Synchronization made easy! February 2009 Preferred Synchronization methods

Synchronization Synchronization made easy!made easy!

February 2009February 2009

Preferred Synchronization Preferred Synchronization methodsmethods

УСПЕШНОЕУСПЕШНОЕ МОЛОЧНОЕ МОЛОЧНОЕСКОТОВОДСТВОСКОТОВОДСТВО

ГенетикаГенетика ВозпроизводствоВозпроизводство ЗдорвьеЗдорвье КомфортКомфорт КормлениеКормление ДоениеДоение

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

10,000

500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000

Concentrate Usage

Mil

k Y

ield

An extra 1300 litres,for the same feed input.WHY?

(Data is from 1200 herds recorded by Promar FBA and MM services)

Average

Top 20%

УПРАВЛЕНИЕУПРАВЛЕНИЕ

Общая индентификация скотаОбщая индентификация скота Центральная база данныхЦентральная база данных Программное обеспечениеПрограммное обеспечение Регулярны трансфер информцииРегулярны трансфер информции Прописаная технологияПрописаная технология Стандартные операционные Стандартные операционные

процедурыпроцедуры Обучение кадровОбучение кадров Система оплата трудаСистема оплата труда

Структура организации потокаСтруктура организации потока

Цех сухостоя и отела

Цех производства

молока

Цех воспроизводства

Причины выбраковки коровПричины выбраковки коров

26.5%

5.1% 4.3%15.0%

26.7%

22.4%

Здорове вымя

воспроизводствоПлохое производство

Хромота Заболевание Другие

NAHMS, 1996. Dairy Report

Мониторинг стада Мониторинг стада

Воспроизводство Воспроизводство Сервис период Сервис период <110 дней <110 дней 1 осеменение 1 осеменение <75 дней <75 дней % оплодотворяемости % оплодотворяемости > >440% 0% Обнаружение охоты Обнаружение охоты >75% >75% СредняяСредняя лактация 155 днейлактация 155 дней Киста яичников Киста яичников <15% <15% Метриты Метриты <20% <20%

Схема успеха стельностиСхема успеха стельности

Стельность

Факторы коровыСперма

Внешнии факторыЧеловеческий фактор

Кормление

Цикличность

Болезни

Инфекциозные

Ветеринарная обстановка

Комфорт

Тепловой стресс

Фертильность быка

Хранение и транспорт Метаболические

Точность выявление охоты

Техника ИО

Место ввода

Обработка

Factors Affecting Factors Affecting Pregnancy RatePregnancy Rate

Estrous DetectionAre we detecting

heats?

Estrous Expression

Are cows showing heat?

.

Conception Rate

(Pregnancy Rate/AI)

Service Rate(Estrous Detection

Rate)

The #1 Cattle Breeding Company in the World!

Heat Detection Rate for 2561 Heat Detection Rate for 2561 Minnesota DHI HerdsMinnesota DHI Herds

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1 11 21 31 41 51 61

Heat Detection Rate %

Far

m C

ou

nt

Ave ~ 35%

Stewart, Personal communication. 1999

Heat Detection RatesHeat Detection RatesHeat Detection Rate

California Data Set Jan 2000 BREDSUM \ EMean 55.2 Median 57.0

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72

Heat Detection Rate

Co

un

t o

f H

erd

s

Параметры которые влияют на Параметры которые влияют на конечный результатконечный результат

Здоровье коровыЗдоровье коровы Качество спермыКачество спермы Квалификация Квалификация

техникатехника Выявление коров в Выявление коров в

охотеохоте

Вариант Вариант 11

9090 % %

9090 % %

9090 % %

6060 % %

9090 x 90 x 90 x x 90 x 90 x 660 = 0 = 4444%%





Вариант 2Вариант 2

9090 % %

9090 % %

9090 % %

35 35 %%

9090 x 90 x 90 x x 90 x 90 x 880 = 0 = 2626%%


ОПТИМАЛЬНЫ МОМЕНТОПТИМАЛЬНЫ МОМЕНТ

ЛучшееОплодотво-

рениеРефлекс неподвижности

Жизнь спермиев 18-24ч

Лучшее времядля осеменения

яйцеклетка

5-6ч

Cows

Heifers

Range

19.3 17.8 7.6

16.1 15.3 11.5

6 to 30 2.5 to 28 .5 to 42

Average Estrus Duration (hours) for Average Estrus Duration (hours) for Cows and HeifersCows and Heifers

