Synergistic Potential for Academic Linkages in Providing Global

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SYNERGISTIC POTENTIAL FOR ACADEMIC LINKAGES IN

PROVIDING GLOBAL ECONOMIC SOLUTIONS

Linkages and Development

WANYONYI TIMOTHY KITUI(Student MSc. Diplomacy and International Relation, BSc. DisasterManagement and International Diplomacy-MMUST, Instructor;

KIM and DALC Education and a Training Consultant BridgesonsManagement Consultants)[email protected]

0727487007

THEME: ACADEMIC LINKAGES: STRATEGIES, OPPORTUNITIES,CHALLENGES AND FUTURE.

3rd Feb, 2012


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CONTENTSi. Introduction

ii. Proven potential

iii.Economic Policy Making and Academic Linkages

iv. Research Design

v. Proactive and Reactive Research Initiativesvi. The Brain Drain-Brain Gain Question

vii.A Case of China

viii.Statistics of Brain Drain in China

ix. Solution by Brain Circulation through academiclinkages

x. Conclusion

xi. References


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INTRODUCTION

This paper analyses academic linkages-global economic

solution potential and investigates the role of academic

linkages in active innovation and research in this regard.

Academic linkages as a new paradigm in learning have

shaped themselves to entail long-term mutually-enriching

relationships between two or more institutions of

learning, departments, schools or faculties.


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Introduction Cont

With the economic instability threatening the entire globe,research and innovation seem to prove the only remedy.

This has led to mushrooming of alliances, consortia,

coalitions and other academic partnerships.

Academic linkages therefore stand out to be the ultimate

platform in facilitation of these. Bazzoli, Stein, Alexander

et al. 1997; Bruce and Mckane 2000; Mitchel and Shortel

2000 among a long list of scholars, in their quest to findhealth solutions in the United States found academic

collaborations through linkages to be the only way.


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Introduction Cont

Among the major functions of such linkages as adaptedfrom University of Fraser Valleys linkage policy

include;

i) Student exchangesii) Study abroad programs for students

iii)Faculty Exchange/visiting

iv)Memoranda of Understanding (MOU) amongstinstitutions

v) Dual Credential Programs

vi)International Development Projects; often involving

multiple partners


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Introduction Cont

vii. Funded Student Mobility Agreements

viii.Joint research activities

ix. Library and documentation exchange

x. Exchange of research material

xi. Joint participation in seminars and conferences

xii.Agreements with private partners or non-

governmental organizations (NGOs) and public

agencies leading to cooperative activities such asinternships and study abroad.


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Proven Potential

Academic linkage adoption has proven to be apotential approach for enhancing the effectiveness of

knowledge and skill sharing. These advantages could

boost strategic efficiency of the developing worlds

economy by widening its creativity and innovationknowledge base.

Owing to the increasing need for collaborations and

partnerships, this paper discusses the need for

strengthening of academic linkages to synergize the

independent solutions to global economic challenges

through cumulative effort.


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Proven Potential Cont

There is a relevance of policy intervention on the adoption ofacademic linkages among institutions of higher learning, linkages

capability of economic growth over traditional approaches toresearch where individual initiatives and efforts have been futilelyutilized. This can be illustrated as follows:

Log Pik=

1klog (Iik) + 2klog(Uik) + 3k log (Uik) log (Cik) + e ik

In this formula, P is the number of patent inventions, Irepresentsthe private corporate expenditures on R&D, Urepresents researchconducted at Universities and C is a measure of the geographiccoincidence of university and corporate research and e representsstochastic disturbance. i is the technological area and k theindustrial sector. From this analysis, Zoltan J. et al (1987) say,Jaffes statistical results provide evidence that corporate patentactivity responds positively to commercial spillovers fromuniversity research.


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Research Design

Multiple case study and integrated literature survey wasadopted in this study.

Scrutinizing artifacts such as university linkage policies,online linkage portals on websites, research papers andreports.

The University of Fraser Valleys linkage policy, patternsand projects were examined to understand the projectmodels adopted and how they could be used to fostersynergy and embeddedness.

To obtain summaries of projects, inter-university researchdocumentations, focusing on academic linkages-development projects reports were scrutinized. In order toevaluate the capacity to challenge brain drain, trends inChina were examined.


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Economic Policy Making and Academic Linkages

Dr. La Verne is categorical on the irony that Expertise indata collection and analysis is critical to the policy-making

process and can be provided by academic researchers. But

the real world policymaker and the ivory tower

academician often have difficulty working together. Bothparties have been reluctant to venture into each others

unique worlds.

With this failed partnerships due to divergent goals and

objectives, research findings and recommendations have

often ended up being shelved with the society being left to

ail from all natural anti-development forces and

bottlenecks except for private sector initiatives.


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Economic Policy Making and Academic Linkages

Cont In the 1990s, there was an increasing level of dissatisfaction

among the public in the universities and colleges in the United

States. Boyer says . . . universities and colleges are suffering froma decline in public confidence and a nagging feeling that they areno longer at the vital center of the nations work (Boyer 1996,15).

