System Administration Guide Advanced Administration 819-2380

8/6/2019 System Administration Guide Advanced Administration 819-2380

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System Administration Guide:Advanced Administration

Sun Microsystems, Inc.4150 Network CircleSanta Clara, CA 95054U.S.A.

PartNo: 819238010May2007


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Contents

Preace ...................................................................................................................................................23

1 Administering Printing Services (Overview) ..................................................................................29

What's New in Printing? ..................................................................................................................... 29

PPD File Manager Utility ............................................................................................................ 29

Internet Printing Protocol Improvements ................................................................................ 30

PAPI Print Commands and IPP Implementation .................................................................... 31

Selectable Use olocalhost or Solaris Print Server Database Host Name .......................... 32

Device URI Protocol .................................................................................................................... 33

Never Print Banner Option Available in Solaris Print Manager ..........................................34

Where to Find Printer Tasks .............................................................................................................. 35

Printing in the Solaris Operating System .......................................................................................... 35

Solaris Print Manager .................................................................................................................. 36

Solaris Print Manager Options and Selectable Attributes ....................................................... 36Printing Support in the Name Service Switch .......................................................................... 39

LDAP Print Support Guidelines ................................................................................................. 40

Choosing a Method to Manage Printers .................................................................................... 40

The LP Print Service ............................................................................................................................ 42

Administering Network Printers ............................................................................................... 42

Administering Printers ......................................................................................................... ...... 42

Setting Denitions or Printers .................................................................................................. 43

Administering PPD Files, Character Sets, Filters, Forms, and Fonts ..................................... 43

Customizing the LP Print Service .............................................................................................. 43

The Solaris Print Client-Server Process ............................................................................................ 44

The Print Client Process .............................................................................................................. 44

Using Print Clients .............................................................................................................. ......... 44

What Is a Print Client? ................................................................................................................. 45Printer Conguration Resources ............................................................................................... 45

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How the Print Sotware Locates Printers .................................................................................. 46

Using Print Servers ...................................................................................................................... 47

Using Printing Protocols .................................................................................................................... 47BSD Printing Protocol ................................................................................................................. 47

Internet Printing Protocol Listener ........................................................................................... 48

IPP Compared to the BSD Protocol (RFC-1179) ..................................................................... 50

Expanded Printer Support ................................................................................................................. 50

Raster Image Processor Support ................................................................................................ 50

Support or PostScript Printer Description Files ..................................................................... 50

Solaris Print Manager Support or PPD Files ........................................................................... 51

Speciying a PPD File ................................................................................................................... 52

Where to Find Inormation On Supported Printers ................................................................ 52

Using the lpstat Command to Determine i a PPD File Was Used to Create a PrintQueue ............................................................................................................................................ 53

2 Planning Printerson Your Network(Tasks) ..................................................................................... 55

Distributing Printers on the Network ............................................................................................... 55

Assigning Print Servers and Print Clients ........................................................................................ 56

Print Server Requirements and Recommendations ........................................................................ 57

Spooling Space ............................................................................................................................. . 57

Disk Space ................................................................................................................................... .. 57

Memory Requirements ............................................................................................................... 58Swap Space .................................................................................................................................. .. 58

Hard Disk ................................................................................................................................... ... 58

Planning or Printer Setup .................................................................................................................. 58

Setting Printer Denitions .......................................................................................................... 59

Selecting a Printer Type ............................................................................................................... 63

Selecting a File Content Type ..................................................................................................... 64

Frequently Used Printers ............................................................................................................ 65

3 Setting Up Printers (Tasks) .................................................................................................................67

Setting Up Printing (Task Map) ........................................................................................................ 67

Setting Up Printing by Using Solaris Print Manager ............................................................... 68

Printer Setup With Solaris Print Manager ................................................................................ 69Solaris Print Manager and Special Characters .......................................................................... 71

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Starting Solaris Print Manager ........................................................................................................... 71

How to Start Solaris Print Manager ........................................................................................... 71

Setting Up a Print Server ..................................................................................................................... 73How to Add a New Attached Printer by Using Solaris Print Manager .................................. 73

How to Add a New Attached Printer by Using LP Print Service Commands ....................... 76

Setting Up a Print Client ..................................................................................................................... 79

How to Add Printer Access by Using Solaris Print Manager .................................................. 79

Setting Up a .printers File ............................................................................................................... 80

HowtoSetUpa .printers File ................................................................................................. 81

Introduction to Adding a Network Printer ...................................................................................... 81

Printer Vendor-Supplied Sotware or Network Printers ....................................................... 84

Sun Support or Network Printers ............................................................................................. 84

Invoking Network Printer Support ............................................................................................ 84

Selecting the Print Protocol ........................................................................................................ 85

Selecting the Printer Node Name ............................................................................................... 85

