Syllabus for Dental Hygienists

Date updated: 17-Jul-2014

Syllabus for Dental Hygienists

Code Subject Course Outline Hours

General

Subjects

10.1.1 Special English Reading professional and research texts in

professional journals, in the professional literature and

on the internet.

Carrying out assignments in accordance with the

reading material.

42

10.1.2 Introduction to

Psychology

Objective of the Course for Dental Hygienists:

Acquisition of basic knowledge and cognitive skills in

the field of psychology. Aspects of behavior:

perceptual, social and personal. Development of self

awareness and of the possibilities for making a

correct assessment regarding one’s ability to work in

cooperation with others. Development of skills in

dentist-dental hygienist-patient relations.

Development of self appraisal regarding the ability to

deal with stressful situations.

Characteristics of psychology (history, definition and

various approaches and perspectives).

Stressful situations and ways of coping: Stress -

anxiety and its characteristics in dentistry, causes,

ways of coping, situational anxiety, generalized

anxiety etc.

Psychophysiological basis. Principles of behavior. The

dental hygienist as a treatment provider, behavioral

profile.

Social psychology: processes of social information

processing, social influence, attitudes and attitude

change.

Behavior modification - the various theories.

28


Educational

Psychology

The course will focus on theories primarily covering emotional development, social development and cognitive development at various ages. The course will present students with new theories that deal with personality structure and its influence on learning processes in children. Topics to be studied include: meaningful learning, memory and its place in learning, motivation to learn, intelligence and personality, and its contribution to social psychology. (Recorded as per the current course at Levinski

College)

28

10.1.4 Modes and This course provides tools and skills for educational 28


Methods of

Teaching

guidance, with special attention directed to the

planning and execution of activities that promote

understanding and learning, adapted to the target

population, rendering each class fascinating. The

objective of the course is to provide the tools for

planning methodic instruction units, using successful

teaching strategies that are meaningful to the

students. The course will also include a distinction

between basic concepts such as curriculum, study

materials, pedagogic judgment and more, with

practical experience in teaching colleagues

(microteaching).

)Recorded as per the current course at Levinski

College(

10.1.5 Uses of the

Computer

Useful programs, Windows, Office, internet.

PowerPoint, Excel, Microsoft Word, email, internet.

Introduction to Windows

Introduction to Microsoft Word (word processor)

Introduction to Microsoft Excel (spreadsheet)

Surfing the internet (various web portals).

Use of databases.

Use of email.

PowerPoint.

Practice management programs.

28

10.1.6 Principles of

General

Management

and Practice

Management

Objective of the Course:

Acquisition of basis knowledge in clinic planning and

selecting appropriate equipment. Casting light upon

the range of practical problems that one is confronted

with in a dental clinic in practical work. Learning the

ability to deal with daily problems in maintaining the

clinic and operating it.

Planning the dental clinic, computers in dentistry.

Principles of insurance for the dentist and dental

hygienist. Monetary planning and finance.

Principles of bookkeeping management for the dentist

and dental hygienist.

Dentistry from the dental hygienist’s viewpoint.

Patient file, managing medical records and

maintaining medical documentation.

Dental marketing.

14

10.1.7 Ergonomics

and prevention

of CTS

Selecting dental equipment and dental materials.

Adapting a clinic to the physical needs of the care

providers.

Preventing Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (C.T.S.).

6


Physiotherapist’s recommendations.

10.1.8 Information

Science

Guidance in the use of library facilities, locating

information using search engines together with

practical work.

6

Total Hours 180



Basic Pre-

Medical

Sciences


Biology


From cell to organism - survey of various organisms that

are composed of cells. The existence of order and

balance: homeostasis.

The cell - Structure and function:

Introduction to cell biology.

The cell as a basic unit of life.

Structure of the cell, cell membrane, hereditary material.

Cell division.

Mother cells: division and differentiation.

Unicellular and multicellular organisms.

Homeostasis.

14


Microbiology


Familiarity with types of bacteria, fungi and viruses.

Familiarity with the connection between the various

components of the bacteria and its environment and

growth. Familiarity with the mechanisms for causing

damage to the human body.

Prokaryotes: bacteria, viruses, fungi, structure and

function.

