� the life function which involves the transfer

of potential (stored) chemical energy found

in glucose into a more usable form—

___________________________

Respiration

CH2OH

O

� the exchange of gases (namely __________)

between an organism and the

environment— ________________________

OH

OH

H

H

HO

H

H

H

OH

Oglucose

C6H12O6

eat

food

• energy needed

even at rest

• activity

• temperature

control

{• growth{

Respiration

synthesis

(building)

• growth

• reproduction

• repair{storage

• glycogen

(animal starch)

• fat{

� energy is stored in organic molecules

� mostly by carbohydrates (fats & proteins)

� _____________ eat these organic molecules

� _____________ make these organic molecules

� all organisms break them down!

Respiration

� fuels for energy (ATP)

� raw materials for building more molecules

� carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids

CO2 + H2O + heatfuel

(carbohydrates)

O2

combustion

making heat energy by burning fuels in one step

I. Cellular Respiration

ATP

CO2 + H2O + ATP (+ heat)

aerobic respiration

making ATP energy (& some heat) by burning fuels

in many small steps

O2food

(carbohydrates)

� energy is released from glucose (mainly) by

a series of enzyme controlled reactions to

build molecules of ATP:

I. Cellular Respiration I. Cellular Respiration

H

CH2OH

HH

O

Why not just use glucose? Why bother

changing one molecule of stored energy

to another?

OH

OH

H

H

HO

H

H

H

OH

I. Cellular Respiration

� when the high energy bonds of ATP are

broken (____________________), a little bit of

energy is released for the cell to use

� this gives us ADP (_____________________)

and ____________!

Can’t store ATP� too unstable

�only short term

energy storage� carbohydrates & fats

are long term

energy storage

ATP

ADP + P

energy

for

workAdenosine DiPhosphate

Adenosine TriPhosphate

I. Cellular Respiration

eat

food

A working muscle recycles over

10 million ATPs per second

energy storage

�only used in cell

that produces it

� there are two ways in which glucose can be

broken down to release energy

A. Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation)

anaerobic respiration: aerobic respiration:

I. Cellular Respiration

A. Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation)

� carried out by organisms when:

� _______________________________________

� the organism does not have the ___________

and/or proteins to utilize oxygen

� these reactions happen in the _____________

of the cell

A. Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation)

� the first step of all cellular respiration is

____________ (the breakdown of glucose into

two 3-carbon molecules of __________ )

I. Cellular Respiration

ATP ATP2 molecules of

ATP must be

But… you get

enough energy ADP + PADP + P

OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

H

H

H

OH

Opyruvate

pyruvate

ATP ATP

ATP ATP

ATPATP

ATP must be

broken down

to start the

reaction

enough energy

to make 4 ATP

(that is, add P to

4 ADP)!

ADP + PADP + P

A. Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation)

� because oxygen is not used, no more energy

can be released from the 3-carbon pyruvate

and is then made into pyruvic acid…

� …then, depending on the organism, that is

converted to:

O2I. Cellular Respiration

converted to:• lactic acid in humans

o __________________

• alcohol and carbon

dioxide in yeasto __________________

_________________

ADP + P

ADP + P

ADP + P

ADP + P

A. Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation)O2

I. Cellular Respiration

glucoseATP

ATP ATP

ATP

ATP

ATPADP + P

ADP + P

In summary, without oxygen, glucose is broken down into

pyruvic acid resulting in a net gain of 2 molecules of ATP.

The pyruvic acid is then converted to EITHER lactic acid

OR alcohol and CO2 depending on the species.

B. Aerobic Respiration

� the first step of all cellular respiration is

____________ (the breakdown of glucose into

two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate)

I. Cellular Respiration

ATP ATP2 molecules of

ATP must be

But… you get

enough energy ADP + PADP + P

So there is a NET GAIN of 2 ATP… _______

OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

H

H

H

OH

Opyruvate

pyruvate

ATP ATP

ATP ATP

ATPATP

ATP must be

broken down

to start the

reaction

enough energy

to make 4 ATP

(that is, add P to

4 ADP)!

ADP + PADP + P

B. Aerobic Respiration

� after the anaerobic step of glycolysis, if

oxygen is available, the pyruvate can be

broken down completely to release a lot more

energy than anaerobic respiration

� these steps take place in the ______________

I. Cellular Respiration

� these steps take place in the ______________• Krebs cycle

o _________________

_________________

_________________

• electron transport chaino _________________

________________

O2

glucose

ATP

enzymes

B. Aerobic Respiration

� after the anaerobic step of glycolysis, if

oxygen is available, the pyruvate can be

broken down completely to release a lot more

energy than anaerobic respiration

� these steps take place in the ______________

I. Cellular Respiration

� these steps take place in the ______________

ADP + P

ADP + P

ADP + P

ADP + P

B. Aerobic Respiration

I. Cellular Respiration

glucoseATP

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATP

ADP + P

ADP + P

In summary, with

32 more

ATP for a

NET GAIN

of 36 ATP!

Krebs cycle

releases CO2

and… .

In summary, with

oxygen, glycolysis

results in a net gain of

2 molecules of ATP,

the Krebs cycle breaks

down the pyruvate

into CO2 and makes 2

more ATP, and the

electron transport

chain releases H2O

and 32 more ATP!

pyruvate

O2

The electron

transport chain

releases H2O and…

animal cells plant cells

B. Aerobic Respiration

I. Cellular Respiration

Eukaryotic cells have mitochondria… that

means, they carry out ________________ !

→→→→+ + +

B. Aerobic Respiration

I. Cellular Respiration

H2O

sun

glucose O2CO2

plants

Energy and material

through living things!

H2Oglucosesugars

O2CO2

animals, plants

ATP

anaerobic

respiration

aerobic

respiration

oxygen

requirement

where in cellwhere in cell

energy yield

end

products

� involves the diffusion of gases (carbon

dioxide and oxygen) between the organism

and its environment

� for this to occur, you need:

� ___________________

___________________

II. Organismal Respiration

___________________

� ___________________

� so the gases can

be dissolved

� ___________________

___________________

A. Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protist, & Fungi

� the exchange of gases is done by simple

___________ (passive transport) of gases

through the ______________

B. Plants

�

II. Organismal Respiration

� simple plants (bryophytes) like moss

exchange gases by ___________ through the

______________

� complex plants (tracheophytes) can

exchange gases at:

� _________ (openings in leaves)

� _________ (opening in stems)

C. Animals

� different species

have different

____________ for

the exchange

of CO and O

II. Organismal Respiration

of CO2 and O2

� many species with

red blood carry O2 in

an iron-containing

pigment (protein)

called ____________

one-celled amphibians echinoderms

Gas exchange is similar yet

different in different species!

insects fish mammals