Selecting the Destination Name (Also Called the Network Printer Access Name) .............. 86

Setting the Timeout Value .......................................................................................................... 86

Managing Network Printer Access ............................................................................................ 87

How to Add a Network Printer by Using Printer Vendor-Supplied Tools ........................... 87

How to Add a New Network Printer by Using Solaris Print Manager ................................... 88

How to Add a New Network Printer by Using LP Print Service Commands ....................... 90

4 Administering Printers (Tasks) ..........................................................................................................95

Administering Printers and the Print Scheduler (Task Map) ........................................................ 95

Administering Printers and the Print Scheduler ............................................................................. 96

Deleting Printers and Printer Access ......................................................................................... 96

How to Delete a Printer and Remove Printer Access ............................................................... 97

Checking Printer Status ............................................................................................................... 98How to Check the Status o Printers .......................................................................................... 99

Stopping and Restarting the Print Scheduler .......................................................................... 101

How to Stop the Print Scheduler .............................................................................................. 101

How to Restart the Print Scheduler .......................................................................................... 101

Starting the Print Scheduler With Options ............................................................................. 102

How to Set Print Option Values Only or the Duration o a Call ......................................... 103How to Set Option Values That Remain Over a System Reboot .......................................... 103

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Using the RFC-1179 Protocol Listener to Cascade Print Requests ...................................... 105

Setting or Resetting Miscellaneous Printer Denitions (Task Map) ........................................... 106

Setting or Resetting Miscellaneous Printer Denitions ................................................................ 107How to Add a Printer Description ........................................................................................... 107

How to Add a Print Queue Speciying localhost as the Host Name .................................. 108

Setting Denitions or Print Queues That Use PPD Files ..................................................... 109

How to Set Deault Values or Print Queues That Use PPD Files ........................................ 110

Setting Up a Deault Printer Destination ................................................................................ 113

How to Set a System's Deault Printer Destination ................................................................ 114

Printing Banner Pages ............................................................................................................... 114

How to Make Banner Pages Optional ...................................................................................... 115

How to Turn Of Banner Pages ................................................................................................ 116

Setting Up Printer Classes ......................................................................................................... 116

How to Dene a Class o Printers ............................................................................................. 117

Setting Up Printer Fault Alerts ................................................................................................. 118

How to Set Fault Alerts or a Printer ........................................................................................ 119Setting Up Printer Fault Recovery ........................................................................................... 120

How to Set Printer Fault Recovery ........................................................................................... 121

Limiting User Access to a Printer ............................................................................................. 121

How to Limit User Access to a Printer ..................................................................................... 123

Administering Print Requests (Task Map) ..................................................................................... 124

Administering Print Requests .......................................................................................................... 125

How to Check the Status o Print Requests ............................................................................. 126

Enabling or Disabling a Printer From Printing ...................................................................... 127

How to Enable or Disable a Printer .......................................................................................... 128

Accepting or Rejecting Print Requests .................................................................................... 129

How to Accept or Reject Print Requests or a Printer ............................................................ 130

Canceling a Print Request ......................................................................................................... 130

How to Cancel a Print Request ................................................................................................. 131How to Cancel a Print Request From a Specic User ............................................................ 132

Moving a Print Request ............................................................................................................. 133

How to Move Print Requests to Another Printer ................................................................... 133

Changing the Priority o Print Requests ................................................................................. 134

How to Change the Priority o a Print Request ...................................................................... 135

Administering the Internet Printing Protocol (Task Map) .......................................................... 136Using IPP as the Preerred Network Printing Protocol ................................................................ 137

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IPP Implementation .................................................................................................................. 138

IPP Server-Side Support ............................................................................................................ 138

IPP Client-Side Support ............................................................................................................ 139Conguring IPP Server and Client Data ........................................................................................ 140

IPP Keywords or Apache Web Server Conguration .......................................................... 141

How to Congure the IPP Server Data .................................................................................... 143

How to Congure the IPP Client Data .................................................................................... 143

Administering Network Listening Services Through SMF (Task Map) ..................................... 144

Administering Network Listening Services Through SMF .......................................................... 144

How to Enable the IPP Network Service ................................................................................. 144

How to Enable the RFC-1179 Network Service ...................................................................... 145

How to Disable the IPP Network Service ................................................................................ 145

How to Disable the RFC-1179 Network Service ..................................................................... 145

How to Restart the IPP Network Service ................................................................................. 146

How to Restart the RFC-1179 Network Service ..................................................................... 146

Best Practices or Using IPP as the Preerred Printing Protocol .................................................. 147

How to Obtain Inormation About Printers When IPP Is in Use ........................................ 147

How to Remotely Move Jobs Between Print Queues on a Print Server When Using IPP . 148

How to Modiy Remote Print Jobs When IPP Is in Use ......................................................... 148