This prompted universities and colleges to venture into the

principle ofengagement. Engagement has since encouraged thesociety to access external knowledge and resources and credibleexpertise (Fear et al. 2004).

These expertises can then be engaged by policy makers to playcritical roles and contribute to decision making. This idea is furtherstressed by Spanier who acknowledges that engagement andpartnership opportunities also enrich student experience bybringing research and engagement into the curriculum andoffering practical opportunities for students to prepare for theworld they will enter and in the end become productive citizens ofthe local and global community. Spanier (2005)


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Proactive and Reactive Research Initiatives

Reactivity is tending to be responsive or to react to a stimulusresearch. From this oxford dictionary definition of reactivity,reactive research initiatives can be defined as the inquisitiveventure into phenomena that is triggered by a given stimulussuch as problem, challenge or rapid change of pattern in asystem causing discomfort.

Proactivity is anticipating and taking charge of situations(Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary1933). Proactive research initiatives involve acting in advance

of a future situation, rather than engaging in the quest to findout solutions after problems occur. It means taking controland making things happen rather than just adjusting to asituation or waiting for something to happen.


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The relationship between reactive and proactive research

processes

Fix the

problemCreate

solutions

ZONE B: Economically stable but

with anticipated challenges

Rapidly growing

population

Environmental degradationDiminishing economic growth

Diminishing level of natural

resources

ZONE A: Economic

challenges/problems

Barriers to

international tradeInflation

North-South relations

Hegemony

International famine

Academic linkages

Student

exchanges

Study abroad

MOUDev. Projects

Joint research (Zone B &

A)

Reactive research initiatives

Universities and Colleges

Recommendations reports

Case study reports and

guidelines

Pro-active research initiatives

(Universities and Colleges)


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The Brain Drain-brain Gain Question

Scholars have defined "brain drain", as the large-scale

emigration of a large group of individuals with technicalskills or knowledge.

The converse phenomenon is "brain gain", which occurswhen there is a large-scale immigration of technically

qualified persons. An opposite situation, in which manytrained and talented individuals seek entrance into acountry, is called a brain gain; this may create a braindrain in the nations that the individuals are leaving.

Factors for brain drain include; social environment (insource countries: lack of opportunities, politicalinstability, economic depression, health risks, etc.; inhost countries: rich opportunities, political stability andfreedom, developed economy, better living conditions,

etc.). Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary, (2010).


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Economic Effects of Brain drain on the Country of

Origin

Horvat Vedran (2004) regards brain drain as aneconomic cost, since emigrants usually take with themthe fraction of value of their training sponsored by thegovernment or other organizations. It is a parallel of

capital flight, which refers to the same movement offinancial capital. Brain drain is often associated with de-skilling of emigrants in their country of destination, while their country of emigration experiences the

draining of skilled individuals.


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The Brain Drain-brain Gain Question

UNIVERSITIES AND

COLLEGES

INDUSTRY

INDUSTRY

UNIVERSITIES AND

COLLEGES

TECHNOCRATS

TECHNOCRATS

BRAIN

DRAINBRAIN

GAIN


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Economic Effects of Brain drain Cont..

With no academic linkages, technocrats from universitiesand colleges can not be stopped since they will alwayshave something to offer to another industry in need of theknowledge.

With this, professionals not with other researchinstitutions but the industries in other states they deemwelcome. The irony is that most states are often at risk ofsuffering form both brain drain and brain gain. This is for

the soul reason knowledge and approaches are not sharedbut solutions are directly sourced by the industry fromany part of the world but not through the academic bodybecause of limited linkages.


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A short survey made in early May 99 with 22 Swiss-

List Members

The first question asked was to evaluate the relevance of threeassets which have been mentionned as specific of Swiss-List

members. The ratings vary from 1 (irrelevant) to 5 (very relevant)

Source: Laurent Mieville, May 2000

The main asset of swiss-listers is clearly the exposure to new

economy. Being the "brain" as well as having an entrepreneur spirit

may also be an asset but it is clearly not the most specific.


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A short survey made in early May 99 with 22 Swiss-List

Members Cont..

The second question asked was to evaluate the relevance offour possible actions aiming in facilitating the return of Swiss

abroad. Again, the ratings vary from 1 (irrelevant) to 5 (very

relevant)

Actions aiming at improving direct contacts are preferred.

The use of scholarships to help to return are not the most

favoured option. Laurent M. (2000)


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A Case of China

Lam, Willy says China is now a rising star in the world stage.With the rapid growth of GDP and the higher degree ofopenness towards the rest of the world, however, the braindrain is increasingly serious.

According to the official Chinese media, 65,000 Chinese lastyear secured immigration or permanent resident status in theUnited States, 25,000 in Canada and 15,000 in Australia. Lam,W. (2010).

The statistics China (sciencenet.cn.)shows an increasingtrend of Chinese international students from 1978 to 2006, while the number of people returned to China alsoincreased. However, the return rate fluctuated in thoseyears.


