CHAPTER 8: SYSTEM ENGINEERING: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

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CONTENTS

System Concepts

Examples of System

Generalized model of System

System control

Types of System

Hierarchical structure of System

Handling System Complexity

Classes of System

General model of MIS

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System Concepts

The word System is used in day to day in life with describing the subjects for example education system, business system etc

System provides a meaningful framework for describing and undertanding the functions and features of subjects

System is defined as a set of elements arranged in an orferly manner to accomplish an objective

System is always deigned to fulfill a perticular task with special objectives for example Student information System will give complete detail of student.

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Examples Of System

Systems Elements Objective

Computer Input, Process and output devices, OS ,Compilers ,Packages etc

Process data and provide information

Accounting Financial transactions, Accounting principles and rules, Transaction processing methods and tools.

Process the transactions and produce monthly books of account and information about financial management

Business Organization People , Plant and Machinery, Product and services,Communications,Transport and Material

Produce goods and services to achieve the business objectives of Service, Turnover and profits.

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Generalized Model of System

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

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System Control

First control is regarding measuring output of system

Then set standard of the output as an index as system performance

If the measurement of output is not according to plan then feedback provided to system and stop the operations

This process take place in comparison unit

Mechanism which provide a signal to system about quality, performance is called feedback mechanism

The process of measuring output, comparing with standard, Sending signal to the corrective unit and corrective unit active according to it is called control.

It is done threw this diagram

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Control System Model

Channel Of

Feedback

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

SENSOR

COMPARISIONUNIT

CORRECTIVEUNIT

STANDARD

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MIS and System ControlSystem Components Business System MIS

Inputs Rawmaterials,plant,manuefacturing,selling,accounting

Data from purchase, production and sales, receipt and payments

Process Purchasing,manufacturing,selling.acccounting.

Transaction processing and data processing

Outputs Quality of production,Sales,Stock,Income and profit.

Computation of production in numbers,sales in value,stocks in weight,income and profit in rupees

Sensor Profit Income less assigned post

Comparison unit Expectation profit vs Actual Income vs Budgeted income

Standard Profit, Target Budgeted profits of various products

Feedback Balance sheet and Analysis Expectation reports

Corrective Unit MD and Business decision Decisions of marketing managers

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Types of System

A system is defined and determined by its boundaries and objectives

System is an arrangement of smaller system in logical order where many smaller system together make a larger system.

A large system can be spilicit or decomposed into subsystems up to a certain level.

The system can be classified in different categories based on predictability of its output and the output is known with certainty

Some Examples are:

- Determistic vs Probabilistic

- Open vs Closed System

- System vs Subsystem

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Types Of System

Here is example of Sub Systems

Bill ProcessingSystem

Collecting BillCollating Bill To goods

Amount payable

Preparation of Cheque and payment

Bill Security

Bill Booking

Bill Security

AuditingComputeGross Amount

Compute Taxes and duties

Finance Accounting

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Handling System Compexity

There are some methods used to deal with system complexity which are

- Identify the subsystems which have together for the function ‘cohesion’

- Form cluster of these subsystems and identify interconnection of this cluster

- Form cluster of the remaining subsystems

- Connect the cluster with interface

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System Efficiency and Effectiveness

The performance can measured 2 ways the efficiency and effectiveness

The efficiency indicates manner in which inputs are used by the system

The effectiveness is the measure of deciding whether a system provide a proper output or not.

A system has to be effective and efficient for the highest utility of the system

The effectiveness I measured goodness of output

Efficiency is a measured a productivity of system

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Post Implementation Problems of system

There are lots of problem occurs after system has implemented successfully so to navigate this problem following steps has to be taken

- A periodic review of system

- User meeting to assess the current utility of the system and the level of satisfaction

- Subjecting the system to an audit check threw the test data

- Running the system under audit trail

- Bringing out system modification

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Post Implementation Problems of system

The key terms to handle the post implementation problems in system are:

- The core design must be comprehensive and flexible to undergo a quick change

- The associated sub systems must be built under flexible design

The most successful way of handling these problems is to have a business analyst in org provide proper information with decision making authority to them.

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Classes of System

MIS should Classifies systems in 5 ways

- Data processing System(DPS)

- Transaction Processing System(TPS)

- Application Processing System(APS)

- Business function processing System(BPS)

- Integrated Information Processing System(IPS)

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MODEL OF DPS

System Of Input

Checking,Validating

Result Processing

Reports

MasterFiles

RecordFiles

QueryProcessing

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MODEL OF TPS

TransactionData Files

Master Files

TransactionProcessAlgorithm

TPS for Accuracy,Completeness,Consistency,Validity,Decision for rejectionOr acceptance

TransactionRecords

QueryProcessing

Report or Document

Display

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MODEL OF APS

ApplicationData Files

Master Files

ApplicationProcessRules

APS for Verification,,Checking, Selecting Rules and compute formula

ApplicationRecords

QueryProcessing

Report or Document

Display

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MODEL OF BPS

ApplicationData Files

Transaction Files

SystemProcessRules

APS for Verification,,Checking, Selecting Rules and compute formula

Summary of Result fileFor DSS

QueryProcessing

Future MisReport or Document

Display

SystemResultFiles

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General Model Of MIS

Sourcing System

Data Processing

Transaction Processing

Application Processing

System Processing

Integration

Bps,Aps etc

Production System

Query Processing

Exception Reporting

Data base

DSS

Or & packages

Other Systems

Process

MIS Model

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General Model Of MIS

The MIS is an arrangement of data processing and information systems in an orderly manner to support the management in achieving the business objectives

Mis is designed to provide the information

The performance of the mis design starts decaying in the post implementation period

Mis provide complete mechanism to bring back the system original equilibrium

Mis provide hierarchical structure for proper system implementation

Mis provide complete overview of system and ability to access

Mis is useful to measure performance of system and helpful to system control