Sharing Printers When Using IPP ........................................................................................... 149

Authentication Mechanisms .................................................................................................... 150

How To Set Authorizations That Enable You to Accept Print Queues When Using IPP . 150

5 Administering PPDFiles, Character Sets, Filters, Forms, andFonts(Tasks) .............................153

Administering PPD Files (Task Map) ............................................................................................. 154

Administering PPD Files .................................................................................................................. 155

Adding PPD Files to a System ................................................................................................... 155

Speciying a PPD File Label ....................................................................................................... 156Speciying a PPD File Repository ............................................................................................. 156

Locating PPD File Label and Repository Inormation in Solaris Print Manager ............... 157

How to Adda PPD File to a System With the ppdmgr Utility ................................................ 157

How to Add a PPD File to a System by Using the lpadmin -n Command ......................... 160

Updating the PPD Cache .......................................................................................................... 162

Rebuilding the PPD Cache ........................................................................................................ 162

How to Request a PPD Cache Update by Using the ppdmgr Utility ..................................... 162

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Managing the application/print/ppd-cache-update Service ........................................ 164

How to Enable the application/print/ppd-cache-update Service ................................ 164

How to Disable the application/print/ppd-cache-update Service ............................... 165Administering Character Sets (Task Map) ..................................................................................... 166

Administering Character Sets .......................................................................................................... 166

Selectable Character Sets ........................................................................................................... 167

Hardware Character Sets ........................................................................................................... 167

Tracking Print Wheels .............................................................................................................. 168

Alerts or Mounting Print Wheels or Font Cartridges .......................................................... 168

How to Dene a Print Wheel or Font Cartridge ..................................................................... 168

How to Unmount and Mount a Print Wheel or Font Cartridge .......................................... 170

How to Set an Alert to Mount a Print Wheel or Font Cartridge ........................................... 171

How to Set Up an Alias or a Selectable Character Set ........................................................... 172

Managing Print Filters (Task Map) ................................................................................................. 174

Managing Print Filters ...................................................................................................................... 174

Creating Print Filters ................................................................................................................. 175Adding, Changing, Deleting, and Restoring Print Filters ..................................................... 175

How to Add a Print Filter .......................................................................................................... 176

How to Delete a Print Filter ...................................................................................................... 177

How to View Inormation About a Print Filter ...................................................................... 178

Managing Forms (Task Map) .......................................................................................................... 179

Managing Forms ................................................................................................................................ 180

Adding, Changing, or Deleting Forms .................................................................................... 180

How to Add a Form .................................................................................................................... 180

How to Delete a Form ................................................................................................................ 181

Mounting Forms ........................................................................................................................ 182

How to Unmount and Mount a Form ..................................................................................... 182

Tracking Forms .......................................................................................................................... 184

Dening Alerts or Mounting Forms ....................................................................................... 184How to Set an Alert to Mount a Form ...................................................................................... 184

Checking Forms ......................................................................................................................... 185

How to View Inormation About a Form ................................................................................ 186

How to View the Current Status o a Form ............................................................................. 186

Limiting Access to Forms .......................................................................................................... 187

How to Limit User Access to a Form ....................................................................................... 187

How to Limit Printer Access to a Form ................................................................................... 188

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Managing Fonts (Task Map) ............................................................................................................ 189

Managing Fonts ..................................................................................................................... ............ 189

Managing Printer-Resident Fonts ........................................................................................... 190Downloading Host-Resident Fonts ......................................................................................... 191

Installing and Maintaining Host-Resident Fonts ................................................................... 191

How to Install Downloaded PostScript Fonts ......................................................................... 192

How to Install Host-Resident PostScript Fonts ...................................................................... 192

6 Customizing theLP Print Service (Tasks) ...................................................................................... 195Customizing the LP Print Service (Task Map) ............................................................................... 195

Adjusting Printer Port Characteristics ............................................................................................ 196

How to Adjust the Printer Port Characteristics ...................................................................... 197

Adding a terminfo Entry or an Unsupported Printer ................................................................. 197

How to Add a terminfo Entry or an Unsupported Printer ................................................. 200

Customizing the Printer Interace Program ................................................................................... 201

The Standard Printer Interace Program ................................................................................ 202

Customizing stty Modes .......................................................................................................... 202

Exit Codes ....................................................................................................................... ............ 202

Fault Messages ............................................................................................................................ 203

Using a Customized Printer Interace Program ..................................................................... 204

How to Set Up a Custom Printer Interace Program ............................................................. 204

Creating a New Print Filter ............................................................................................................... 205Writing a Print Filter Program ................................................................................................. 206

Creating a Print Filter Denition ............................................................................................. 208

How to Create a New Print Filter ............................................................................................. 214

Creating a New Printer Form ........................................................................................................... 216

