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Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri String-Pheno 2017, Virginia Tech Walter Burke Institute for Theoretical Physics, California Institute of Technology & Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, University of Tokyo

Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

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Page 1: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

Symmetry in Quantum Gravity       and Other Swampland Constraints

Hirosi Ooguri

String-Pheno 2017, Virginia Tech

  Walter Burke Institute for Theoretical Physics, California Institute of Technology                                                                                                                                                                                    &Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, University of Tokyo

Page 2: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

Swampland Question

Given an effective theory of gravity, how can one judge whether it is realized as a low energyappropximation to a consistent quantum theorywith ultra‐violet completion, such as string theory?

Page 3: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

Plan of the talk:

Constraints on Symmetry of Quantum Gravity      ‐‐‐ no global symmetry      ‐‐‐ completeness hypothesis      ‐‐‐ derivation in the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence

Weak Gravity Conjecture    ‐‐‐ motivations and consequences 

Positive Energy Theorems    ‐‐‐ derivations and generalizations by information inequalities

Constraints on Calabi‐Yau Topology    ‐‐‐ modular invariance constraints

Page 4: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

Constraints on Symmetry

Two well‐known conjectures:

(1) No global symmetry in quantum gravity.

(2) If a low energy effective theory of quantum gravity      contains a compact gauge group G, there are physical states      in every finite‐dimensional unitary representations of G.     If G = U(1), charges are quantized consistently with      the Dirac condition. [ Completeness Hypothesis ] 

Page 5: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

Standard argument for

No global symmetry in quantum gravity:

If there is global symmetry G, we can combine a large number of G‐charge matters to make a black hole in an arbitrary large representations of G. 

Let it Hawking‐radiate, keeping its mass > the Planck mass.

Since the Hawking radiation is G‐blind, the black hole stillcontains the large reprentation of G with the number of states exceeding the Bekenstein‐Hawking entropy formula. 

Page 6: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

Standard argument for

No global symmetry in quantum gravity:

If there is global symmetry G, we can combine a large number of G‐charge matters to make a black hole in an arbitrary large representations of G. 

Let it Hawking radiate, keeping its mass > the Planck mass.

Since the Hawking radiation is G‐blind, the black hole stillcontains the large reprentation of G with the number of states exceeding the Bekenstein‐Hawking entropy formula. 

How about discrete groups?  e.g., G = Z_2, where only the only faithful representation is 1 dim.

How about higher brane charges? 

It is desirable to have an argument that applies to any symmetry. 

Page 7: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

We will prove refinement of these conjectures in AdS/CFT, bygeneralizing and extending the earlier work, Harlow:1510.07911.                        《 work in progress with D. Harlow 》

(1) Any global symmetry in AdS is inconsistent with locality of CFT. 

(2) A compact (discrete or continuous) symmetry G in CFT      corresponds to a gauge symmetry with the same G in AdS.

(3) In a gravitational theory with gauge group G, there must be       physical states in every finite dimensional irreducible unitary      representation in G. 

         +  with some additional assumption:             (4) Internal global symmetry of CFT is compact. 

Page 8: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

We need to define what we mean by symmetry.

Global Symmetry

Standard definition:  For every element g of group G, there is a unitary operatorU(g) on the Hilbert space such that,

How about the projection operator onto the 42th eigenstates?

We would like to make additional locality assumptions.

Page 9: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

Global Symmetry

We sharpen our requirements:

(1) Symmetry should map a local operator to a local operator.

(2) Symmetry action should be faithful on the set of local operators.

(3) For a set of open disjoint subspaces of the Cauchy surface:

Noether theorem implies (1) + (2)⇒(3). With the split property, (3) holds for discrete symmetry also.    

                                                            Buchholz, Duplicher, Lungo (1989)

Gauge theory can also have the split property by adding degrees of freedom in UV. 

Page 10: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

In the following, we will apply theentangement wedge reconstruction. 

Hamilton, Kabat, Lifschytz, Lowe: hep‐th/0606141Headrick, Hubeny, Lawrence, Rangamani: 1408.6300Almheiri, Dong, Harlow: 1411.7041, Dong, Harlow, Wall: 1601.05416

Page 11: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

Global symmetry in AdS is inconsistent with local structure of CFT. 

