Syngas and derivatives - Nexant Training · 2019-02-19 · Coal Other Derivatives1 Other Derivatives Olefins Ethanol Methanol Liquid Fuels SNG FertilizersAmmonia Liquid Fuels Coke

The Global Petrochemical Industry:

Understanding the Complex Interactions Between Technology, Economics and Markets

Online Training

Manuel Asali

Vice President

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Syngas and derivatives

Section 6

Synthesis Gas (Syngas)

Section 6 Module 1

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Many sources of synthesis gas (syngas)

Syngas Feedstocks

Methane

From natural gas &

unconventional

(shale, CBM etc.)

Other Sources

(possible and emerging)

Petcoke

Refinery Residues

Waste

Biomass

Coal Steam Reforming /

Gasification Syngas

H2 + CO

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Synthesis gas (syngas)

CH4 (METHANE) + H2O 3H2 + CO

-CH2-(Naphtha) + H2O 2H2 + CO

C (COAL) + H2O H2 + CO

Steam Reforming / Gasification

Water Gas Shift Reaction

Partial Oxidation

CH4 + 1/2O2 2H2 + CO

H2O +CO H2 + CO2

Many Reactions Take Place

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Top ten natural gas reserves (trillion cubic metres)

The top 10 countries account for 79 percent of the reserves

(Iran, Russia and Qatar have almost half!)

Iran

33.2

Russia

35.0

Qatar

24.9

Turkmenistan

19.5

US

8.7

KSA

8.0 UAE

5.9

Venezuela

6.4

Nigeria

5.2

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2018 (Reserves quoted at end 2017)

China

5.5

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Constituents of natural gas

Compositions of Natural Gas

>80% Methane (C1)

[LNG(1)]

Butane (C4)

Condensate (C5+)

Ethane (C2)

Mostly Energy: Power and Heating

Propane (C3)

<20% NGL(2) LPG(3)

Some Chemicals: Syngas to NH3 and MeOH

Fuel: Syngas to gasoline (GTL)

Mostly Chemicals

Chemicals and Energy

Chemicals and Fuels (1) LNG: Liquefied Natural Gas (methane only)

(2) NGLs: Natural Gas Liquids

(3) LPG: Liquefied Petroleum Gas

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Top ten coal reserves (billion tons)

USA, Russia and China have the largest coal

reserves

USA

251

Russia

160

China

139

Australia

145

India

98

Germany

36 Ukraine

34 Kazakhstan

26

South Africa

10

Indonesia

23

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2018

Reserves quoted at end 2017

Poland

26

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Coal: Formation and structure

Anthracite Bituminous Sub-bituminous Lignite Peat

Increasing heat and pressure with time…

Cellulose (wood) Coal

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There are three major coal conversion paths: carbonisation,

liquefaction, gasification

Coal

Other Derivatives

Other Derivatives

Olefins

Ethanol

Methanol

Liquid Fuels

SNG

Fertilizers Ammonia

Liquid Fuels

Coke

Syngas

Calcium Carbide Acetylene and

Derivatives (VCM)

Coal Tar Naphthalene and

Derivatives

Carbonisation

DCL1

Gasification

ICL2

Methanol Economy

Energy and Fuel Use

Gasoline

Chemicals

1 DCL: Direct coal liquefaction 2 ICL: Indirect coal liquefaction

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Fischer-Tropsch technology

Paraffin formation :

(2n + 1)H2 + nCO CnH2n+2 + nH2O

Olefin formation :

2nH2 + nCO CnH2n + nH2O

n is typically 10-20

Feedstocks: syngas from coal,

biomass, natural gas

Catalysts: transition metals, including

cobalt, iron, ruthenium, nickel, with

promoters

Max Planck Institute for Coal Research

Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany

Prof. Franz Fischer and Dr. Hans Tropsch

1923, Fischer and Tropsch

published their famous work

using alkalized iron catalysts

In 1933, Ruhrchemie (now

Celanese AG chemical)

constructed

Coal gasification and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis together allow the production of liquid

fuels out of the solid combustible coal; however, during 1930s and 1940s

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GTL – Gas-to-Liquids / CTO – Coal-to-Liquids

ORYX GTL (QP and SASOL)

Air

Separation

Unit

Fischer-

Tropsch

Synthesis

Hydrocracking

Hydrogen

Production

Unit

Reforming

(gasification)

Steam

Natural Gas

(or coal)

Synthesis

Gas

Hydrogen

Pure

Oxygen

LPG

Naphtha

Diesel FT Products

Huge Qatar gas field spurring investment in GTL

ORYX GTL (QP AND SASOL) – 34 000 bpd of liquids

PEARL GTL (QP AND SHELL) – 140 000 bpd of liquids (>$20 Billion!!)

PEARL GTL

ORYX GTL

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Syngas chemistry could potentially transform the routes

to the building blocks

Methane

From natural gas &

unconventional

(shale, CBM, etc.) Chemicals

Methanol Derivatives

Ethylene & Propylene

Other Chemicals

MEG, Benzene

Synthetic Natural Gas

(SNG), Hydrogen/Power

GTL/CTL

Other Sources

(possible and emerging)

Petcoke

Refinery Residues

Waste

Biomass

Coal Gasification/

Reforming

Methanol

Fuels

Energy

Fertilizers Ammonia

Syngas

H2 + CO

Potential

MTO/ MTP

Syngas Primary Products

Downstream Products

Feedstocks

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Documents

Syngas and derivatives - Nexant Training · 2019-02-19 · Coal Other Derivatives1 Other Derivatives Olefins Ethanol Methanol Liquid Fuels SNG FertilizersAmmonia Liquid Fuels Coke