How to Create a New Printer Form Denition ....................................................................... 218

7 Printing in the Solaris OS(Reerence) ............................................................................................ 219

Denition o the LP Print Service .................................................................................................... 219

Structure o the LP Print Service ...................................................................................................... 220

LP Print Service Directories ...................................................................................................... 220

LP Print Service Conguration Files ....................................................................................... 220

The terminfo Database ............................................................................................................. 222

Daemons and LP Internal Files ................................................................................................ 222

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LP Print Service Log Files .......................................................................................................... 223

Print Queue Logs ....................................................................................................................... 223

History Log Files ........................................................................................................................ 224Spooling Directories .................................................................................................................. 227

LP Print Service Commands ............................................................................................................ 228

Functions o the LP Print Service ..................................................................................................... 229

How LP Administers Files and Schedules Local Print Requests .................................................. 229

Scheduling Network Print Requests ................................................................................................ 230

Filtering Print Files ............................................................................................................................ 231

What the Printer Interace Program Does ...................................................................................... 231

How the lpsched Daemon Tracks the Status o Print Requests .................................................. 231

Cleaning Out Log Files ...................................................................................................................... 232

How to Change Frequency o Printer Request Log Rotation ................................................ 232

How Local Printing Works ....................................................................................................... 232

How Remote Printing Works ................................................................................................... 235

Administering PPD Files (Reerence) ............................................................................................. 237PPD File Repositories ................................................................................................................ 238

PPD File Labels ........................................................................................................................... 240

Description o the Printer Driver Field in Solaris Print Manager ........................................ 240

Manuacturer Aliases File ......................................................................................................... 241

PPD File Caches ......................................................................................................................... 242

Description o the ppdmgr Utility Command-Line Options ................................................ 242

8 ManagingTerminals andModems (Overview) .............................................................................247

What's New in Managing Terminals and Modems? ..................................................................... 247

SPARC: Coherent Console ....................................................................................................... 247

SPARC: Changes to How $TERM Value or Console Is Set .................................................. 248

ttymon Invocations on the System Console Managed by SMF ............................................ 248Terminals, Modems, Ports, and Services ........................................................................................ 249

Terminal Description ................................................................................................................ 249

Modem Description ................................................................................................................... 249

Ports Description ....................................................................................................................... 249

Services Description .................................................................................................................. 250

Port Monitors ............................................................................................................................. 250

Tools or Managing Terminals and Modems ................................................................................. 251

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Serial Ports Tool ......................................................................................................................... 251

Service Access Facility ............................................................................................................... 251

9 Setting UpTerminals andModems(Tasks) ................................................................................... 253

Setting Terminals and Modems (Task Map) .................................................................................. 253

Setting Up Terminals and Modems With Serial Ports Tool (Overview) .................................... 254

Setting Up Terminals ................................................................................................................. 254

Setting Up Modems ................................................................................................................... 255

How to Set Up a Terminal, a Modem, and Initialize a Port (Tasks) ............................................ 256How to Set Up a Terminal ......................................................................................................... 256

How to Set Up a Modem ........................................................................................................... 257

How to Initialize a Port .............................................................................................................. 258

Troubleshooting Terminal and Modem Problems ....................................................................... 259

10 Managing SerialPortsWith theService Access Facility (Tasks) .................................................261Managing Serial Ports (Task Map) .................................................................................................. 262

Using the Service Access Facility ..................................................................................................... 262

Overall SAF Administration (sacadm) ............................................................................................ 263

Service Access Controller (SAC Program) .............................................................................. 264

SAC Initialization Process ......................................................................................................... 264

Port Monitor Service Administration (pmadm) ............................................................................... 264

ttymon Port Monitor ................................................................................................................. 265

Port Initialization Process ......................................................................................................... 265

Bidirectional Service .................................................................................................................. 266

TTY Monitor and Network Listener Port Monitors ..................................................................... 266

TTY Port Monitor (ttymon) ..................................................................................................... 266

ttymon and the Console Port .................................................................................................... 266

ttymon-Specic Administrative Command (ttyadm) ........................................................... 267Network Listener Service (listen) .......................................................................................... 267

Special listen-Specic Administrative Command (nlsadmin) ......................................... 268

Administering ttymon Port Monitors ............................................................................................. 268

How to Set the ttymon Console Terminal Type ..................................................................... 268

How to Set the Baud Rate Speed on the ttymon Console Terminal ..................................... 269

How to Add a ttymon Port Monitor ......................................................................................... 270

How to View ttymon Port Monitor Status .............................................................................. 270

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HowtoStopa ttymon Port Monitor ........................................................................................ 271

How to Start a ttymon Port Monitor ........................................................................................ 272

How to Disable a ttymon Port Monitor ................................................................................... 272