Physiology and metabolism.

Interactions between bacteria, viruses and fungi and the

human body.

Biochemistry and genetics of the bacterial cell.

Biotechnology - bacteria at the service of man, from the

food industry to genetic engineering.

Introduction to virology.

Incorporation into the genes of the host cell.

Viral diseases: influenza, polio, rubella, measles,

herpes, hepatitis, H.I.V.

Introduction to mycology.

Sepsis, bacteremia.

Gum disease and caries - microbial aspects.

Immunizations to protect against viruses and bacteria.

28


Chemistry


Acquisition of basic concepts in chemistry and organic

chemistry, familiarity with the structure of the periodic

table. Familiarity with chemical bonds and reactions

between molecules. Ability to balance chemical

equations and to find the concentrations of solutions.

14


Organic chemistry: familiarity with the various functional

organic chemistry groups.

Structure of the atom (radioactivity).

Electron configurations - Bohr’s model.

Ionization energy, electron affinity.

Metals and nonmetals.

Molecules.

Chemical bonds: ionic, covalent, coordinate.

Stoichiometry, concepts of the mole, molecular weight,

balancing a reaction.

Units of concentration.

Equilibrium.

Types of chemical reactions.

Metals, carbon: graphite, diamond.

Acids and bases.

Buffers and indicators.

Salts.

Redox.

Saliva and its components.

Fluoride.

Components of the tooth.


Biochemistry


Acquisition of knowledge regarding the mechanism of

action of metabolic systems, roles of amino acids, role

and normal metabolic function of carbohydrates,

proteins and fats - with an emphasis on changes in

pathologic states and hereditary disorders.

Definitions, organelles in the cell, membranes,

metabolism, carbohydrates, fermentation, proteins. The

structure of saliva, immunological components, taste,

the sense of smell, halitosis.

Cell metabolism: catabolism and anabolism, storage of

energy.

Carbohydrates: types of carbohydrates, the structure of

starch, glycogen and cells.

Metabolism of carbohydrates in aerobic and anaerobic

cells.

Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain,

phosphorylation - diseases connected to sugar

metabolism.

Amino acids: types of amino acids and their metabolism

in the body. Amino acids and neurotransmitters.

Diseases connected to metabolism of amino acids.

Protein: the peptide bond; primary, secondary, tertiary

28


and quaternary structure; S-S bonds. Methods for

identification and separation of proteins.

Enzymes: regulation of enzymatic activity in the body.

Diseases originating from defective enzyme function.

Hormones: types of hormones and the use of a second

messenger. Diseases originating from inadequate

hormonal function.

Proteins as carriers: hemoglobin, positive cooperativity,

hemoglobin as a buffer in the blood. Sickle-cell anemia.

Fats: saturated and unsaturated fatty acids,

triglycerides, cholesterol, prostaglandins.


Pharmacology


Acquisition of knowledge about the effect of drugs on

bodily systems, with a special emphasis on drug

treatment in dentistry.

Introduction to pharmacology and pharmacokinetics.

Pharmacokinetics. Routes of administration and

presentation of drugs.

Familiarity with the autonomic nervous system,

cholinergic agonists and antagonist.

Adrenergic agonists and antagonist.

Drugs for diabetes.

Antihistamines.

Drugs for allergies and asthma.

Local anesthetics.

Opiate analgesics.

NSAID analgesics.

Tranquillizers.

Antidepressants.

Cardiologic drugs.

Drugs for hypertension and angina pectoris.

Treatment of heart failure.

Treatment of arrhythmias.

Antibacterial drugs.

Anticoagulants.

Vitamins.

Names of drugs.

Analgesic drugs.

Antibiotic drugs.

Anesthetics.

Reading labels.

Sedation - Emphasis on inhalation sedation.

Gas.

Steroids.

28


Chemotherapy.


Genetics

Nucleic acids, purines and pyrimidines.

The structure of DNA, the bonds between nucleotides in

chains.

Mechanisms for DNA replication - semiconservative

replication.

Mutations: types of mutations and genetic diseases.

The genetic code, the process of transcription: the

various RNA molecules, mRNA, t-RNA, rRNA.

Ribosomes and final protein processing.