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Solution by Brain Circulation

Xiaonan Cao 1996) posits brain circulation as a counter-factual to the idea of brain drain that entails a return ofprofessionals with socialized important economicreforms.

UNIVERSITIES

AND COLLEGES

INDUSTRY

ACADEMIC

LINKAGES

UNIVERSITIES

AND COLLEGES

INDUSTRYRESOURCE

S

TECHNOLOG

Y

RESOURCES

TECHNOLOGY


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Solution by Brain Circulation Cont

With academic linkages playing a central role, thissocialization is able to take place without professionals

having left their countries in the first place.

As illustrated above, researchers are able to connect and

share technology through linkages without losing touchwith their local industries and in the long run percolate the

technology into the industries they would have otherwise

left.


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Conclusion

Academic Linkages are instrumental in mutuallyenriching the development human capital in an economywhich is one of the determinants of Economic Growth asexpressed in the model below:

GDP=f(L,K, H) where GDP is a measure of EconomicGrowth or Aggregate production function, f is afunctional relationship, L is Labour, K is Capital and H isthe Human Capital (Lipsey and Crytal, 2006) which is anoutcome of academic linkages. Romer (1990) came upwith a model that has three sectors: a technologyproducing sector, an intermediate goods producing sectorwhere capital goods are produced, and a final outputproducing sector.


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Conclusion Cont

Academic linkages promote continuing education; Lin(2004) found that higher education played a strong role inTaiwan's economic growth (1% rise in higher educationled to 0.35% rise in industrial output and 0.15% rise in

agricultural output).

Collaboration among academic research organizationsbrings many benefits, including: Sharing of risk and costfor long-term research, Access to complementarycapabilities, Access to specialized skills, Access to newsuppliers and markets, Access to superior academic andtechnological facilities.


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References

Boyer, E. 1996. The scholarship of engagement.Journal ofPublic Service & Outreach 1(1): 11-20.

Cervantes, Mario; Guellec, Dominique (January 2002). "Thebrain drain: Old myths, new realities". OECD Observer.Retrieved 2011-02-28.

Horvat, Vedran: "Brain Drain. Threat to Successful Transitionin South East Europe?"PDF (58.6 KB)In: Southeast EuropeanPolitics, Volume V, Number 1, May 2004

Jaffe, Adam B. Technological Opportunity and Spillovers ofR&D: Evidence from firms Patents profits and Market Value

American Economic Review, December 1986

Jaffe, Adam B. Real Effects of Academic Research AmericanEconomic Review, December 1989
http://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/673/The_brain_drain:_Old_myths,_new_realities.htmlhttp://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/673/The_brain_drain:_Old_myths,_new_realities.htmlhttp://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/673/The_brain_drain:_Old_myths,_new_realities.htmlhttp://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/673/The_brain_drain:_Old_myths,_new_realities.htmlhttp://www.seep.ceu.hu/archives/issue51/horvat.pdfhttp://www.seep.ceu.hu/archives/issue51/horvat.pdfhttp://www.seep.ceu.hu/http://www.seep.ceu.hu/http://www.seep.ceu.hu/http://www.seep.ceu.hu/http://www.seep.ceu.hu/archives/issue51/horvat.pdfhttp://www.seep.ceu.hu/archives/issue51/horvat.pdfhttp://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/673/The_brain_drain:_Old_myths,_new_realities.htmlhttp://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/673/The_brain_drain:_Old_myths,_new_realities.htmlhttp://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/673/The_brain_drain:_Old_myths,_new_realities.htmlhttp://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/673/The_brain_drain:_Old_myths,_new_realities.htmlhttp://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/673/The_brain_drain:_Old_myths,_new_realities.html


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References Cont

Lam, Willy (August 5, 2010). "China's Brain DrainDilemma: Elite Emigration". The JamestownFoundation. Retrieved 2011-02-28.

Link, Alber N, and Rees John; Firm Size UniversityBased Research and the Returns to R&D SmallBusiness Economics, March 1990

Mansfield, Edwin, Comment on Using Linked Patent,R&D Data to Measure Research Industry Flows, in ZviGriliches, ed. R&D Patents and Productivity; Chicago,University of Chicago Press, 1984, pp. 462
http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=36719&tx_ttnews[backPid]=7&cHash=0ab857a4ffhttp://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=36719&tx_ttnews[backPid]=7&cHash=0ab857a4ffhttp://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=36719&tx_ttnews[backPid]=7&cHash=0ab857a4ffhttp://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=36719&tx_ttnews[backPid]=7&cHash=0ab857a4ffhttp://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=36719&tx_ttnews[backPid]=7&cHash=0ab857a4ffhttp://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=36719&tx_ttnews[backPid]=7&cHash=0ab857a4ffhttp://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=36719&tx_ttnews[backPid]=7&cHash=0ab857a4ffhttp://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=36719&tx_ttnews[backPid]=7&cHash=0ab857a4ff


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THANK YOU VERY MUCH

Shalom

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Synergistic Potential for Academic Linkages in Providing Global