Estrous expression Size of ovulatory follicle

Changes in Reproduction in High Producing Dairy Cows

Double ovulation Early embryonic development Pregnancy rate/AI Pregnancy loss

50 kg/day0 kg/day

Estradiol Progesterone

53 Mcal/d vs.

12.5 Mcal/d

2000 L/h vs.900 L/h

Liver

The relationship between the probability of estrous detection and the level of milk production

* Analysis included all ovulations (n=350) except first postpartum ovulations

0.0102030405060708090

100

25 30 35 40 45 50 55

Average milk production (kg/d)

Pro

bab

ilit

y o

f estr

ou

s d

ete

cti

on

% 6 h interval 12 h interval 24 h interval





9090 % %

9090 % %

9090 % %

100 %100 %

9090 x 90 x 90 x 100 = x 90 x 90 x 100 = 7373%%

Synchronization Synchronization SystemsSystems

Synchronization ProtocolsSynchronization Protocols

Ovsynch

Pre-synch

Estrogens

MGA Protocols

MSU Synch

CIDR

Resynch

Co-synch

Manipulation of Ovarian Manipulation of Ovarian FunctionFunction

Follicular Function GnRH Estrogen

Luteal Function PGF2 Progesterone

Hypothalamus

GnRH

Anterior PituitaryFSH LH

OvariesFollicle Growth Ovulation

Estradiol

Corpus luteum

Progesterone

InhibinInhibin

NFPF

Positive Feedback Negative Feedback

Estrus Estrus5 10 15

Hor

mon

e C

once

ntr

atio

n

Ovulation

Ovulation

Endometrium PGF2

Deviation

DominanceAtresia

Recruitment

PGF2

FSH

E2

LH

THE ESTROUS CYCLE

Courtesy of Pharmacia

CL Progesterone

ProgesteroneProgesterone

10Ovulation 21

Follic

ula

r siz

e,

mm

Days after ovulationTwo Follicular WavesTwo Follicular Waves

RecruitmentRecruitment

DeviationDeviation

DominanceDominance

AtresiaAtresia

8

9

ProgesteroneProgesterone

Three Follicular WavesThree Follicular WavesOvulation 21

Follic

ula

r siz

e

9 14 - 17

Days after ovulation

Estrous cycle characteristics in Estrous cycle characteristics in lactating Holstein cowslactating Holstein cows

Reference n2 waves

%3

waves %

4 waves

%

Estrous cycle length, d

Savio et al., 1990 13 46.2 53.8 0.0 2-w cows: 22.23-w cows: 24.0

Taylor and Rajamahendran, 1991

16 81.3 18.7 0.0 2-w cows: 20.83-w cows: 29.7

Wilson et al., 1998 11 90.9 9.1 0.0 -

Roth et al., 2000 7 71.4 28.6 0.0 All cows: 22.0

Inbar et al., 2001 19 78.9 21.1 0.0 -

Townson et al., 2002

106

67.9 30.2 1.9 2-w cows: 21.23-w cows: 24.5

Estrous cycle characteristics in Estrous cycle characteristics in nulliparous heifersnulliparous heifers

Reference n2

waves %

3 waves

%

4 waves

%

Estrous cycle length, d

Savio et al., 1988(Hereford x Holstein)

26 19.2 80.8 0.0 2-w heifers: 20.53-w heifers: 21.3

Sirois and Fortune, 1988(Holstein)

10 20.0 70.0 10.0 2-w heifers: 20.03-w heifers: 20.74-w heifers: 23.0

Gong et al., 1993(Hereford x Holstein)

12 25.0 75.0 0.0 2-w heifers: 20.83-w heifers: 21.1

Inbar et al., 2001(Holstein)

20 70.0 25.0 5.0 -

Kulick et al., 2001(Holstein)

23 56.5 43.5 0.0 -

Estrous Cycle ControlEstrous Cycle Control

Precise control of estrous cycle Precise control of estrous cycle requires:requires:

• Manipulation of follicular waves.Manipulation of follicular waves.