Mendelian principles, examples of human

characteristics, e.g. blood types - A, O, B, AB, RH.

Principles of genetic engineering and their use.

14

Total Hours 126



Basic

Medical

Sciences


General

Histology

Tissue components: types of cells, extracellular

substances, in the bodily systems. Structure of the cell.

Division and differentiation.

Epithelium: various types of epithelium, location and

structure.

Connective tissue: the structure and function of the

components of connective tissue.

Muscle: histological structure and the various muscle

fibers.

Blood cells: the various types of blood cells - structure

and function.

Cartilage: structure, development and function.

Bone: the structure of bone tissue and its various forms.

Development of changes in the structure of bone tissue,

“calcium balance”, pressure and stress.

The nervous system - development and structure.

Skin: structure and function.

The immune system.

14


General and

Functional

Anatomy and

General and

Systematic

Pathology


Acquisition of knowledge about all the main systems of

the human body. Acquisition of knowledge about

general physiology and the physiology of the bodily

systems.

1. Introduction to general and functional anatomy:

Classification, surface, developmental, macroscopic,

microscopic, gross anatomy, radiological.

General terms in anatomy.

Anatomical planes: transverse, oblique, sagittal,

coronal.

Concepts of relative position: superior, inferior,

anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal,

external, internal, contralateral, ipsilateral.

2. Skeleton, bones, joints.

Roles of the skeleton: support, protection, reservoir,

hematopoiesis, movement.

Bones of the skeleton (general survey) - bones of

the limbs, pelvis, spinal column, thorax.

Cartilage, types of bones, microscopic structure.

Microscopic structure of bone and cartilage.

Joint: types and structure.

28


3. Muscular system.

Types of muscle (striated (skeletal muscle), smooth,

heart muscle).

Function of muscle (movement, generation of heat,

standing, posture).

Microscopic and macroscopic structure of the

muscle unit.

Physiology of muscle action, neural stimulation,

bone-muscle relations.

Definition of body movement: abduction, adduction,

extension, flexion, rotation, pronation, supination.

4. The nervous system.

Function of the nervous system.

The nerve cell, structure of the neuron, synapse.

Reflex arc.

Structure of the nervous system: central / peripheral

nervous system.

Motor and sensory pathways: definitions and

functions. Sensation of pain, temperature, touch and

pressure.

Structure of the brain.

Autonomic nervous system: sympathetic and

parasympathetic. Definition and function.

5. Cardiovascular system: heart and blood vessels.

Functions of the system.

The circulatory system: systemic and pulmonary.

Arteries, veins, capillaries - structure, function, main

blood vessels.

Location and function of the heart.

Structure of the heart: layers, ventricles, atria,

valves, main blood vessels.

Mode of function of the heart, conduction system.

Blood supply to the heart.

Blood pressure and its significance.

Pulse and its significance.

The circulatory system and the lymphatic system.

Functions of the circulatory system.

Types of blood cells and their functions.

Composition of blood and blood types: A, B, AB, O.

Basic concepts of the mechanism of coagulation.

Roles of the lymphatic system.

6. Structure of the lymphatic system - spleen,

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes.

7. The respiratory system.


Definition and function.

Components of the system: nose, sinuses,

pharyngeal and laryngeal cavity, trachea, bronchi,

alveoli. Thorax, diaphragm.

Structure of the lung.

Blood vessels in the lung.

Mechanism of respiration - basic concepts in gas

exchange.

8. The digestive system.

Definition, function.

Esophagus: location, structure, functions.

Stomach: location, structure, functions.

Small intestine: location, structure, functions.

Large intestine: location, structure, functions.

Liver and bile ducts: location, function, major blood

vessels.

Pancreas: location and function.

Recommended literature:

Anatomy, physiology and pathology of the human

body. Dr. Eiran Tamir. (In Hebrew)

Anthony’s Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology. By

Gary A. Thibodeau. Times Mirror/Mosby College

Publishing 1990.

Clinical Oriented Anatomy. By Keith L. Moore and

Williams & Wilkins. A Waverly Company, 1992.

10.3.3 Principles in

Physiology


Acquisition of knowledge about general physiology and

physiology of the following systems: nervous,

circulatory, urological, endocrine, with an emphasis on

aspects relevant to dentistry, such as: conduction of

pain and coagulation of blood.

