SYNTAXPart 1 Structures & Structural

relations

Abstract Structure

1a. 洗了 b. 春天了2a. 他洗了 b. 他洗了衣 c. 衣他洗了 d. 他打算洗衣

Constituencies and hierarchies

A

B C

D E

dominance/motherhoodprecedence/sisterhood

Constituency test

Displacement Deletion Co-ordination Replacement with a pro-form

He will do it.

a. He will do it and do it he will.

b. They will not do it, but he will.

c. He will do it and win the prize.

d. He will do it and so will the others.

Aux and tense

1a. He kicked the ball. b. He will kick the ball. c. They didn’t kick the ball, but he did. d. Kick the ball I wonder whether he will.2a. He did it. b. I didn’t expect him to do it.

INFL [Tense, AGR]

X-bar convention

XP

Spec X’

X Comp

local (lexical) spec-head (functional)

VP: 他喜爱足球

VP

Spec V’

V Comp

NP: a teacher of English

NP

Spec N’

N Comp(=PP)

AP: rather envious of me

AP

Spec A’

A Comp(=PP)

PP: right across the bridge

PP

Spec P’

P Comp

IP: a functional projection1a. He will kick the ball. b. He kicked the ball. c. I didn’t expect him to do it.

IP

Spec I’

I VP

Spec V’

V Comp

CP: another functional projection1a. I will ask if [he will do it]. b. I think that [he will do it]. c. I expect for [him to do it].

CP

Spec C’

C IP

FP: small clauses

1a. I consider [him very smart].

b. I consider [him a true friend].

c. I consider [his proposals completely out of the question].

2a. Je considère le garçon très intelligent.

I consider the boy very intelligent

b. Je considère la fille très intelligente.

I consider the girl very intelligent.

3 I consider him as my best friend.

Je considère le garçon très intelligent. AGRP

Spec AGR’

AGR AP

I consider him as my best friend.

AGRP

Spec AGR’

AGR AP

Subcategorization

1a. She cried (with grief).

b. She cried real tears.

c. She cried over the loss of life.

2a. 他喜爱足球。 b. 他十分喜爱足球。 c. * 他喜爱十分足球。

他喜爱足球。 IP

Spec I’

I VP

Spec V’

V Comp

他十分喜爱足球。

IP

Spec I’

I VP

Spec V’

Adjunct V’

V Comp

1a. this book b. these books

NP

Spec N’

N

Agreement (I)

Agreement (II)

2 I am je suis

you are tu es.

s/he is il/elle est

we are nous sommes

you are vous êtes

they are ils/elles sont

I am/you are/he is

IP

Spec I’

I VP

V Comp

Head-to-head movement1a. When will he do it?

b.*I wonder whether will he do it.

c.*When that will he do it?

2a. Quoi que tu as fait?

what that you have done

b. Men shal knowe who that I am

men shall know who that I am

When will he do it? CP

Spec C’

C IP

Spec I’

I VP

*I wonder whether will [he do it].

CP

Spec C’

C IP

Spec I’

I VP

Men shall know who that I am.

CP

Spec C’

C IP

Spec I’

I VP

1a. Hei likes him*i/j/himselfi.

b. [Hisi brother]j likes himi/himselfj. 2a. da den inspekteur da boek gelezen eet

that the inspector that book read has b. dan d’inspekteurs da boek gelezen een that the inspectors that book read have

Structural relations

He likes him/himself. IP

Spec I’

I VP

Spec V’

V Comp

His brother likes him/himself. IP

Spec I’

I VP

Spec V’

V Comp

CP

Spec C’

C IP

NP I’

VP I

da den inspekteur da boek gelezen eet

c-commands iff does not dominate and every X that dominates also dominates .

X

C-command

Adjuncts and adjunction1a. John quickly fixed the car. b. John fixed the car quickly. c. Fix the car quickly, I wonder whether he will.2a. Evidently, John fixed the car. b. He fixed the car, evidently.3a. He fixed the car in the morning. b. He fixed the car when Bill was still sleeping.4a. *He speaks badly English. b. He told me to drink every night two glasses of mineral water with a slice of lemon.

VP-adjuncts

IP

Spec I’

I VP

Spec V’

Adjunct V’

V Comp

S-adjuncts

IP

Adjunct IP

Spec I’

I VP

Heavy NP-shift VP

VP NP

V’ Adjunct

V Comp

drink t every day [two glasses of …]