• Manipulation of Luteal Lifespan.Manipulation of Luteal Lifespan.

A closer look at prostaglandinA closer look at prostaglandin

What does prostaglandin do?What does prostaglandin do?• Causes the CL to regress (luteolysis)Causes the CL to regress (luteolysis)• Does not synchronize the growth of the Does not synchronize the growth of the

follicles!follicles!• Does a poor job of synchronizing estrus to a Does a poor job of synchronizing estrus to a

given day.given day. What is expected?What is expected?

• When we randomly inject a group of cows When we randomly inject a group of cows we expect 66% of the cows to show estrus we expect 66% of the cows to show estrus with in a 7 day period.with in a 7 day period.

Days from PGF

PGF

–14 0

PGF

Targeted Breeding™

“Setup”

PGF

“Breeding”

Day 0 = end of volunteer waiting period

+14

heat AI

TAI*

If no heat - TAI at 80 hr after PGF

heat AI

Synchronization of estrus Synchronization of estrus using PGF2using PGF2

Sun Wed

Thu Fri SatTueMon

Estrous detection + AI

PGF2PGF2

PGF2PGF2

PGF2PGF2

Timed AI at 80 h after 3rd PGF2PGF2treatmenttreatment

Estrous detection + AI

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Days from Days from PGF2PGF2 treatment treatment

Cow

s in

estr

us (

%)

Cow

s in

estr

us (

%)

Time to estrus after 1st PGF2Time to estrus after 1st PGF2 treatment treatment Pregnancy Rate / Artificial Insemination (PR/AI)Pregnancy Rate / Artificial Insemination (PR/AI)

49% Bred46% PR/AI

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Days from Days from PGF2PGF2 treatment treatment

Cow

s in

estr

us (

%)

Cow

s in

estr

us (

%)

Time to estrus after 2nd PGF2Time to estrus after 2nd PGF2 treatment treatment Pregnancy Rate / Artificial Insemination (PR/AI)Pregnancy Rate / Artificial Insemination (PR/AI)

33% Bred 46% PR/AI 3rd PGF23rd PGF2

treatment:treatment:Timed AI at 80 hTimed AI at 80 h

18% Bred18% Bred4% PR/AI4% PR/AI

10Ovulation 21Days after ovulation

Time to estrus after Time to estrus after PGF2PGF2 treatment treatment

Day 7Day 7 Day 10Day 10

HeifersHeifers

CowsCows

PGF2PGF2

7Momont and Seguin, 1984

48 48 4 4

63 63 8 8

78 78 19 19

100 100 35 35

PGF2PGF2

Synchronization of estrus Synchronization of estrus using PGF2using PGF2

AdvantagesAdvantages Concentrate labor associated with estrous detection and AI

DisadvantagesDisadvantages Poor conception rates with timed AI Must rely on estrous detection for AI

Synchronization GoalsSynchronization Goals

Optimize LaborOptimize Labor Consumer ConcernsConsumer Concerns Optimize CostOptimize Cost Maximize PregnanciesMaximize Pregnancies

Синхронизация полового Синхронизация полового циклацикла

Схема Схема OvsynchOvsynch Схема Схема Co-SynchCo-Synch Схема Схема Pre-SynchPre-Synch Схема Схема Re-SynchRe-Synch

Ovsynch ProtocolOvsynch Protocol

GnRH PGF2

7 days 48 hr

GnRH

CL(s)regresses

ovulates

Dominantfollicle

0-24 hr

TAI

LHsurge

ovulates

Dominantfollicle

Note: Majority of animals do NOT show heat

Injection Schedule forInjection Schedule forOvsynch™ ProtocolOvsynch™ Protocol

Week1

M T W Th F S S

2M T W Th F S S

PGF GnRH TAI

GnRH

48 hr

0-24 hr

OvsynchOvsynch AdvantagesAdvantages

Improves pregnancy rate by improving AI service rate

Conception rate to TAI is similar to that of AI to a standing estrus

Eliminates estrous detection for first postpartum breeding

Cost effective

DisadvantagesDisadvantages Most cows are not in estrus at TAI Poor conception rate in virgin dairy

heifers

Pregnancy Exam

Pregnant OtherCysticOpen

CLYes

CLNo

DONE!

