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Symbiosis and
Symbiotic Relationships
2012HappyEdugator
Our goal for today is to answer these questions:
• What is symbiosis?
• What are the different kinds of symbiosis?
• What are some examples of symbiosis?
A close relationship that
benefits
at least one
of the species in the relationship.
Literal translation: living together
2012HappyEdugator
Symbiosis Three types:
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
2012HappyEdugator
What are the different kinds of symbiosis?
Mutualism ParasitismCommensalism
both organisms benefit
one organism benefits
one organism benefits
one organism is unaffected
one organism is harmed
SymbiosisThe three types of symbiosis often overlap. Generally, scientists classify the relationships between organisms based on the most obvious traits.
2012HappyEdugator
Is the fish just hitchhiking?(commensalism)Is the fish cleaning the shark whileit is being protected from predators? (mutualism)Is the fish feasting on shark blood?(parasitism)
MutualismA relationship in which both species benefit.
Example: Bees and Flowers
Bees rely on the flower for a food source. The flower benefits because the bee picks up pollen and transports it to another flower. This aids in the reproduction of the plant.
2012HappyEdugator
Mutualism
Organism One Organism Two
Another example:
Cleaner shrimp cleaning a zebra moray eel. Mutualistic relationships such as these promote the well-being of the host fishes and provide food for those that do the cleaning.
2012HappyEdugator
CommensalismA relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither helped or harmed.
Example: Barnacles adhere to the skin of a whale or scallop : (Barnacles are crustaceans whose adults are sedentary and will attach anywhere)
The barnacle benefits from the relationship and does not harm or help its host.
2012HappyEdugator
CommensalismPure commensalism is usually harder to find in nature because upon examination you often find that both species do benefit in some way. However, it’s not obvious at first glance.
2012HappyEdugator
Example: As a large beetle spreads its wings to fly, a teeny tiny hitchhiker is seen going for a free ride. The pseudoscorpion, spider-like and very tiny, often gets around by hiding under the wing covers of large beetles. Not only does it get a lift to a new destination, but it gains protection from predators as well. As far as we can tell, the beetle gets no benefit from carrying around this stowaway. The pseudoscorpion gains all the advantage in this relationship.
Other examples:The cattle egret feeds on insects stirred up by the herds of livestock in the fields. The livestock generally do not benefit from this… BUT…they have been seen feeding on ticks as they perch on the backs of the livestock.
The anemone fish lives among the forest of tentacles of an anemone and is protected from potential predators that are not immune to the sting of the anemone. 2012HappyEdugator
Commensalism
Organism One Organism Two
ParasitismA relationship in which one organism lives on or
inside another and as the one benefits, the other is harmed.
Examples: Outside parasites (ectoparasite): fleas, and ticks.
Inside parasites
(endoparasite): tapeworms and
hookworms.
hookworm
tapewormsflea
tick 2012HappyEdugator
Example: ParasiteSea Lamprey: These primitive fish attach to the bodies of native fish and feed on the fish's body fluids.
2012HappyEdugator
Another Parasitism ExampleThis tomato hornworm is covered with cocoons of
pupating braconid wasps.
The wasp causes the
tomato hornworm
to die as it pupates.
2012HappyEdugator
Yet another example: brood parasitism
The cowbird will lay its eggs in other birds nests. These eggs usually hatch a day earlier than the host eggs. The baby cowbirds take over the nest and aggressively take food meant for the offspring of the host.
2012HappyEdugator
Parasitism
Organism One Organism Two
Acacia Plant & AntsStinging ants nest in acacia tree, whose
thorns discourage the ants’ predators. The
tree also provides ants with food. Ants attack
other animals that approach the tree &
clear competing plants away from the base of
the tree.
Which symbiotic relationship is this?
mutualism
The remora attaches itself to the shark and saves energy since it
doesn’t have to swim. It snacks on the sharks’ kills. The shark doesn’t
get anything.
Shark & Remora
commensalism
Which symbiotic relationship is this?
This tiny emperor shrimp is riding along on the back of a sea cucumber. The
shrimp gets to travel around under the protection of its much larger partner, and the sea cucumber doesn't seem to
mind.
Emperor Shrimp & Sea Cucumber
commensalism
Which symbiotic relationship is this?
Clown Fish & Anemone
This clown fish swims among the sea anemone
and gets protection, since its predators will get stung by the sea anemone. The anemone gets prey lured
its way.
Which symbiotic relationship is this?
mutualism
Loa Loa Worm & Human
This worm infects humans through
their blood stream and gets a nice
warm safe home. The
human may go blind or have other complications as a
result.
Which symbiotic relationship is this?
parasitism
Barnacle & the WhaleBarnacles regularly colonize the skin of filter-feeding whales, and they often
do so in huge numbers — one humpback whale, for instance, can host almost 1,000 pounds of barnacles.
2012HappyEdugator
Cattle & Egrets
As these cattle walk around eating grass they
stir up lots of insects. The egrets hang around
and get a yummy meal of insects.
Which symbiotic relationship is this?
commensalism
Let’s Review
1. What is symbiosis?2. What are the different kinds of symbiosis?3. Describe one example of each kind of
symbiotic relationship.
Answer each of following questions.