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Syntax. LI 2013 Nathalie F. Martin. Rowe & Levine (2012): p. 115-155 . O’Grady & Archibald (2009) p. 146-189. Table of Content. Grammatical vs. Ungrammatical The Sentence Phrases Tree Diagrams /Labelling Phrases Inflection Syntax & Ambiguity - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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LI 2013 NATHALIE F. MARTIN
SYNTAX
Table of Content
I. Grammatical vs. UngrammaticalII. The SentenceIII. Phrases
IV. Tree Diagrams /Labelling Phrases V. InflectionVI. Syntax & AmbiguityVII. Deep Structure vs. Surface Structur
eVIII.Moves
Rowe & Levine (2012):
p. 115-155 .
O’Grady & Archibald (2009)
p. 146-189.
Definition: Syntax
A child’s definition “All the money collected at church from sinners”
(Taken from
Laughing Matters, by Phil Callaway)
Syntax: The analysis of sentence structure
Grammatical vs Ungrammatical
Grammatical or Ungrammatical?
1. The boy found the ball
2. The boy found quickly
3. The boy found in the house
4. The boy found the ball in the house
5. David slept the baby
6. David slept soundly
KEEP IN MIND
Written versus spokenFormal versus informal (or even slang)
Right or wrong?
DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES
TO THE SENTENCE
The Sentence
PERSPECTIVES
What do you see? How would you describe
it?
Why different answers: Perspectives/background Different descriptions
PHRASE TYPES
PHRASE STRUCTURE
Phrase
1st Perspective of the Sentence
The most minimal view. Constituents:
Subject (topic of the sentence) Predicate (comment or assertion made about
the topic)
Ex: The cat is the most beautiful in the world.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RGN_NxKIIFM
1st Perspective of the Sentence
Types of sentences based on grammatical construction
A. Simple sentence:
1 Subject + 1 Predicate
Ex: The boy went swimming.
(Subject &
Predicate)
1st Perspective of the Sentence
Types of sentences based on grammatical construction
B. Compound sentence: (Subject & Predicate) + (Subject & Predicate)
= Subject + CONJ + Subject + predicate
= Subject + predicate CONJ + predicate
(Subject &
Predicate)
1st Perspective of the Sentence
Types of sentences based on grammatical construction
B. Compound sentence:
Ex: (The boy went swimming) + (The girl went swimming)
= The boy and the girl went swimming.
(Subject &
Predicate)
(Subject &
Predicate)1st Perspective of the Sentence
Types of sentences based on grammatical construction
C. Complex sentence: • (Simple: Subject & Predicate) +
SUBORDINATING CONJ + (Dependant: Subject & Predicate) (Etc.)
Ex: The cat slept WHILE the dog ate.Ex: The cat slept WHILE the dog ate.
1st Perspective of the Sentence
Types of sentences based on grammatical construction
D. Compound-Complex sentence:
Ex:
Although I like to go camping (Dep clause),
I haven't had the time to go lately (Ind clause), AND
I haven't found anyone to go with (Ind clause).
(Subject &
Predicate)
nd Perspective of the Sentence
Types of sentences based on meaning, purpose or voice: DeclarativeInterrogativeImperativeExclamatoryNegativeActive or passive voice
3 rd Perspective of the Sentence
Study of the sentence based on grammatical construction.
Phrases: Heads of phrases + dependants
(specifiers + complements)• Nouns, verbs, prepositions, adjectives, etc.
PHRASE TYPES
PHRASE STRUCTURE
Phrase
Let’s Try it Out
How would you divide this sentence?
a)The children put the brand new toys in the box.
Definition of “phrases”: independent linguistic objects with their
own characteristics and internal structure
From Phrase Structure to Sentence Structure
We form sentences by combining words into phrasal constituents, phrases into larger constituents, and these constituents into sentences.
Phrase types
Noun Phrase (NP): Functions like a noun
Ex. The car, a clever student
Verb Phrase (VP): Functions like a verb
Ex: study hard, play the guitar
Phrase types
Adjective Phrase (AP): Functions like an adjective
Ex: pretty, very tall, quite certain
Adverb Phrase (AdvP): Starts with an adverb / modify verbs
Ex: all day, for many days, at noon, like a child, to prove her intelligence
Phrase types
Prepositional Phrase (PP): Starts with preposition (Prep) [in, on, with, etc.]