Prostaglandin & HD

HeatNoHeat

YesBreed

Ovsynch DNB, infuse,Other as directed

Pregnancy exam decision tree

Co-synch ProtocolCo-synch Protocol

GnRH PGF2

7 days 48 hr

GnRH and %TAI

CL(s)regresses

LHsurge

ovulates

Dominantfollicle

Note: Majority of animals do NOT show heat

7 Days 36 - 48 hours

GnRHGnRH PGFPGF22

GnRGnRHH

+ TAI TAI

Conception and Calving Rates of Lactating Conception and Calving Rates of Lactating Cows Receiving a Timed AI at Various Cows Receiving a Timed AI at Various

Intervals from the Second GnRH InjectionIntervals from the Second GnRH Injection

23%

32%36%34%32%

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 8 16 24 32

Hours after 2nd GnRH injection

Calv

ing

Rate

(%

)

32%

41%45%

41%37%

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 8 16 24 32

Hours after 2nd GnRH injection

Con

cep

tion

Rate

(%

)

Conception RateConception Rate Calving RateCalving Rate

Co-SynchCo-Synch

AdvantagesAdvantages Reduces handling periods form four to three

DisadvantagesDisadvantages Does not optimize timing of AI for

maximum conception rate

MGA ProtocolsMGA ProtocolsMelengestrol AcetateMelengestrol Acetate

synthetic progestational steroidsynthetic progestational steroid

MGA-PG MGA-PG

MGA-Co-synchMGA-Co-synch

7-11 Synch7-11 Synch

MGA Short SynchMGA Short Synch

MGA 14 days

1 14 26 33 36

GnRH PGFGnRH & AI

MGA-CO-Synch

Fixed-Time AI Pregnancy RatesFixed-Time AI Pregnancy Rates

TreatmentTreatment Trial 1 Trial 1

(%)(%)Trial 2 Trial 2

(%)(%)Total Total

(%)(%)

MGA-CMGA-CO-O-SynchSynch 5858 6363 6161

CO-SynchCO-Synch 5151 4545 4747

Perry et al., 2001.

MGA Short Synch - Heifers

1 5 6 8

GnRH PGF GnRH

Start MGA

End MGA

Timed AI

For cows shift MGA to D6, PG on D7, GnRH/AI on D9.

What is a CIDR?What is a CIDR?

Intravaginal progesterone insert.Intravaginal progesterone insert. T-Shaped device.T-Shaped device. Nylon spine covered by a Nylon spine covered by a

progesterone impregnated silicone progesterone impregnated silicone skin.skin.

Blood progesterone levels rise Blood progesterone levels rise rapidly upon insertion of CIDR.rapidly upon insertion of CIDR.

IndicationsIndications Synchronization of estrus in Synchronization of estrus in

• beef cows beef cows • beef heifersbeef heifers• dairy cowsdairy cows• dairy heifersdairy heifers

Advances first postpartum estrus Advances first postpartum estrus in cows (Treatment of anestrous in cows (Treatment of anestrous {non-cycling} cows){non-cycling} cows)

Advance pubertal estrus in heifersAdvance pubertal estrus in heifers

CIDR InsertsCIDR Inserts

Blood progesterone levels reach Blood progesterone levels reach maximal concentrations within 1 hour maximal concentrations within 1 hour of insertion.of insertion.

P4 concentrations remain at a P4 concentrations remain at a relatively constant level during 7 days relatively constant level during 7 days in vagina.in vagina.

Upon removal, P4 concentrations are Upon removal, P4 concentrations are quickly eliminated.quickly eliminated.

