Synthetic Data for Power Grid R&D

Tom Overbye and Adam Birchfield Texas A&M University

overbye@tamu.edu, abirchfield@tamu.edu July 20, 2017

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mailto:overbye@tamu.edumailto:abirchfield@tamu.edu

Background Access to data about the actual power grid is often

restricted because of requirements for data confidentiality (e.g., critical energy infrastructure)

For power system community to engage in research that adheres to the scientific principle of reproducibility of results, we need common access to models the mimic the grid complexity

Work presented here is mostly based an ongoing ARPA-E Grid Data Project involving researchers at TAMU, Illinois, Cornell, ASU and VCU

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Overview The overall goal of the project is the creation and

dissemination of synthetic (fictional) models and scenarios associated with the high voltage grid The models will be of varying size and complexity, ranging

from 200 buses up to 100,000 buses; the models will also include contingencies and extra parameters for transient stability and GMD analysis

All delivered models with have geographic coordinates Scenarios will be hourly for a year, SCOPF solved Validation metrics are also a key consideration

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Approach The approach is to make models that look real and

familiar by siting these synthetic models in North America, and serving a population density the mimics that of North America The transmission grid is, however, totally fictitious

This approach is predicated on gathering statistics associated with actual grids, and then using those statistics as appropriate Actual grids have idiosyncratic characteristics that need to be

considered; outlier characteristics can be quite important!

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Model Complexity Examples A recent 76,000 bus Eastern Interconnect (EI) power

flow model has 27,622 transformers including 98 phase shifters Impedance correction tables are used for 351, including

about 2/3 of the phase shifters; tables can change the impedance by more than two times

The voltage magnitude is controlled at about 19,000 buses (by Gens, LTCs, switched shunts) 94% regulate their own terminals with about 1100 doing

remote regulation. Of this group 572 are regulated by two or more devices, 277 by three or more, 12 by eight or more, and three by 12 devices!

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Geography is Key! Actual power grids are geographically consistent

This is an inherent characteristic that has profound modeling implications

Examples include line impedance, and constraints such as lakes and mountains

Traditionally power system planning models did not usually include location

This is now changing, partially because of GMD studies that require geography

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Current Status Weve created 200, 500 and 2000 bus systems, with a

10,000 bus model almost finished The 200 bus model has OPF, transient stability GMD data,

contingencies plus 8760 hourly scenarios The 500 bus has OPF, transient stability and GMD data The 2000 bus has OPF data Additional scenarios and models are being developed

All models are (or will be) publicly available in a variety of common formats at different locations https://electricgrids.engr.tamu.edu/

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Example: 2000 Bus Model Geographic footprint is part of

Texas (corresponding with ERCOT footprint)

Four voltage levels: 115 kV, 161 kV, 230 kV, and 500 kV

Eight areas, appealing onelines

This is a synthetic power system model that does NOT represent the actual grid. It was developed as part of the US ARPA-E Grid Data research project and contains no CEII. To reference the model development approach, use:

For more information, contact abirchfield@tamu.edu.

A.B. Birchfield, T. Xu, K.M. Gegner, K.S. Shetye, and T.J. Overbye, "Grid Structural Characteristics as Validation Criteria for Synthetic Networks," to appear, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2017.