Ex: in the class, above the earth
Phrase Structure Rules
NP (Det) N (PP)PP P NP
The bus (NP)
The
NDet
bus
The bus in the yard
NP
The
NDet
bus
PP
in
NPP
the
Det N
yard
Phrase Structure Rules
VP V (NP) (PP)S NP (Aux) VP
took the money (VP)
took
NPV
took the money from the bank
VP
took
NPV PP
from
NPP
the
Det N
bank
the
Det N
money
the
Det N
money
Head Types
In Noun Phrase (NP): Functions like a noun, head is noun (N) Ex. The car, a clever student
In Verb Phrase (VP): Functions like a verb, head is verb (V) Ex: study hard, play the guitar
In Adjective Phrase (AP): Functions like an adjective, head is adjective (Adj) Ex: very tall, quite certain
In Prepositional Phrase (PP): Head is preposition (Prep) [in, on, with, etc.] Ex: in the class, above the earth
Phrase Structure
Phrase (XP)
{Specifier} Head (X) {Complement(s)}
The specifier narrows the meaning of the head. The complements give more information about the head.
• All phrases have the same basic structure:
Specifier types
In NPs, specifiers are determiners like a, the, this, that, these, those.
In VPs, specifiers are adverbs like always, never, seldom, often.
In APs, specifiers are degree words like very, quite, too, so.
In PPs, specifiers are adverbs like almost, nearly.
Complement types
In NPs, complements can be PPs: cabin by the lake, book on the table.
In VPs, complements can be NPs or PPs: ate the cookies, ate at the park.
In APs, complements can be PPs: happy about the new job.
In PPs, complements are NPs: at the park.
Sentence structure
The basic English sentence (S or IP) structure is:
S (or IP)
NP (Subject)
For this course, we will use either IP (for “inflection”) found in your textbook or S (for sentence)
VP (Predicate)
Simple Sentence
The NP and VP might only contain a head (no specifiers or complements):
S
NP VP
N V
Bill swims
Simple sentence 1
S
NP VP
Det N V
The boy swims
The boy swims.
Simple sentence 2
S
NP VP
Det N V PP
Prep NP
Det N
The boy swims in the stream
The boy swims in the stream.
Simple sentence 3
S
NP VP
Det N PP V PP
Prep NP Prep NP
N Det N
The boy from Ohio swims in the stream
The boy from Ohio swims in the stream.
Tree Diagrams /Labelling Phrases
Example with brackets
How would you devide this sentence into phrases?
The children put the toys in the box
[The children] [put [the toys] [in [the box] ] ]
The Main Phrase Structure Rules
1. S NP VP
2. NP (Det) (AP) N (PP)
3. VP (Aux) V (NP)
4. PP (Deg) P (NP)
Up Side Down Trees
Phrases
(Phrases)
Words
Sentence(+ Infl)
Syntactic Categories
O’Grady, p. 181
How to build trees structures:
Example - Phrase Tree (1)play with the toy
V
play
VP
NP
the
Det N
toy
How to Build a Tree (O’Grady, p. 181)
VP
PP
P
with
Draw the tree Structure of phrase
1. repair the telephone
2. the success of the program
3. a film about pollution
4. move towards the window
5. The end of the road
Example – Sentence Tree (2)He likes the toy.
VN
likes
S
NP VP
He
NP
the
Det N
toy
How to Build a Tree (O’Grady, p. 181)
Example – Sentence Tree (2)The children like the toy.
V PP
in
NPP
the
Det N
boxThe
N
put
S
NP VP
Det
children
NP
the
Det N
toy
How to Build a Tree (O’Grady, p. 181)
Example – Sentence Tree (3)The children put the toy in the box.
V PP
in
NPP
the
Det N
boxThe
N
put
S
NP VP
Det
children
NP
the
Det N
toy
How to Build a Tree (O’Grady, p. 181)
Draw the structure trees for the following sentences
Draw the tree structure of the following sentences:
a) Those guests should leave.b) Maria never ate a brownie.c) That shelf will fall.d) The glass broke.e) The student lost the debate.f) The manager may offer a raise.
