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Silvopastoral systems Silvopastoral systems in tropical dryland and highlandin tropical dryland and highland
Teresa FresuTeresa Fresu, Agronomist, AgronomistMSc SUTROFOR 2012SUTROFOR 2012
30th November 201030th November 2010 – Life Faculty of Copenhagen University – Life Faculty of Copenhagen University
Miller, J.B. 1999, The feasibility of agroforestry interventions for traditionally nomadic Miller, J.B. 1999, The feasibility of agroforestry interventions for traditionally nomadic pastoral people, Agriculture and Human Values 16: 11-27.pastoral people, Agriculture and Human Values 16: 11-27. Chara, J. and Murgueitio, E. 2005. The role of sylvipastoral systems in the rehabilitation of Chara, J. and Murgueitio, E. 2005. The role of sylvipastoral systems in the rehabilitation of Andean stream habitats. Livestock research for rural development 17(2).Andean stream habitats. Livestock research for rural development 17(2).
P.K. Ramachandran Nair: An Introduction to Agroforestry, Kluwer Academic Press 1993.P.K. Ramachandran Nair: An Introduction to Agroforestry, Kluwer Academic Press 1993.
MEMENTO de l’Agronome, CIRAD – GRET , Montpellier, 2002.MEMENTO de l’Agronome, CIRAD – GRET , Montpellier, 2002.
Overview : Overview :
1) Definition of silvopastoral systems according a 1) Definition of silvopastoral systems according a short bibliography:short bibliography:
2) Presentation of mixed silvopastoral systems in the 2) Presentation of mixed silvopastoral systems in the diversification of banana plantations in Guadeloupe diversification of banana plantations in Guadeloupe
(West French Indies)(West French Indies)
SILVOPASTORAL* Systems :SILVOPASTORAL* Systems :
Fodder production (cut-and-carry)Fodder production (cut-and-carry)
Live-fences of fodder trees and hedgesLive-fences of fodder trees and hedges
Trees and shrubs on pasture (or grazing under plantation crops)Trees and shrubs on pasture (or grazing under plantation crops)
Nair (1993):Nair (1993):
AGROSYLVOPASTORAL* Systems :AGROSYLVOPASTORAL* Systems :
Woody hedges for browse, mulch, green manure, soil conservationWoody hedges for browse, mulch, green manure, soil conservation
Homegardens (involving a large number of herbaceous and woody plants and/or livestock)Homegardens (involving a large number of herbaceous and woody plants and/or livestock)
* A pastoral system implies LIVESTOCK* A pastoral system implies LIVESTOCK
Examples of traditional combinations of Examples of traditional combinations of PASTORALISM* and AGRICULTURE: PASTORALISM* and AGRICULTURE:
East Africa – Maasai: pastoralism + sub-group of farmersEast Africa – Maasai: pastoralism + sub-group of farmers
Andes: agricultural and pastoral communities exploit different ecological zones Andes: agricultural and pastoral communities exploit different ecological zones (plain cultivators and Andean mountain pastoralists) (plain cultivators and Andean mountain pastoralists)
Miller (1999)/1:Miller (1999)/1:
AGROSYLVOPASTORAL* Systems:AGROSYLVOPASTORAL* Systems:
Sahel: in the sub-humid regions agriculture and grazing production systems overlap, both Sahel: in the sub-humid regions agriculture and grazing production systems overlap, both characterized by dispersed indigenous treescharacterized by dispersed indigenous trees
Middle East: Oasis systemMiddle East: Oasis system
* Synonymous of nomadism* Synonymous of nomadism
THREATENS to the SUSTAINABILITY THREATENS to the SUSTAINABILITY of traditionally nomadic pastoralism: of traditionally nomadic pastoralism:
Overgrazing, deforestatio, erosion, desertification, overpopulation, break-down of sociocultural systems, encroachments of other groups.
Miller (1999)/2:Miller (1999)/2:
BENEFITS of LIVESTOCK:BENEFITS of LIVESTOCK:
Pastoralism is multi-resource activity: a natural oscillation beetwen existing patterns
(flexibility, adaptability, variability).
Producing organic fertilizer, reducing risk in the case of crop failure, replacing
mechanical power.
Different livestock provide different quantities of milk (goats: milk during dry
season), chickens and ducks: eggs and rapid reproduction.