How to Enable a ttymon Port Monitor .................................................................................... 272

How to Remove a ttymon Port Monitor .................................................................................. 273

Administering ttymon services (Task Map) ................................................................................... 273

Administering ttymon Services ....................................................................................................... 274

How to Add a Service ................................................................................................................. 274

How to View the Status o a TTY Port Service ........................................................................ 275

How to Enable a Port Monitor Service .................................................................................... 277

How to Disable a Port Monitor Service ................................................................................... 277

Service Access Facility Administration (Reerence) ...................................................................... 277

Files Associated With the SAF .................................................................................................. 278

/etc/saf/_sactab File ............................................................................................................. 278

/etc/saf/pmtab/_pmtab File .................................................................................................. 279

Service States ............................................................................................................................... 280Port Monitor States .................................................................................................................... 280

Port States ................................................................................................................................... . 281

11 Managing System Resources (Overview) ......................................................................................283

What's New in Managing System Resources? ................................................................................ 283

New prtconf Option to Display Product Names .................................................................. 284Managing System Resources (Road Map) ...................................................................................... 284

12 Displaying andChanging System Inormation(Tasks) ............................................................... 287

Displaying System Inormation (Task Map) .................................................................................. 287

Displaying System Inormation ............................................................................................... 288

How to Determine Whether a System Has 32bit or 64Bit Solaris CapabilitiesEnabled ................................................................................................................................ 289

How to Display Solaris Release Inormation ................................................................... 291

How to Display General System Inormation ................................................................. 292

How to Display a System's Host ID Number ................................................................... 293

How to Display a System's Product Name ....................................................................... 293

How to Display a System's Installed Memory ................................................................. 293

How to Display the Date and Time .................................................................................. 294

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psrinfo Command Option to Identiy Chip Multithreading Features .............................. 294

How to Display a System's Physical Processor Type .............................................................. 294

How to Display a System's Logical Processor Type ............................................................... 295New localeadm Command ...................................................................................................... 296

How to Display Locales Installed on a System ........................................................................ 296

How to Determine i a Locale is Installed on a System .......................................................... 297

Changing System Inormation (Task Map) ................................................................................... 297

Changing System Inormation ........................................................................................................ 298

How to Set a System's Date and Time Manually .................................................................... 298

How to Set Up a Message-O-The-Day ................................................................................... 299

How to Change a System's Host Name .................................................................................... 300

How to Add a Locale to a System ............................................................................................. 301

How to Remove a Locale From a System ................................................................................. 301

13 Managing DiskUse (Tasks) ..............................................................................................................303

Managing Disk Use (Task Map) ...................................................................................................... 303

Displaying Inormation About Files and Disk Space .................................................................... 304

How to Display Inormation About Files and Disk Space ..................................................... 305

Checking the Size o Files ................................................................................................................. 307

How to Display the Size o Files ................................................................................................ 307

How to Find Large Files ............................................................................................................. 308

How to Find Files That Exceed a Specied Size Limit ........................................................... 310Checking the Size o Directories ...................................................................................................... 310

How to Display the Size o Directories, Subdirectories, and Files ........................................ 311

How to Display the User Ownership o Local UFS File Systems .......................................... 312

Finding and Removing Old or Inactive Files .................................................................................. 313

How to List the Newest Files ..................................................................................................... 313

How to Find and Remove Old or Inactive Files ...................................................................... 314

How to Clear Out Temporary Directories .............................................................................. 315

How to Find and Delete core Files ........................................................................................... 316

How to Delete Crash Dump Files ............................................................................................. 317

14 Managing Quotas(Tasks) .................................................................................................................319

What Are Quotas? ............................................................................................................................. 319

Using Quotas ......................................................................................................................... ............ 319

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Setting Sot Limits and Hard Limits or Quotas ..................................................................... 320

The Diference Between Disk Block and File Limits .............................................................. 320

Setting Up Quotas ............................................................................................................................. 320Guidelines or Setting Up Quotas ............................................................................................ 321

Setting Up Quotas (Task Map) ........................................................................................................ 322

How to Congure File Systems or Quotas ............................................................................. 322

How to Set Up Quotas or a User ............................................................................................. 323

How to Set Up Quotas or Multiple Users ............................................................................... 324

How to Check Quota Consistency ........................................................................................... 324

How to Turn On Quotas ........................................................................................................... 325

Maintaining Quotas (Task Map) ..................................................................................................... 326

Checking Quotas ...................................................................................................... ......................... 327

How to Check or Exceeded Quotas ........................................................................................ 327

How to Check Quotas on a File System ................................................................................... 328

Changing and Removing Quotas .................................................................................................... 329

How to Change the Sot Limit Deault .................................................................................... 329How to Change Quotas or a User ........................................................................................... 330

How to Disable Quotas or a User ............................................................................................ 331

