Synthetic and Natural Organic Polymer

Chapter 22

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A polymer is a high molar mass molecular compound made up of many repeating chemical units.

Naturally occurring polymers

•Proteins

•Nucleic acids

•Cellulose

•Rubber

Synthetic polymers

•Nylon

•Dacron

•Lucite

• 1839 년 Charles Goodyear 가 천연고무 (latex)에 황을 가하여 타이어용의 고무 대량생산

• 고무의 내열 특성 때문에 타이어에 적합

History of Polymers

History of Polymers• 1870 년 미국 John Hyatt 셀루로이드 (nitrocellulose +

camphor) 개발

– 영국의 Alexander Parkes 가 최초 개발한 Parksine 을 응용– 상아 대체 - 당구공 제조회사의 만 달러 공모

• 1907 년 Leo Baekeland 가 Bakelite( 페놀 - 포름알데히드수지 )개발 , 대량 생산

• 1938 년 Dow 사는 폴리스티렌 대량생산• 1939 년 듀퐁사는 나일론 (nylon-6,6) 을 대량생산하여 스타킹

판매 시작 . 고분자 화학 발달에 계기

5

Wallace Carothers, inventor of Nylon (1930 at DuPont).

(1896 - 1937)

•In a landmark paper published in 1920, Staudinger concluded the

structure of rubber and other polymeric substances: “polymers were long

chains of short repeating molecular units linked by covalent bonds.”

•Staudinger termed makromoleküls paved the way for the birth of the field

of polymer chemistry.

Hermann Staudinger(1953 Nobel Prize for chemistry)

Nobel laureates in polymer science

화학

물리

H. Staudinger

(1881-1965)

1953

2000

A.J.Heeger A.G. MacDiarmid H.Shirakawa

(1910-1985) (1927- ) (1936- )

1963

K. Ziegler G. Natta

(1897-1973) (1903-1979)

P.J.Flory

(1936- )

1974P.-G de Gennes

(1932- )

1991

Polymers• Polyethylene: most common plastic from the

monomer ethylene (C2H4)

ethylene polyethylene

The simple repeating unit of a polymer is the monomer.

Homopolymer

a polymer made up of only one type of monomer

Copolymer is a polymer made up of two or more monomers

Styrene-butadiene rubber

( CH CH2 CH2 CH CH CH2 )n

random

block

graft

alternating

Buna S

on same side

Isotactic

alternate

Syndiotactic

at random

Atactic

Stereoisomers of Polymers

R groups

H2N CH C

CH3

OH

OHN CH C

CH2

OH

O

SH

H

Protein: Peptide bonding

H2N CH C

CH3

OHN CH C

CH2

O

SH

NH

CH C

CH2

OH

O

C

OH

O

HN CH C

CH2

OH

O

C

OH

O

H

Peptide bonds

• Amino acid → polypeptide → protein

carbonylamino

Protein Structure

Carbon

Nitrogen

Oxygen

R group

Hydrogen

The structure is held in position by intramolecular hydrogen bonds (………)

Protein Structure

Protein Structure

Intermolecular Forces in a Protein Molecule

ionic forces

ionic forces

hydrogenbonds dispersion

forces

dispersionforces

dispersionforces

dipole-dipoleforces

Hydrogen Bonds in Parallel and Antiparallel -pleated Sheets

Protein Structure

The structural changes that occur when oxygen binds to the heme group in hemoglobin.

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are high molar mass polymers that play an essential role in protein synthesis.

1. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

2. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

DNA molecule has 2 helical strands. Each strand is made up of nucleotides.

The Components of the Nucleic Acids DNA and RNA

Base-Pair Formation by Adenine and Thymine and by Cytosine and Guanine

Chemistry In Action: DNA Fingerprinting