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Amps DALLAS 1North Central

500.00 kV10

DALLAS 3North Central

500.00 kV2

WILMERNorth Central

161.00 kV1

LANCASTER 1North Central

161.00 kV1

HUTCHINSNorth Central

161.00 kV1

LANCASTER 2North Central

161.00 kV1

DALLAS 14North Central

161.00 kV1

DALLAS 17North Central

161.00 kV1

FERRISNorth Central

161.00 kV1

DESOTONorth Central

161.00 kV1

MESQUITE 2North Central

161.00 kV1

TERRELL 2North Central

161.00 kV1

FORNEYNorth Central

161.00 kV1

MESQUITE 1North Central

161.00 kV1

ROCKWALL 1North Central

161.00 kV1

QUINLANNorth Central

161.00 kV1

SUNNYVALENorth Central

161.00 kV1

GARLAND 1North Central

500.00 kV2

TERRELL 1North Central

161.00 kV2

DALLAS 38North Central

161.00 kV1

DUNCANVILLE 2

North Central

161.00 kV1

CEDAR HILLNorth Central

161.00 kV1

DALLAS 34North Central

161.00 kV1

DUNCANVILLE 1

North Central

161.00 kV1

WILLS POINTEast

115.00 kV1

DALLAS 43North Central

161.00 kV1

KEMPNorth Central

161.00 kV1

CANTONEast

115.00 kV1

North Central

KAUFMANNorth Central

161.00 kV1

SEAGOVILLENorth Central

161.00 kV1

MABANK 1North Central

161.00 kV1

ADDISONNorth Central

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DALLAS 31North Central

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DALLAS 42North Central

161.00 kV1

DALLAS 24North Central

161.00 kV1

DALLAS 30North Central

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DALLAS 39North Central

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DALLAS 21North Central

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DALLAS 23North Central

161.00 kV1

IRVING 4North Central

161.00 kV1

DALLAS 26North Central

161.00 kV1

DALLAS 18North Central

161.00 kV1

DALLAS 36North Central

161.00 kV1

IRVING 2North Central

161.00 kV1

North Central

FORT WORTH 14North Central

161.00 kV1

ARLINGTON 7North Central

161.00 kV1

BURLESONNorth Central

50000 kV2

FORT WORTH 8

North Central

161.00 kV1FORT WORTH 24

North Central

161.00 kV1

FORT WORTH 20North Central

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FORT WORTH 5

North Central

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FORT WORTH 13North Central

161.00 kV1

ARLINGTON 11

North Central

161.00 kV1

ARLINGTON 2North Central

161.00 kV1

DALLAS 44North Central

161.00 kV1

GRAND PRAIRIE 3North Central

500.00 kV2

MANSFIELDNorth Central

500.00 kV2

ARLINGTON 8North Central

161.00 kV1

MESQUITE 3North Central

161.00 kV1

DALLAS 11North Central

161.00 kV1

DALLAS 13North Central

161.00 kV1

DALLAS 16North Central

161.00 kV1

DALLAS 4North Central

161.00 kV1

DALLAS 15North Central

161.00 kV1

DALLAS 27North Central

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DALLAS 9North Central

161.00 kV1

DALLAS 20North Central

161.00 kV1

DALLAS 5North Central

161.00 kV1

ROYSE CITYNorth Central

161.00 kV1

ROWLETT 1North Central

161.00 kV1

CADDO MILLSNorth Central

161.00 kV1

GARLAND 2North Central

161.00 kV1

ROWLETT 2North Central

161.00 kV1

BALCH SPRINGSNorth Central

161.00 kV1

ROCKWALL 2North Central

161.00 kV1

JOSEPHINENorth Central

161.00 kV1

DALLAS 32North Central

161.00 kV1

DALLAS 7North Central

161.00 kV1

DALLAS 12North Central

161.00 kV1

GARLAND 5North Central

161.00 kV1

DALLAS 10North Central

161.00 kV1

DALLAS 22North Central

161.00 kV1

DALLAS 8North Central

161.00 kV1

RICHARDSON 2North Central

500.00 kV2

GARLAND 3North Central

161.00 kV1

SACHSENorth Central

161.00 kV1

DALLAS 6North Central

161.00 kV1

DALLAS 2North Central

500.00 kV5

DALLAS 25North Central

161.00 kV1

DALLAS 37North Central

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DALLAS 33North Central

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DALLAS 29North Central

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DALLAS 40North Central

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GARLAND 4North Central

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DALLAS 28North Central

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DALLAS 41North Central

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FORT WORTH 23North Central

161.00 kV1

GRAHAMNorth Central

500.00 kV4

PALO PINTO 1

North Central

500.00 kV7

STRAWNNorth Central

161.00 kV1

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BOWIENorth

161.00 kV1

JACKSBORO 2

North Central

161.00 kV1

ALVORDNorth Central

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WINDTHORSTNorth

161.00 kV1

BRIDGEPORTNorth Central

500.00 kV9

KRUMNorth Central

161.00 kV1

DECATURNorth Central

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DENTON 6North Central

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RHOMENorth Central

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CHICONorth Central

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NEWARKNorth Central

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PARADISENorth Central

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MINGUSNorth Central