How to Turn Of Quotas ........................................................................................................... 332

15 Scheduling SystemTasks (Tasks) ....................................................................................................335

Creating and Editing crontab Files (Task Map) ........................................................................... 335Ways to Automatically Execute System Tasks ............................................................................... 336

For Scheduling Repetitive Jobs: crontab ................................................................................ 337

For Scheduling a Single Job: at ................................................................................................. 337

Scheduling a Repetitive System Task (cron) .................................................................................. 338

Inside a crontab File .................................................................................................................. 338

How the cron Daemon Handles Scheduling .......................................................................... 339Syntax ocrontab File Entries .................................................................................................. 339

Creating and Editing crontab Files ................................................................................................. 340

How to Create or Edit a crontab File ....................................................................................... 341

How to Veriy That a crontab File Exists ................................................................................ 342

Displaying crontab Files .................................................................................................................. 342

How to Display a crontab File ................................................................................................. 342

Removing crontab Files ................................................................................................................... 344

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How to Remove a crontab File ................................................................................................. 344

Controlling Access to the crontab Command .............................................................................. 345

How to Denycrontab Command Access ............................................................................... 345

How to Limit crontab Command Access to Specied Users ............................................... 346

How to Veriy Limited crontab Command Access ............................................................... 347

Using the at Command (Task Map) ............................................................................................... 348

Scheduling a Single System Task (at) ............................................................................................. 349

Description o the at Command .............................................................................................. 349

Controlling Access to the at Command ................................................................................. 349

How to Create an at Job ............................................................................................................ 350

How to Display the at Queue ................................................................................................... 351

How to Veriy an at Job ............................................................................................................. 351

How to Displayat Jobs .............................................................................................................. 351

How to Remove at Jobs ............................................................................................................. 352

How to Deny Access to the at Command ............................................................................... 353

How to Veriy That at Command Access Is Denied ............................................................. 354

16 Managing System Accounting(Tasks) ...........................................................................................355

What's New in System Accounting ................................................................................................. 355

Solaris Process Accounting and Statistics Improvements .................................................... 355

What is System Accounting? ............................................................................................................ 356

How System Accounting Works .............................................................................................. 356System Accounting Components ............................................................................................ 356

System Accounting (Task Map) ...................................................................................................... 360

Setting Up System Accounting ........................................................................................................ 361

How to Set Up System Accounting .......................................................................................... 361

Billing Users ........................................................................................................................... ............ 363

How to Bill Users ........................................................................................................................ 364Maintaining Accounting Inormation ............................................................................................ 364

Fixing Corrupted Files and wtmpx Errors ................................................................................ 364

How to Fix a Corrupted wtmpx File .......................................................................................... 365

Fixing tacct Errors .................................................................................................................... 365

How to Fix tacct Errors ........................................................................................................... 365

Restarting the runacct Script ................................................................................................... 366

How to Restart the runacct Script ........................................................................................... 366

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Stopping and Disabling System Accounting .................................................................................. 367

How to Temporarily Stop System Accounting ....................................................................... 367

How to Permanently Disable System Accounting ................................................................. 368

17 System Accounting(Reerence) ......................................................................................................369

runacct Script ......................................................................................................................... ........... 369

Daily Accounting Reports ................................................................................................................ 371

Daily Report ................................................................................................................................ 372

Daily Usage Report .................................................................................................................... 373Daily Command Summary ....................................................................................................... 374

Monthly Command Summary ................................................................................................. 376

Last Login Report ....................................................................................................................... 376

Examining the pacct File With acctcom ................................................................................ 377

System Accounting Files ................................................................................................................... 379

Files Produced by the runacct Script ...................................................................................... 381

18 Managing System Perormance (Overview) .................................................................................383

What's New in Managing System Perormance? ........................................................................... 383

Enhanced pfiles Tool .............................................................................................................. 383

CPU Perormance Counters ..................................................................................................... 384

Where to Find System Perormance Tasks ..................................................................................... 384System Perormance and System Resources .................................................................................. 385

Processes and System Perormance ................................................................................................. 385

About Monitoring System Perormance ........................................................................................ 386

Monitoring Tools ....................................................................................................................... 387

19 Managing System Processes (Tasks) ..............................................................................................389Managing System Processes (Task Map) ........................................................................................ 389

Commands or Managing System Processes ................................................................................. 390

Using the ps Command ............................................................................................................ 391

Using the /proc File System and Commands ........................................................................ 392

Managing Processes With Process Commands (/proc) ....................................................... 393

How to List Processes ................................................................................................................ 393

How to Display Inormation About Processes ....................................................................... 395

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How to Control Processes ......................................................................................................... 396

Terminating a Process (pkill, kill) .................................................................................... 397

How to Terminate a Process (pkill) ....................................................................................... 397