If a gravitational theory in AdS has global symmetry G, there must be a bulk local operator that transforms faithfully into another local operator at the same point. 

Page 12: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

Global symmetry in AdS is inconsistent with local structure of CFT. 

If a gravitational theory in AdS has global symmetry G, there must be a bulk local operator that transforms faithfully into another local operator at the same point. 

Contradiction

Symmetry generator,

commute with the local operatorat x in the bulk.

Page 13: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

Global symmetry G in CFT corresponds to gauge symmetry G in AdS.

By the state‐operator correspondence,  CFT must have a local operator transforming non‐trivially under G. 

The operator creates a local object such as a particle, a bound state of particles, or a black hole in AdS. 

The symmetry generator of G detects such a local object if a Wilson line is attached. 

Page 14: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

Gravitational theory with gauge group G must contain physical states in every finite dimensional irreducible unitary representation in G. 

AdS Schwarzschild

Using the Wilson line threading through the Einstein‐Rosen bridge of the black hole, one can construct an operator on the CFT Hilbert space in a faithful representation of the same of G. 

Harlow:1510.07911

We can then use the theorem:        Given a faithful representation ρ of a compact group G,         all irreducible representations of G appear within tensor products         of some number of ρand some number of ρ*. 

Harlow + H.O.

Page 15: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

 With the precise definition in AdS, we are able to askwhat are possible and not possible in quantum gravity.

Page 16: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

 With the precise definition in AdS, we are able to askwhat are possible and not possible in quantum gravity.

Is the weak gravity conjectutre derivable? 

★ WGC seems a generic phenomenon for emergent gauge fields. 

★ The sharpened version of WGC would eliminate non‐SUSY AdS     supported by fluxes and may put constraints on types and      masses of neutrinos in the Standard Model of Particle Physics.

Vafa + H.O.: 1610.1533Ibanez, Martin‐Lozano, Valenzuela: 1706.05392

Arkani‐Hamed, Motl, Nicolis, Vafa: hep‐th/0601001

Harlow: 1510.07911,    Harlow + H.O.: in progress

Page 17: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

Weak Gravity Conjecture

In any low energy theory described by the Einsteingravity + Maxwell field + finite number of matters,if it has an UV completion as a consistent quantumtheory, there must be a particle with charge Qand mass m  <<  M_Planck,  such that:  

Arkani‐Hamed, Motl, Nicolis, Vafa: hep‐th/0601001

Page 18: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

Motivated by:

(1) Black Hole Physics: Extremal black holes should decay                                          unless protected by supersymmetry.

           Otherwise, charged black holes can decay to Planck‐size remnants            with entropies, exceeding the Bekenstein‐Hawking bound. 

(2) True in all known constructions from string theory.

(3) Holography (described below)

Page 19: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

Holographic Motivation

AdS Schwarzschild

The Wilson line should be a sum of products ofoperators acting on the left and right Hilbert spaces.⇒ Bulk gauge field must be emergent at 

Harlow: 1510.07911

This seems to be a general phenomenon for emergent gauge fields.

Page 20: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

Harlow + H.O., to appear

Multiple U(1)'s and the convex hull condition of  Cheung, Remmen: 1402.2287.

convex hull condition 

Page 21: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

Vafa + H.O.: 1610.1533

If this sharpened weak gravity conjecture is true,non‐SUSY AdS supported by fluxed must be unstable. 

All known non‐SUSY AdS's are marginally stable at best,and some of them are unstable in interesting ways. 

Page 22: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

[Kachru, Silverstein:  hep‐th/9802183]

Witten (1982)Horowitz, Orgera, Polchinski: 0709.4262                                  

Example:   AdS5 x S5 /      in IIB:

Supersymmetry is broken when      does not fit in SU(3). 

★ If      has a fixed point or S5 is small,            there is a tachyon violating the BF bound. 

★ If      has no fixed point and S5 is large,            there is Witten's instanton, creating a bubble of nothing. 

[Dymarsky, Klebanov,     Roiban: 0509132]

The bulk geometry terminates with S1 collapsing.