BENEFITS of BENEFITS of TREES and SHRUBS: TREES and SHRUBS:
Shade for human and livestock, reducing wind speed and evapotraspiration,
counteracting variability in the production of browsing, producing nutrient rich pods
and leaves.
Indigenous and exotic trees, shrubs and grasses with different degrees of palatability
of browse (preferable) and bark (problematic), resistance to drought, ability
to regenerate naturally.
“The tragedy of the commons” Hardin (1968): justification for an anti-nomadic perspective and privatizations.
The insecurity of land tenure is always a disincentive to tree planting, which itself may increase the security of land tenure.
Pastoral modes of production proved ecologically sustainable and appropriate for millennia before the colonial era, that drastically
altered the structural and political conditions for pastoralists(see also the studies concerning the commons of E.Ostrom).
Land and tree tenure:Land and tree tenure:
Agroforestry interventions Agroforestry interventions in pastoral areas: in pastoral areas:
The conservation and management of existing trees, shrubs and grasses, including natural regeneration.
Water-resource management policy.
Reinforcement of the traditional land-management systems through collaboration with resource de facto users
Pastoralists could utilize agroforestry to meet their social, cultural, livelihood needs.
Silvopastoral systems Silvopastoral systems in tropical dryland and highland in tropical dryland and highland
for the diversification of banana for the diversification of banana plantations in Guadeloupe plantations in Guadeloupe
(West French Indies) (West French Indies)
Guadeloupe: Capesterre-belle-eau
The The importance of importance of
the tenure land the tenure land systemsystem
(Schema d’amenegement Regional de la Guadeloupe 2001 – Capesterre-belle-eau)
Banana monocolture for exportation. Banana monocolture for exportation.
Other crops: ananas, christophine, tomate, banane Other crops: ananas, christophine, tomate, banane plantain, aubergine, for self consomption or selling. plantain, aubergine, for self consomption or selling.
Field area less than 1 ha of average.Field area less than 1 ha of average.
On 2005, ananas was the only crop with remarkable On 2005, ananas was the only crop with remarkable economic value.economic value.
Very low rate of Very low rate of diversification
(Source : L. Guillou, CIRAD, 2005)
Overview of small farms:Overview of small farms:
Livestock farming on fallow after Livestock farming on fallow after several years of banana plantations :several years of banana plantations :
LLivestock on highlands and plain to improve soil quality after banana ivestock on highlands and plain to improve soil quality after banana plantations…plantations…
...but with some problems of contamination with chlordecone... ...but with some problems of contamination with chlordecone...
One of the major way of diversification for middle and small farmers.One of the major way of diversification for middle and small farmers.
(Photo T. Fresu)
Bois de Fefé (Capesterre-belle-eau): on the highlands breeding and flowers crops are the two major ways of diversification for banana plantations (Photo A.Cavasino)
Alpinia purpurata
Guadeloupe, Capesterre-belle-eau (Photo T. Fresu)
(Photo T. Fresu)
Alpinia spp. Alpinia spp. (Guadeloupe) (Guadeloupe)
Alpinia spp. + Papaya Alpinia spp. + Papaya (Dominica): long rotation (Dominica): long rotation + improved fallow with + improved fallow with
livestock livestock
Guadeloupe, Capesterre-belle-eau (Photo T. Fresu)
Species used for edgerows Species used for edgerows and living fences for livestock and living fences for livestock (Portecop, (Portecop,
2003) 2003) : : Semi – humid zones (mountain, Basse Terre):
Pois doux blanc (Pois doux blanc (Inga laurinaInga laurina) : max 15 m h, very ) : max 15 m h, very branchy Bois carré (Bois carré (Citharexylym spinosumCitharexylym spinosum) : 8 – 10 m h, ) : 8 – 10 m h, thorny
Dry zones (plateaux, Grande Terre) :
Bois cannelle (Bois cannelle (Canella winteranaCanella winterana) : 4 (shrubs ) : 4 (shrubs habitushabitus) – 8 m h (tree ) – 8 m h (tree habitushabitus), with ), with strong smell of cassis
Gommier rouge ((Bursera simarubaBursera simaruba) : 5 – 15 m h, very ) : 5 – 15 m h, very thorny and
with aromatic juice