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EASTLANDNorth Central

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DE LEONNorth Central

161.00 kV1

OLNEY 1North Central

500.00 kV3

BRYSON 1North Central

500.00 kV3

BRYSON 2North Central

161.00 kV1

ARCHER 2North

161.00 kV2

NORTH RICHLAND HILLS 1

North Central

161.00 kV1

KELLER 1North Central

161.00 kV1

FORT WORTH 17

North Central

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FORT WORTH 18North Central

161.00 kV1

KELLER 2North Central

500.00 kV2

FORT WORTH 22

North Central

161.00 kV1

ALEDO 1North Central

500.00 kV3

FORT WORTH 16North Central

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HASLETNorth Central

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FORT WORTH 4North Central

161.00 kV1

COPPELLNorth Central

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GRAPEVINENorth Central

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BEDFORD 1North Central

161.00 kV1

IRVING 1North Central

161.00 kV3

EULESS 1North Central

161.00 kV1

FORT WORTH 9North Central

161.00 kV1

NORTH RICHLAND HILLS 2

North Central

161.00 kV1

COLLEYVILLENorth Central

161.00 kV1

SOUTHLAKENorth Central

161.00 kV1

WEATHERFORD 1North Central

161.00 kV1

POOLVILLENorth Central

500.00 kV5

WEATHERFORD 3North Central

161.00 kV1

BOYDNorth Central

161.00 kV1

AZLENorth Central

161.00 kV1

MINERAL WELLSNorth Central

161.00 kV1

JACKSBORO 1North Central

500.00 kV3

GRAFORDNorth Central

161.00 kV1

PERRINNorth Central

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FORT WORTH 25North Central

161.00 kV1

ALEDO 2North Central

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WEATHERFORD 2

North Central

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FORT WORTH 26

North Central

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FORT WORTH 29North Central

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SANTONorth Central

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FORT WORTH 27North Central

161.00 kV1SPRINGTOWN

North Central

161.00 kV1

MILLSAPNorth Central

161.00 kV1

PALO PINTO 2North Central

161.00 kV1

LIPANNorth Central

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GORDONNorth Central

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TOLARNorth Central

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STEPHENVILLE

North Central

ARLINGTON 5North Central

161.00 kV1

ARLINGTON 4North Central

161.00 kV1

ARLINGTON 10

North Central

161.00 kV1

ARLINGTON 3North Central

161.00 kV1

GRAND PRAIRIE 1North Central

161.00 kV1

GRANBURY 3North Central

161.00 kV1

FORT WORTH 28North Central

161.00 kV1

GRANBURY 1North Central

500.00 kV5

GRANBURY 2North Central

500.00 kV6

ARLINGTON 9North Central

161.00 kV1

HALTOM CITYNorth Central

161.00 kV1

FORT WORTH 21North Central

161.00 kV1

FORT WORTH 19North Central

161.00 kV1

FORT WORTH 7North Central

161.00 kV1

FORT WORTH 12North Central

161.00 kV1

EULESS 2North Central

161.00 kV1

HURSTNorth Central

161.00 kV1

FORT WORTH 1

North Central

161.00 kV1

IRVING 5North Central

161.00 kV1

FORT WORTH 15

North Central

161.00 kV1

GRAND PRAIRIE 2

North Central

161.00 kV1

ARLINGTON 6North Central

161.00 kV1

FORT WORTH 3

North Central

161.00 kV1

IRVING 3North Central

161.00 kV1ARLINGTON 1

North Central

500.00 kV7

FORT WORTH 6North Central

161.00 kV1

FORT WORTH 11

North Central

161.00 kV1

FORT WORTH 2

North Central

161.00 kV1

BEDFORD 2North Central

161.00 kV1

CELINANorth Central

161.00 kV1

LITTLE ELMNorth Central

161.00 kV1

FRISCO 1North Central

161.00 kV1

PROSPERNorth Central

161.00 kV1

AUBREYNorth Central

161.00 kV1

JUSTINNorth Central

161.00 kV1

ARGYLENorth Central

161.00 kV1

FORT WORTH 10North Central

161.00 kV1

ROANOKENorth Central

161.00 kV1

PONDERNorth Central

161.00 kV1

DENTON 4North Central

161.00 kV1

DENTON 2North Central

161.00 kV1

DENTON 5North Central

161.00 kV1

DENTON 1North Central

500.00 kV4

FLOWER MOUND 1

North Central

161.00 kV1

LEWSIVILLENorth Central

161.00 kV3

LEWISVILLE 2North Central

161.00 kV1

LAKE DALLASNorth Central

161.00 kV1

DENTON 3North Central

161.00 kV1

FLOWER MOUND 2

North Central

161.00 kV1

LEWISVILLE 1North Central

161.00 kV3

LEONARDNorth

161.00 kV1

ANNANorth Central

161.00 kV1

TRENTONNorth

161.00 kV1

PLANO 1North Central

161.00 kV1

PLANO 2North Central

161.00 kV1

WHITEWRIGHT161.00 kV1

WOLFE CITYNorth Central

161.00 kV1

GREENVILLE 1North Central

500.00 kV4

NEVADANorth Central

161.00 kV1

GREENVILLE 2North Central

161.00 kV1LAVONNorth Central

161.00 kV1

PRINCETONNorth Central

161.00 kV1

WYLIENorth Central

161.00 kV1

FARMERSVILLENorth Central

161.00 kV1

RICHARDSON 1North Central

161.00 kV1

PLANO 6North Central

161.00 kV1

THE COLONYNorth Central

161.00 kV1

CARROLLTON 1

North Central

161.00 kV1

PLANO 4North Central

161.00 kV1

FRISCO 2North Central

500.00 kV2

MCKINNEY 2North Central

161.00 kV1

MELISSANorth Central

161.00 kV1

MCKINNEY 3North Central

500.00 kV2

CARROLLTON 3North Central

