System and Specification Timothy SOEBROTO · Fire Mitigation in Façade Design Fire Behaviour CHIMNEY EFFECT • Could be 5 times faster than external fire spread 28 HOW TO MITIGATE

Façade 2.0System and Specification

Timothy SOEBROTOMeinhardt Façade Technology

06 October 2017

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Façade 2.0System and Speciation

Fire Mitigation in the FACADE

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CORPORATE IDENTITY

ACOUSTIC INSULATION

DURABILITY

FIRE PROTECTION

STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY

AIR TIGHTNESS

SAFETY

THERMAL PERFORMANCE

WATER TIGHTNESS

BLAST PROOFING

LIGHTNING PROTECTION

AESTHETICS

LIGHTING INTEGRATION

What to look for in a façade design?

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ShapeMaterialsColourTexture

Visual aspects

What to look for in a façade design?

AESTHETICS

Technology Specification

DurabilityCriteria

Performance

PERFORMANCE

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Design is more than visual appearance. Holistic-or complete- design consist of equal partsvisual composition and performance. ….

High performance design is the application andcareful balance of performance principals andthe art of composition. It is the integrationof physics and the science of materials. Itrequires a basic understanding of building andconstruction sequencing. It is in thisintersection of science, art, materials andconstruction where design and technology, art,and science become architecture.Beauty is more than skin deep.

Keith Boswell - SOM

High Performance Façade in Tropical Climates Introduction

HOLISTIC BALANCED DESIGN

AESTHETICS PERFORMANCE

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FIRE MITIGATION IN

FAÇADE DESIGN

Introduction

How to mitigate the fire:

▪ Façade Material

▪ Façade Design

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GROZNY-CITY TOWER (THE OLUMPUS TOWER),

CHECHENYA, RUSSIA3rd April, 2013

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GROZNY-CITY TOWER

(THE OLYMPUS TOWER),

CHECHNYA, RUSSIA

Building type: 40-storey hotel (5-

star)

Fire Event: 3rd April 2013

Fire Duration: 8 hours

Fire Damage:

- No one injured or kileed

- All floors, except the ground floor,

are caught in fire.

Reopen: 2015

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The ADDRESS DOWNTOWN HOTEL , DUBAIFire Incident, New Year Eve - 2015

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THE ADDRESS DOWNTOWN

HOTEL, DUBAI, UAE

Building type: 63-storey hotel (5-star)

Fire Event: 31st December 2015

Fire Duration: 4 hours

Fire Caused: Electric Short Circuit at

level 14 to 15

Fire Damage:

- 14 people suffered minor injuries

- 1 people suffered moderate injuries

- Hotel closed for renovation.

- 320 US$ claim to insurance

Criticism was levelled towards the high amount of cladding

implemented into the building's design; it was reported that this

cladding may have contributed to the fire's spread.

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The TORCH TOWER, DUBAI MARINA1st Fire Incident, 21st February 2015

2nd Fire Incident, 4th August 2017

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The Telegraph News:

The external cladding on the building was

blamed for the rapid spread of the 2015 fire

THE TORCH TOWER, DUBAI

MARINA, UAE

1st fire incident

Building type: 84-storey residential

Fire Event: 21st February 2015

Fire Duration: N/A

Fire Caused: Grilled at Balconies at

level 50

Fire Damage:

- 7 people suffered due to smoke

inhalation.

- External cladding were burned from

lv. 50 to roof.

- 101 of 757 units apartment is

inhabitable and have to be

renovated.

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THE TORCH TOWER, DUBAI

MARINA, UAE

2nd fire incident


Fire Event: 4th August 2017

Fire Duration: N/A

Fire Caused: N/A

Fire Damage:

- No injuries

- More than 40 floor are burned

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GRENFELL TOWER, LONDON14th June 2017

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THE GRENFEEL TOWER,

LONDON, UK


Fire Event: 14th June 2017

Fire Duration: N/A

Fire Caused: Unknow

Fire Damage:

- 80 people died

- All external cladding were burned

- Building cannot be used anymore

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NEO SOHO, JAKARTA9th November 2016

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NOE SOHO, JAKARTA,

INDONESIA

Building type: 50-storey office

Fire Event: 9th November 2016

Fire Duration: N/A

Fire Caused: Unknown

Fire Damage:

- No injury

- External cladding were burned from

lv. 13 to roof.

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Façade Fire Characteristic

• Causalities: Minimal

• Façade is the areas

which damage a lot

• Less damage in the interior

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HOW TO MITIGATE FIRE on FAÇADE?

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Fire Mitigation in Façade DesignFire Behaviour - General

What is Fire?

The rapid oxidation of a fuel evolving heat,

particulates, gases and non-ionizing radiation

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The ‘Fire Triangle’ identifies the three

components of any fire:

• Fuel – paper, wood, flammable

gas, flammable material, etc.

• Oxygen – in the air is 21%. Fire

needs 16% only.

• Heat (energy) – sufficient to

support combustion. Referred to

as the ignition source.

FIRE TRIANGLE

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FIRE TRIANGLE

Fire Safety is based upon the

principles of keeping the fuel and

heat (energy or ignition source)

separate.

Remove one caused and the fire can

be prevented.

In the architectural –

Managing the fuel (material)

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Primary cause of death in the indoor fire

1. Burns

2. Heat Exposure

3. Smoke inhalation - up to 80%

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Fire Mitigation in Façade DesignFire Behaviour

FIRE SPREAD in FACADE

• External Fire Spread (Leap Frog Effect)

• Chimney Effect of the External Cladding

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EXTERNAL FIRE SPREAD• Fire may flash over and break out

through windows.