Retention rate is high (97-98%).Retention rate is high (97-98%).

CIDR

Day 0

PGF

Day 6

RemoveCIDR

Day 7

AI ondetected estrus

Days 7-11

EAZI-BREED CIDREAZI-BREED CIDR™™ Insert ProgramInsert Program

14±1 21±1

Insert CIDR

Remove CIDR Observe Heat

& AI

CIDR – Re-Synch Protocol

Days after 1st Insemination

For Heifers, insert CIDR on D12, remove on D19.

GnRH

0 7

PGF

9

GnRH & AI

CIDR – CO-Synch - Cows

Insert CIDR

Remove CIDR

GnRH

0 6

PGF

8

GnRH & AI

CIDR – Co-Synch - Heifers

Insert CIDR

Remove CIDR

GnRH

Tuesday Monday

PGF

Wednesday

GnRH & AI

CIDR – CO-Synch

Insert CIDR

Remove CIDR

CIDR Co-Synch (4 Trials): CIDR Co-Synch (4 Trials): Beef CowsBeef Cows

TreatmentTreatment Preg Rates Preg Rates (%)(%)

CyclingCycling

Preg Rates Preg Rates (%)(%)

NoncyclingNoncycling

CIDR-CO-SynchCIDR-CO-Synch 5959 4545

CO-SynchCO-Synch 4848 3232

Lamb et al., 2001 & Lucy et al., 2001

CO-Synch with CIDRCO-Synch with CIDREffect of including a CIDR in the CO-Synch protocol for beef cows (Lamb et al. 2001).

CO-Synch CO-Synch+CIDR

Total Number 287 273

Location

Illinois 43% 52%

Kansas 54% 66%

Minnesota 38% 51%

Missouri 53% 71%

Combined 48% 59%

CIDR-Co-Synch - HeifersCIDR-Co-Synch - Heifers

TreatmentTreatment Preg Rate (%)Preg Rate (%)

CIDR-Co-SynchCIDR-Co-Synch 6868

Co-SynchCo-Synch 3939

7 Days 2 days

2 Days

GnRGnRHH(100 g)

Treatment Groups:Treatment Groups:

TAITAI(12-18 h)

PGFPGF22(25 mg)

GnRGnRHH(100 g)

± CIDR± CIDR

Blood samples collected to determine reproductive status

Ultrasound Ultrasound ExaminationsExaminations

Effect of a CIDR device during Effect of a CIDR device during Ovsynch on conception rate (%) at Ovsynch on conception rate (%) at

28 d post TAI28 d post TAI

n=225

n=95

n=320

n=313n=87

n=226

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Cycling Anovular Total

Con

cep

tion

Rate

(%

)

OvsynchOvsynch + CIDR

* Differs from Ovsynch (P<0.025)

*50.8

40.9

*55.2

34.7

49.143.5

Effect of a CIDR device during Ovsynch on Effect of a CIDR device during Ovsynch on pregnancy loss (%) from 28 to 56 d post TAIpregnancy loss (%) from 28 to 56 d post TAI

n=98

n=111n=209

n=81n=48

n=33

0

10

20

30

40

Ovsynch Ovsynch + CIDR Total

Pre

gn

an

cy L

oss (

%)

CyclingAnovular

* Differs from cycling (P<0.001)

18.3

30.3

11.7

33.3

14.8

*32.1


(10.9% / 0.75%)

(6.3% / 0.45%)

(1.9% / 0.13%)(1.7% / 0.06%)

(5.5% / 0.03%)

n = 512 breedings; 480 calvingsTotal loss (d28 to calving) = 24.7%

(% loss / avg. % loss per day)

Day 28 - 56:Day 28 - 56:13.5%

Потери стельности у лактирующих коров

28 56 70 98 28242

Fricke et al., 1998

MGA/CIDR/GnRHMGA/CIDR/GnRH

MGA or the CIDR can be added to MGA or the CIDR can be added to any of the GnRH systemsany of the GnRH systems

Helps eliminate number of cattle Helps eliminate number of cattle showing heat prior to prostaglandinshowing heat prior to prostaglandin

Helps reduce short cyclesHelps reduce short cycles

PresynchPresynch

Basically the ovsynch program with Basically the ovsynch program with two doses of prostaglandin 14 days two doses of prostaglandin 14 days apart prior to starting ovsynch.apart prior to starting ovsynch.