Page 23: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

[Martin, Reall: 0810.2707]Example:   AdS5 x CP3 in M Theory:

The bulk geometry terminates with S2 collapsing.

Supersymmetry is broken.

Though the fundamental group of CP3 is trivial (and thus, there is no Witten's instanton),the geometry allows a generalization of Witten's instantonwhere a 2‐sphere collapses.

[Spodyneiko + H.O.: 1703.03105]

Page 24: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

We pointed out that the sharpened weak gravity conjecture      would rule out certain types and masses of neutrinos      if they give rise to stable non‐supersymmetric AdS_3.

Standard Model of Particle Physics gives rise to a rich landscape of stable dS and AdS vacua in 2 and 3 dimensionsupon compactification, depending on types (Majorana or Dirac) of neutrinos and their masses.  

[Arkani‐Hamed Dubovsky, Nicolis, Villadoro: hep‐th/0703067]

Recently, a more thorough study on this issue has appeared, where the sharpened conjecture is shown to imply a lower bound on the cosmological constant by (neutrino mass)^4. 

[Ibanez, Martin‐Lozano, Valenzuela: 1706.05392]

Page 25: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

Positive Energy Theorems☆ Important for stability of the ground state.

☆ Proven assuming positivity conditions on      the matter energy‐momentum tensor.                                                                 

Information inequalities imply a new class of positive energy theorems in AdS, without assumptions on the energy‐momentum tensor. They must hold in any consistent gravity theory.

Lashkari, Lin, Stoica, van Raamdsdonk + H.O.: 1605.0175

Schoen + Yau (1979), Witten (1981)

Page 26: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

A

Page 27: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

A

Page 28: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

The relative entropy is positve and increases monotonically as the sysmtem size (the area of A) is increased.

A By using the Ryu‐Takayanagi formula,

The relative entropy can be shown to be equal to a quasi‐local energy associated to the entanglement wedge.  

Lashkari, Lin, Stoica, van Raamdsdonk + H.O.: 1605.0175

Page 29: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

Relative entropy             = Quasi‐local energy associatedto the entangelement wedgeA

The positivity and monotonicity of the quasi‐local energy are conditionsthat must be satisfied by a low energyeffective theory of a consistent quantumtheory of gravity.

Lashkari, Lin, Stoica, van Raamdsdonk + H.O.: 1605.0175

Page 30: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

Constraints on Calabi‐Yau Topology

Page 31: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

conformal dimensions

total Hodgenumber

Below this curve, there are always non‐chiral operators.

Density grows linearly in the Hodge number.

Modular invariance constraints Keller + H.O.: 1209.4649 

Page 32: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

Recent experimental data on Calabi‐Yau 3 and 4 folds

Taylor + Wang: 1510.04978, 1511.03209

Page 33: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

Swampland Conditions:

Constraints on Symmetry of Quantum Gravity      ‐‐‐ no global symmetry      ‐‐‐ completeness hypothesis            Derived in AdS/CFT

Weak Gravity Conjecture                                                      Conjectured

Positive Energy Theorems                                                      Derived in AdS/CFT

Constraints on Calabi‐Yau Topology                                                      Numerical evidences

Page 34: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

    The UV/IR connection may implysurprising IR predictions on observable    phenomena from UV completion                of quantum gravity.   

Page 35: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

   Strings 2018 25 ‐ 29 June in Okinawa

Page 36: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

Strings 2018    25 ‐ 29 June  in Okinawa

          Low registrations feesTravel support for young theorists  Blocks of hotel rooms on beaches

Page 37: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

 Non‐stop flights to Okinawa from major cities in East Asia

1 hour from Taipei2 hours from Seoul,            Shanghai and Osaka2.5 hours from Hong Kong                             and Tokyo

Page 38: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

String‐Math 2018      Tohoku University, Sendai                    18 ‐ 22 June 

  New Frontier in String Theory       Yukawa Institute, Kyoto              2 July ‐ 3 August 

Page 39: Symmetry in Quantum Gravity - Virginia · Symmetry in Quantum Gravity and Other Swampland Constraints Hirosi Ooguri ... Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,

We look forward to welcoming you in Japan. 

Strings 2018    25 ‐ 29 June  in Okinawa