Movement across membranes: simple diffusion,

diffusion across the cell membrane, principles of

osmosis, osmotic pressure, osmotic characteristics of

cells. Movement of water into and out of the cell.

Expedited transport, active transport.

Structure and function of the cell membrane: ionic

channels, diffusion forces.

Excitable biopotentials: action potential (ionic

mechanism). Potentials in the nerve and the muscle.

Intercellular communication: structure and function of

the synapse.

Activity of the nervous system: central, peripheral,

autonomic nervous system.

14


Pain, EEG.

The cardiovascular system: mechanical characteristics,

electrical characteristics.

Respiratory system: mechanics of breathing, structure

and function. Transport of gasses in the blood.

The renal system.

The digestive system.

The endocrine system.

Muscular system.

Internal diseases.

10.3.4 Introduction

to

Epidemiology


Acquisition of basic concepts of the epidemiology of

disease: caries, gingiva. Indices utilized in

epidemiology.

Roles and uses.

Research methods.

Epidemiology of dental caries in Israel and

internationally.

Epidemiology of periodontal disease.

Indices: DMF, CPITN, OHIP.

14


Public Health


Acquisition of basic concepts in the field of public

health.

Dental health services and planning of manpower in

dentistry.

Public health services in Israel.

Manpower services in dentistry in Israel - current

situation.

Aspects in the field of national expenditure on oral and

dental health.

Treatment needs, means, dental treatment for children

with special needs and protected children in Israel.

Dental treatment needs in Israel.

Socioeconomic aspects in dental morbidity in children.

Funding and insurance programs in dentistry in Israel.

Prevention in public dentistry:

Fluoridation of drinking water and education programs.

The structure of community medicine in Israel.

Health services in schools and in kindergartens.

Familiarity with central frameworks for the provision of

public dentistry services in Israel.

Assessment of the modes of treatment of the population

and planning of health services for schools and special

populations.

28


Planning of preventative programs for the main age

groups in the community in Israel; health concepts and

determinants of health, dental caries and gum disease,

prevention and fluoridation, WHO health education,

health promotion, community programs, public dentistry

services, professional manpower.

10.3.6 Health

Promotion

Recorded as per the current course at Tel Aviv

University, as an example)

Objectives of the Course:

1. To be familiar with the epidemiology of chronic

diseases and the environmental and personal

causes of these diseases.

2. To learn models and skills for changing behavior.

3. To develop knowledge and tools for constructing a

program for health promotion at the community and

population level.

Course topics:

1. Epidemiology of chronic diseases.

2. Influence of the environment on health behavior and

on health.

3. The history of health promotion - survey of the

development of concepts and their definitions.

4. Principles and models for changing behavior at the

individual, community and population level.

5. Health promotion frameworks: healthy city, health

promoting schools, health promoting hospitals.

6. Health promoting factory.

7. Constructing a health promotion program in actual

practice.

Issues in assessing health promotion programs.

28


Statistics and

Survey

Methods


Familiarity with basic concepts in the collection and

statistical analysis of data.

Uses of sampling methods. Normal distribution,

standard errors.

Tests of significance. Confidence interval. Presentation

of data.

14

10.3.8 Nutrition Objective of the Course:

Principles of good nutrition, the basic food groups,

vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, energy, allowances,

nutritional value, food groups, nutritional requirements

for diseases.

Nutrition as a part of the world of health, the reasons for

eating, components of nutrition - general features.

14


Energy, carbohydrates and dietary fiber:

Vitamins, minerals and water:

Nutrition and dental health: on the connection between

nutrition and dental disease.

Recommended nutrition for a healthy person: food

groups, the food pyramid, guidelines for good nutrition.

Nutrition during the lifecycle: nutrition for infants,

children, pregnant and breastfeeding women, nutrition

during menopause.

Dietary requirements for anorexia, bulimia, diabetes,

hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity.

The digestive system and absorption of nutrition.

Nutritional labeling.

10.3.9 Immunology Objective of the Course:

To learn about the immune system, the circulatory

system, the lymphatic system.

Inflammation - what it is, ways of dealing with it.