How to Terminate a Process (kill) ......................................................................................... 398

Debugging a Process (pargs, preap) ....................................................................................... 399

Managing Process Class Inormation (Task Map) ........................................................................ 400

Managing Process Class Inormation ............................................................................................. 401

Changing the Scheduling Priority o Processes (priocntl) ................................................. 401

How to Display Basic Inormation About Process Classes (priocntl) .............................. 402

How to Display the Global Priority o a Process ..................................................................... 402

How to Designate a Process Priority (priocntl) ................................................................... 403

How to Change Scheduling Parameters o a Timesharing Process (priocntl) ................. 404

How to Change the Class o a Process (priocntl) ................................................................. 404

Changing the Priority o a Timesharing Process (nice) ....................................................... 405

How to Change the Priority o a Process (nice) ..................................................................... 406

Troubleshooting Problems With System Processes ...................................................................... 407

20 Monitoring System Perormance(Tasks) ......................................................................................409

Displaying System Perormance Inormation (Task Map) .......................................................... 409

Displaying Virtual Memory Statistics (vmstat) ............................................................................ 410

How to Display Virtual Memory Statistics (vmstat) ............................................................. 411

How to Display System Event Inormation (vmstat -s) ...................................................... 412How to Display Swapping Statistics (vmstat -S) .................................................................. 413

How to Display Interrupts Per Device (vmstat -i) .............................................................. 413

Displaying Disk Utilization Inormation (iostat) ....................................................................... 414

How to Display Disk Utilization Inormation (iostat) ....................................................... 414

How to Display Extended Disk Statistics (iostat -xtc) ...................................................... 415

Displaying Disk Space Statistics (df) .............................................................................................. 416How to Display Disk Space Inormation (df -k) ................................................................... 416

Monitoring System Activities (Task Map) ..................................................................................... 417

Monitoring System Activities (sar) ................................................................................................ 419

How to Check File Access (sar -a) ......................................................................................... 419

How to Check Bufer Activity (sar -b) ................................................................................... 420

How to Check System Call Statistics (sar -c) ........................................................................ 421

How to Check Disk Activity (sar -d) ..................................................................................... 423

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How to Check Page-Out and Memory (sar -g) .................................................................... 424

Checking Kernel Memory Allocation ...................................................................................... 426

How to Check Kernel Memory Allocation (sar -k) ............................................................. 426

How to Check Interprocess Communication (sar -m) ........................................................ 428

How to Check Page-In Activity (sar -p) ................................................................................ 429

How to Check Queue Activity (sar -q) .................................................................................. 430

How to Check Unused Memory (sar -r) ............................................................................... 431

How to Check CPU Utilization (sar -u) ................................................................................ 432

How to Check System Table Status (sar -v) .......................................................................... 434

How to Check Swapping Activity (sar -w) ............................................................................ 435

How to Check Terminal Activity (sar -y) ............................................................................. 436

How to Check Overall System Perormance (sar -A) .......................................................... 437

Collecting System Activity Data Automatically (sar) .................................................................. 438

Running the sadc Command When Booting ......................................................................... 438

Running the sadc Command Periodically With the sa1 Script ........................................... 438

Producing Reports With the sa2 Shell Script ......................................................................... 439

Setting Up Automatic Data Collection (sar) ......................................................................... 439

How to Set Up Automatic Data Collection ............................................................................. 440

21 Troubleshooting Sotware Problems (Overview) ........................................................................443

What's New in Troubleshooting? .................................................................................................... 443x86: Error Message Upon System Boot i Multiboot Module From the Previous GRUBImplementation Is Loaded ........................................................................................................ 443

Common Agent Container Problems ..................................................................................... 444

x86: SMF Boot Archive Service Might Fail During System Reboot ..................................... 444

Dynamic Tracing Facility .......................................................................................................... 445

kmdb Replaces kadb as Standard Solaris Kernel Debugger .................................................... 445

Where to Find Sotware Troubleshooting Tasks ........................................................................... 445

Additional Resources or Troubleshooting System and Sotware Problems ...................... 446

Troubleshooting a System Crash ..................................................................................................... 446

What to Do i the System Crashes ............................................................................................ 446

Gathering Troubleshooting Data ............................................................................................. 447

Troubleshooting a System Crash Checklist .................................................................................... 447

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22 Managing System Messages ............................................................................................................449

Viewing System Messages ................................................................................................................ 449

How to View System Messages ................................................................................................. 450System Log Rotation ......................................................................................................................... 451

Customizing System Message Logging ........................................................................................... 452

How to Customize System Message Logging .......................................................................... 454

Enabling Remote Console Messaging ............................................................................................. 454

Using Auxiliary Console Messaging During Run Level Transitions ................................... 455

Using the consadm Command During an Interactive Login Session ................................... 456

