elopment

Party -Es ZpersonalisedE product Vendor primed +y pro8ect team

Marginally more e.pensi3e than Party C

Same Product


115/120

"mplementation Process

%he pac0age roll out order changed significantly>or0flow day planned with end4users

Signing off the wor0flow document

This isnt over, e!pect the wor"flow document

to be double the si#e it is now $ you %ust see&(nterview with T 'anager)

PS and the technical e.ercise of


116/120

PS and the technical e.ercise of

powerSociotechnical +oundary is fluid

Argua+ly, (oldmine is already fi.ed to a certain

degree

"% consultants position themsel3es as

0nowledgea+le e.perts and define the

sociotechnical +oundary according to their

audience

PS and the structural e.ercise of


117/120

PS and the structural e.ercise of

powerAppointment of the "% Manager initiated a process

of Z"S professionalisationE which saw thede3elopment of a num+er of policies

6in0ed to the desire to pro3ide greater control o3erthe forthcoming pro8ect

).ternally, there are guidelines that go3ern howpac0ages should +e adopted

Policies on new product releases, patches, andupgrades are also determined +y 3endororgani5ations

PS and the conceptual e.ercise of


118/120

PS and the conceptual e.ercise of

powerAt the mar0et le3el, pac0aged software products are

sold on the +asis of realising an ZidealE

System o+8ecti3es were decided +y the seniormanagement team impro3ed profita+ility and enhanced mar0et share


119/120

PS and the sym+olic e.ercise of

power %he myths or fictional narrati3es of PS +ecome

increasingly per3asi3e as the +enefits are e3angelised

%echnology 9 progress

the C'M pac0age would contri+ute towards enhancingproducti3ity and profita+ility 3ia standardisation ofacti3ities

%he power of the


120/120

Conclusion

%he categories of power should not +e 3iewed separately, +utare interwo3en

M

Documents

system development & design