• Frame spread up over or through

the cladding

• If fire re-enter building secondary

fire may develop

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CHIMNEY EFFECT• Could be 5 times faster than

external fire spread

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HOW TO MITIGATE THE FIRE

• MATERIAL – FIRE RATED MATERIAL

• CORRECT FAÇADE DESIGN

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Fire Mitigation in Façade DesignMaterial

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SNI 03-1736-2000

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Code of Practise for Classification of Material based on Fire classification

BS 476 Part 6 - Fire Tests on Building Materials and Structure

BS 476 Part 7 – Fire Tests on Building Materials and Structure

EN 13501 – Fire classification of construction products and building elements

ASTM E-84 – Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials

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Code of Practise for Fire Testing Method

ASTM E-84 – Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials

ASTM E-119 – Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials

BS 8414 Part 1 and 2 – Fire performance of external cladding systems – Test method for non-load bearing external cladding systems

NFPA 251 – Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Resistance of Building Construction and Materials

NFPA 285 – Standard Fire Test Method for Evaluation of Fire Propagation Characteristics of Exterior Non-Load-Bearing Wall Assemblies Containing Combustibles Components

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Fire Testing

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TESTING

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ISMA (INTERMEDIATE-SCALE MULTISTORY APPARTUS (ISMA)

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BS 476 – Part 7

Classification Spread of flame at 1.5 min Final spread of flame

Limit Limit of one specimen in sample

Limit Limit of one specimen in sample

(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)

Class 1 165 165 + 25 165 165 + 25

Class 2 215 215 + 25 455 455 + 45

Class 3 265 265 + 25 710 710 + 75

Class 4 Exceeding the limits of class 3

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EN 13501

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EN 13501

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BS 476 Part 6 an 7 to EN 13501

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ALUMINIUM PANEL

(COMPOSITE, HONEY COMB and SOLID PANEL)

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PERFORMANCE PE CORE CAP 70% MINERAL

CORE

ALUMINIUM

COMPOSITE

PANEL

90% MINERAL

CORE

ALUMINIUM

COMPOSITE

PANEL

HONEY COMB

PANEL /

3mm

ALUMINIUM

SOLID – PVDF

FINISH

3mm

ALUMINIUM

SOLID – MILL

FINISH

COMBUSTIBILITY

RATING

COMBUSTIBLE LOW

COMBUSTIBLE

NON

COMBUSTIBLE

NON

COMBUSTIBLE

NON

COMBUSTIBLE

NFPA 285 or

NS 8414

NO YES YES YES YES

ASTM E84 CORE

BURNING

NO YES YES YES YES

EN 13501 RATING E B A2 A2 A1

ALUMINIUM PANEL

(COMPOSITE, HONEY COMB and SOLID PANEL)

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Fire Mitigation in Façade DesignFaçade Design

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1. Fire through the gap

2. Fire through the frame

3. External fire spread (Frog Leap Effect)

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50mm MINERAL WOOL –

80kg/m3

8mm DRY BOARD (GYPSUM)

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2080 F (1140 C) for 5 hours Mineral wool still intact

Glass Melts820C

Aluminum Melts660C

Fiberglass Insulation Fails (6 Minutes) at 1050 F (560C) and Is Not To Be Used In a Fire Containment Assembly

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A. Perimeter Barrier System

Mineral WoolSafing is cut slightly oversized and jam fit into the opening foil side up with the grain parallel to the floor.

Z impaling clipZ shaped steel safing clips are used to impale the safing and suspend it into the opening.

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As it burns, the edges shrink inward creating gaps. Fire Stop drops.

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Use Proper Orientation and Compression

2-hour fire rated system

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Fire Stop Sealant or Coating

Fire Stop Sealant or Coating

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1. Mechanically Attached Curtain Wall Insulation

2. Protected Aluminium Mullions

3. Compressed and Proper Orientation Fire Stop Mineral Wool

4. Firestop Sealant or Coating – to hold the Fire Stop Mineral Wool and for ‘Smoke Containment”’

A. Perimeter Barrier System – Design Criteria

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1Mechanically Attached

Insulation

2Protected Mullion

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A. Perimeter Barrier System – Design Criteria

Compressed and Proper Orientation of Mineral Wool

4 Fire Stop Sealant or Coating

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704.9 Vertical Separation of Openings

`When openings in an exterior wall are above and within 5

feet (1524 mm) laterally of an opening in the story below,

such openings shall be separated

vertically by at least 3 feet (900mm) or

by approved flame barrier extending 30 inches (762 mm)

beyond the exterior wall.

Such flame barriers are not required when a complete

approved automatic sprinkler system is installed..

Excerpted from Section 704.9 2006 IBC

Excerpted from Section 704.9 2004 FBC

B. Preventing the Leap Frog Effect – Vertical Separation of Opening

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Openings shall be separated vertically by flame barriers of at least 3 feet

-OR-

“by flame barriers that extend horizontally at least 30 inches”

Vertical Separation Openings

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B. Preventing the Leap Frog Effect – Vertical Separation of Opening

Sprinklers are an exception to window separation requirements…

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Fire Mitigation in Façade Design

In the absence of fire-retarding materials, design and mechanism, fire will rapidly climb the building, either

internally or externally

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Documents

System and Specification Timothy SOEBROTO · Fire Mitigation in Façade Design Fire Behaviour CHIMNEY EFFECT • Could be 5 times faster than external fire spread 28 HOW TO MITIGATE