Question # 5 (a–f) p. 187 (O’Grady)
THE TENSE OF THE SENTENCE
TENSE
Tense of a Sentence?
What is the tense of this sentence?
a)He plays.
b)He will play.
c)He has played.
What marks the tense of the sentence?What characterises these sentences?Modal auxiliary
« Inflection » or TENSE
Abstract category dubbed « tense » and sometimes « Infl » for inflection that indicates the tense of the sentence.
Within the VP
Example (1)The old tree will sway in the wind.
old
V PP
in
NPP
the
Det N
windThe
N
sway
S
NP VP
Det Adj
tree
Aux
Past (- Pst)
will
Future
Infl
Example (2)The old tree swayed in the wind.
old
V PP
in
NPP
the
Det N
windThe
N
swayed
S
NP VP
Det Adj
tree
Past (+ Pst)
(Past tense)
Infl
TENSE
Circle the elements which occupy the “tense”
Underline the VP
a) Jane did solve the mystery.b) Jane will patiently wait for John in the
garden.c) Marilou was snoring again in the kitchen.
Draw the structure trees for the following sentences
a) Those guests should leave.
Question # 5 (a–f) p. 187 (O’Grady)
Those guests should leave.
NP
S (IP)
V
VP
AuxNDet
Draw the structure trees for the following sentences
b) Maria never ate a brownie.
Question # 5 (a–f) p. 187 (O’Grady)
NP
N
VP
V
N
S (IP)
Maria never ate a brownie
NP
Det
Adv
AdvP
What was Understood?THOUSAND DOLLAR BILLS ARE FINE FOR LITTERING.
How can we change this sentence to make it clear?
What should we add?
A 1000$ FINE FOR LITTERING.
(YOU CAN RECEIVE A 1000$ FINE FOR LITTERING IF
CAUGHT)
Syntax &Ambiguity
Ambiguity: a word, phrase or sentence with multiple meanings
Synthetic buffalo hides (NP) Synthetic buffalo hides (NP)
Synthetic buffalo hides Synthetic buffalo hides
Buffalo hides that are synthetic. Hides of synthetic buffalo.
Ambiguities often lead to humorous resultsAmbiguities often lead to humorous results
For sale: an antique desk suitable for lady with thick legs and large drawers. what does “thick legs and large drawers” refer to? The desk or the lady?
Structural Ambiguity (1)The boy saw the man with the telescope
V PP
with
NPP
the
Det N
telescopeThe
N
saw
S
NP VP
Det
boy
NP
the
Det N
man
Structural Ambiguity (2)
The boy saw the man with the telescope
V
PP
with
NPP
the
Det N
telescopeThe
N
saw
S
NP VP
Det
boy
NP
the
Det N
man
« Inflection »
TENSE
Deep Stucture and Surface Structure
Transformation
1. How can we interpret “all mimsy were the borogroves”?
2. How can we find the category of “mimsy”?
3. How can you transform the sentence to make it more understandable (syntactically)?
Can You Find the Deep Structure
Draw the deep structure of the following sentences (adapted from #10 & 11, p.242)
1. Will the boss hire Hillary?2. Is that player leaving the team?3. Who should the director call?4. What is Joanne eating?
DECLARATIVE – INTERROGATIVE
YES-NO QUESTIONS
DO INSERTION
WH MOVEMENT
Transformation
Transformation
Movement TransformationDeletion TransformationInsertion TransformationSubstitution Transformation
From One Sentencfe to The Other
Look at these sentences:
1.What do we need to do to transform it from one sentence structure to the other?
a)Will the boy leave?
b)Which car is your’s?
Declarative – Interrogative
Move the auxiliary to the left of the subject.
The boy will leave.
S
VPNP
DetAux
N
The boy will leave
Will the boy leave?
S
VPNP
Det
Aux
N
the boyWill leave
The deep structure The surface structure
V V
The Wh Movement
Surface structure: Which car should the man repair? Deep structure:
V
N
carThe
N
repair
S
NP VP
Det
man
NP
which
Det
Aux
should
Ask Your Own Wh- Questions