161.00 kV1

MCKINNEY 1North Central

500.00 kV9

PLANO 3North Central

161.00 kV1

PLANO 5North Central

161.00 kV1

ALLEN 1North Central

500.00 kV2

ALLEN 2North Central

161.00 kV1

PLANO 7North Central

161.00 kV1

CARROLLTON 2

North Central

161.00 kV1

DALLAS 19North Central

161.00 kV1

DALLAS 35North Central

161.00 kV1

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Amps Zoomed View of North Texas

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Synthetic Model Design Process The assumed peak load is based on population, scaled by geographic values

Generation is partially derived from public data (e.g., EIA-860)

Substation oriented approach

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Matching Transmission Systems We use a number approaches to better mimic the

transmission system structure including Delaunay Triangulation, minimum spanning trees, and minimum cycle distribution

Below image shows Delaunay triangulation of 42,000 North America substations; statistics only consider single voltage levels; this is computationally fast (order n ln(n))

The minimum spanning tree (MST) is a subset of the Delaunay triangulation

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Validation is Key! To-date weve developed about 20 metrics that cover

the proportions, size, and structure of actual power grids models, with more coming!

For example: Buses/substation, Voltage levels, Load at each bus Generator commitment, dispatch Transformer reactance, MVA limit, X/R ratio Percent of lines on minimum spanning tree and various

neighbors of the Delaunay triangulation

Statistics collected from 3 actual interconnects and 12 subset cases from FERC 715 data

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Validation of the 2000 Bus Model

*Note: this model represents a higher load-bus density than actual by design

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Validation of the 2000 Bus Model Number of buses in substation Amount of load per bus

Orange/blue/black actual data, red synthetic

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Validation of the 2000 Bus Model 14

Development of Model Scenarios Goal of project is to develop models and hourly

variation scenarios, SCOPF validated for a year This is being done initially for the 200 bus model

Assumed Hourly Maximum Wind Generation

Assumed Hourly Load

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200 Bus SCOPF Validation We are currently combining the 200 bus model, the

load schedules, the wind generation variation and the contingencies to do SCOPF validation on model Using PowerWorld Simulator Time Step Simulation

The PowerWorld Simulator tool allows us to easily sequentially solve ac SCOPFs for each of the hourly time points

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Transient Stability Models Ultimately all models will also include transient

stability models; this is done for the 200 and 500 bus models, with the 2000 bus almost done

Were developing models with increasing complexity in model diversity, while using models that run in PowerWorld, PSSE and PSLF

Validation metrics are also being developed

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Next Up: Ten Thousand Bus Case Model has 10K buses,

4700 substations, 16 areas, seven nominal transmission voltages (765, 500, 345, 230, 161, 138 and 115kV); total peak load is 150GW

Green arrows show initial MW flows

Model should be publicly available soon!

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Applications To be widely used synthetic models need to be high

quality and available in common formats Researchers will be able to exchange models and

demonstrate techniques on realistic models Larger models can be used to enhance teaching

TAMU use of 2000 bus model in undergrad courses Vendors adopting synthetic models for training

Utilities and ISOs may want models adopted to their particular footprints and needs Can be provided to a wider range of potential vendors

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Conclusion Having access to realistic synthetic models can be an

important driver of innovation The field of synthetic electric grid models is rapidly

developing Creating realistic, large-scale synthetic model is difficult but

not impossible Larger scale models are now starting to be released

There is still much research still to be done especially in the areas of algorithms to create large models and validation metrics!

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Thank You! 21

Questions?

Models are available at https://electricgrids.engr.tamu.edu

Synthetic Data for Power Grid R&DBackgroundOverviewApproachModel Complexity ExamplesGeography is Key!Current StatusExample: 2000 Bus ModelSynthetic Model Design ProcessMatching Transmission SystemsValidation is Key!Validation of the 2000 Bus ModelValidation of the 2000 Bus ModelValidation of the 2000 Bus ModelDevelopment of Model Scenarios200 Bus SCOPF ValidationTransient Stability ModelsNext Up: Ten Thousand Bus CaseApplicationsConclusionThank You!