Hypothesis was to synchronize the Hypothesis was to synchronize the cows prior to synchronizing the cowscows prior to synchronizing the cows

Results have been somewhat better Results have been somewhat better with pre-synch compared to ovsynch.with pre-synch compared to ovsynch.

2 Days 16 h

GnRHGnRHPGFPGF22 GnRHGnRH

TAITAI

7 Days

3737 73737722

707063635151

Days Days postpartumpostpartum

14 Days 12 Days

PGFPGF22 PGFPGF22

Injection Schedule forInjection Schedule forPresynchPresynch

Week 1

M

T W Th F S S

2

M T W Th F S S

3

M T W Th F S S

4

M T W Th F S S

5

M T W Th F S S

6

M T W Th F S S

PGF

PGF

PGF

GnRH

TAIGnRH

Florida – Thatcher, Kansas – Stevenson, North Dakota - Fricke

Conception Rates (%)Conception Rates (%)

293638

434848

0102030405060

Ovsynch Presynch

Florida Kansas N. Dakota

N= 262

N= 272

N= 134

N= 264

N= 278

N= 135

North Dakota Study done with 14 day interval, others with 12

Synchronization and Synchronization and

Conception RatesConception Rates

68

41

51

82

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Synchronization RateConception Rate

Perc

en

t (%

)Ovsynch

Pre-Synch

n=89n=89 n=95n=97

P=0.147

Navanukraw et al., unpublished

28

41 40

34 36

0

10

20

30

40

50

1-4 5-8 9-12 13-16 17-21

Day of estrous cycle

Con

cep

tion

rate

, %

Effect of Stage of Cycle at first GnRH Effect of Stage of Cycle at first GnRH injection of Ovsynch on Conception injection of Ovsynch on Conception RateRate

Pre-SynchPre-Synch

AdvantagesAdvantages Systematic approach for first AI

service Improves conception rate to TAI

DisadvantagesDisadvantages Requires two additional injections Not useful for re-synchronizing

cows that do not conceive to initial TAI

Injection Schedule forInjection Schedule forPresynchPresynch

Re-synchRe-synch

Putting cows that are found open Putting cows that are found open back on the synch program.back on the synch program.

Can be done at the time the animal Can be done at the time the animal is preg checked in the case of PGF2αis preg checked in the case of PGF2α

Can be done at the time of preg Can be done at the time of preg check or 1 week prior to if using check or 1 week prior to if using ovsynchovsynch• depends on timing of preg check??depends on timing of preg check??

Little data on this currentlyLittle data on this currently

Re Enrollment ChoicesRe Enrollment Choices

Wait….Wait…. Palpate and PgF2Palpate and PgF2 PgF2 allPgF2 all PgF2 CL’s and Ovsynch the restPgF2 CL’s and Ovsynch the rest Ovsynch 100%Ovsynch 100% Resynch 1 week prior to HCResynch 1 week prior to HC

Re-Synch Re-Synch GroupsGroups

-9 -2 0

GG

T T R

PP GG+TAITAI

GG

19T

26T

USUS+PP

28R

GG+TAITAI

USUS+GG

26T

33 35T R

PP GG+TAITAI

USUS+GG

33T

40 42T R

PP GG+TAITAI

Fricke et al., 2003

Ultrasound Pregnancy DetectionUltrasound Pregnancy Detection

Empty cow

Pregnant cow 28 days

Pregnant cow 37 days

Summary and ConsiderationsSummary and Considerations

Eliminate the interval from the VWP to first AI service

Identify non-pregnant cows early and return them to AI service

Efficient and accurate heat detection for the specified days is essential

Implementation of a good synchronization protocol cannot "fix"

bad management !

ВопросыВопросы ? ?

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Synchronization made easy! February 2009 Preferred Synchronization methods