How to Enable an Auxiliary (Remote) Console ..................................................................... 456

How to Display a List o Auxiliary Consoles ........................................................................... 457

How to Enable an Auxiliary (Remote) Console Across System Reboots ............................ 457

How to Disable an Auxiliary (Remote) Console .................................................................... 458

23 Managing Core Files(Tasks) ............................................................................................................459

Managing Core Files (Task Map) .................................................................................................... 459

Managing Core Files Overview ........................................................................................................ 460

Congurable Core File Paths .................................................................................................... 460

Expanded Core File Names ....................................................................................................... 460

Setting the Core File Name Pattern .......................................................................................... 461

Enabling setuid Programs to Produce Core Files ................................................................. 462

How to Display the Current Core Dump Conguration ...................................................... 462How to Set a Core File Name Pattern ....................................................................................... 463

How to Enable a Per-Process Core File Path ........................................................................... 463

How to Enable a Global Core File Path .................................................................................... 463

Troubleshooting Core File Problems .............................................................................................. 464

Examining Core Files ............................................................................................................... ......... 464

24 Managing System CrashInormation(Tasks) ...............................................................................467

Managing System Crash Inormation (Task Map) ........................................................................ 467

System Crashes (Overview) ............................................................................................................. 468

x86: System Crashes in the GRUB Boot Environment .......................................................... 468

System Crash Dump Files ......................................................................................................... 468

Saving Crash Dumps ................................................................................................................. 469

The dumpadm Command ............................................................................................................ 469

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How the dumpadm Command Works ....................................................................................... 470

Dump Devices and Volume Managers .................................................................................... 470

Managing System Crash Dump Inormation ................................................................................ 470How to Display the Current Crash Dump Conguration .................................................... 471

How to Modiy a Crash Dump Conguration ....................................................................... 471

How to Examine a Crash Dump ............................................................................................... 473

How to Recover From a Full Crash Dump Directory (Optional) ........................................ 474

How to Disable or Enable Saving Crash Dumps .................................................................... 474

25 Troubleshooting Miscellaneous Sotware Problems (Tasks) .....................................................477

x86: What to Do i the Multiboot Module From Previous GRUB Implementation Is Loaded atBoot Time ........................................................................................................................................ ... 477

What to Do i Rebooting Fails .......................................................................................................... 478

What to Do i You Forgot Root Password ...................................................................................... 479

x86: What to Do i the SMF Boot Archive Service Fails During a System Reboot ..................... 483

What to Do i a System Hangs .......................................................................................................... 484What to Do i a File System Fills Up ................................................................................................ 484

File System Fills Up Because a Large File or Directory Was Created ................................... 485

A TMPFS File System is Full Because the System Ran Out o Memory .................................. 485

What to Do i File ACLs Are Lost Ater Copy or Restore ............................................................. 485

Troubleshooting Backup Problems ................................................................................................ 485

The root (/) File System Fills Up Ater You Back Up a File System ..................................... 486Make Sure the Backup and Restore Commands Match ........................................................ 486

Check to Make Sure You Have the Right Current Directory ................................................ 486

Interactive Commands .............................................................................................................. 486

Troubleshooting Common Agent Container Problems in the Solaris OS ................................. 487

Port Number Conicts .............................................................................................................. 487

How to Check Port Numbers .................................................................................................... 488

Compromised Security or Superuser Password ................................................................... 488

How to Generate Security Keys or the Solaris OS ................................................................. 488

26 Troubleshooting FileAccess Problems(Tasks) .............................................................................491

Solving Problems With Search Paths (Command not found) ........................................................491

How to Diagnose and Correct Search Path Problems ........................................................... 492

Solving File Access Problems ........................................................................................................... 494

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Changing File and Group Ownerships .................................................................................... 494

Recognizing Problems With Network Access ................................................................................ 494

27 Troubleshooting Printing Problems (Tasks) .................................................................................495

Tips on Troubleshooting Printer Setup Problems ........................................................................ 495

Locating Inormation About Parallel and USB-Connected Print Devices ......................... 495

Tips on Troubleshooting Printing Problems ................................................................................. 496

Troubleshooting No Output (Nothing Prints) ....................................................................... 496

Troubleshooting Incorrect Output .......................................................................................... 498Troubleshooting Hung lp Commands ................................................................................... 499

Troubleshooting Idle (Hung) Printers .................................................................................... 500

Troubleshooting Conicting Status Messages ....................................................................... 501

Troubleshooting Printing Problems ............................................................................................... 501

x86: Troubleshooting a Missing /devices Entry or the Parallel Port ................................ 501

x86: How to Troubleshoot a Missing /devices Entry or the Parallel Port ........................ 501

How to Troubleshoot No Printer Output .............................................

Documents

System Administration Guide Advanced Administration 819-2380