Active immunity and passive immunity.

Organ transplantation mishaps and diseases of the

immune system: autoimmune.

Immune failure (L.E., congenital or acquired).

Innate immune system - white blood cells lymphatic

system, B,T.

Acquired immune system - antibodies, specific memory.

Soluble molecules and various proteins in the immune

system.

Disorders of the immune system: allergy, asthma,

autoimmune, immunodeficiency.

Viral diseases such as HBV, HCV, AIDS.

Bacterial diseases tetanus etc.

14

10.3.10 First Aid and

Resuscitation

Obligatory course, no exemptions 14

Total Hours 182



Basic

Sciences in

Dentistry

10.4.1 Anatomy of

the Head

and Neck


To prepare the dental hygienist for an external physical

examination of head and neck.

Facial muscles.

The sinuses and the nasal cavity.

Infection spread via spaces.

The motor and sensory innervation of the region of the

head and neck.

Movement of the jaws in accordance with the muscles.

Live anatomy: Correspondence between theoretical

knowledge and actual location.

28

10.4.2 Oral and

Dental

Histology

Supportive tissue, teeth, glands, saliva, lymph. 14

10.4.3 Oral and

Dental

Embryology

From zygote to blastocyst, from the embryological stage

to the newborn.

Development of the tooth bud.

14

10.4.4 Dental

Morphology


To learn the detailed structure of each and every tooth,

relations of contact between teeth in the jaws, dental

outlines of the jaw. Exercising the identification of teeth.

Methods of numbering deciduous and permanent teeth.

Order of eruption and ages for deciduous / permanent

dentition.

Anatomic structure of a single tooth.

Directions and sides for teeth (L, P, M, B, D).

Characteristics of groups of teeth - incisors, canines,

premolars, molars.

Morphological differences between deciduous and

permanent dentition.

Relation between structure and function.

Understanding the relation between the morphology of

the tooth and the dental hygienist’s work.

Identification of teeth.

Anomalous effects during development of dentition.

Including practical exercise.

28


Occlusion


To learn about occlusion and how it affects gum

disease.

Calcification of occlusion.

6


General definition of the relation between the jaws.

State of relation in occlusion and movement.

Envelope of movements.

The jaws and the temporomandibular joint.

10.4.6 Legislation in

Dentistry

Point of meeting between the doctor and the law.

Malpractice.

Medical opinion.

Professional indemnity insurance.

The Dental Hygienists Regulations.

14

10.4.7 Ethics in

Dentistry

Principles of professional ethics.

Dilemmas and conflict between principles.

Case descriptions.

14

10.4.8 Infection

Control

(Disinfection

and

Sterilization)

Infective agents - viruses, bacteria and fungi, emphasis

on oral and respiratory tract diseases.

AIDS, NBV, HCV, TB, SARS, etc.

Prevention and protection.

Means of preventing infection.

CDC OSHA guidelines.

Masks, gloves, safety glasses, clothes.

Disinfection, sterilization.

Ministry of Health guidelines for the prevention of

infections.

Protocol following exposure to infection, medicolegal

aspects.

14

Total Hours 132



10.5 Clinical

Fields in

Dentistry

10.5.1 Orthodontics Introduction to orthodontics - including the objectives of

orthodontic treatment.

Process of the growth of the face and jaws.

Order of tooth eruption - morphology.

Jaw relations.

Classification of malocclusion, skeletal defects.

Instrumentation - fixed and moveable.

Examples of treatments of common types of orthodontic

problems and principles of treatment; diagnostic aids.

Treatment of adults.

Hypodontia and hyperdontia.

Orthognathic surgery.

Combined orthodontic - dental implant treatment.

The role of the dental hygienist during and after the

course of orthodontic treatment.

Lingual orthodontics.

14

10.5.2 Endodontics Structure of the dental pulp, histopathology, diagnosis,

types of endodontic treatment, etiology, stages of

treatment and filling of root canals,

endodontic instrumentation, including rotary.

Instruments for measuring the length of canals; tooth

whitening after root canal therapy.

Diagnosis - clinical and radiologic.

Principles of non-surgical root canal therapy, problems

and complications during root canal therapy - not at the

level of the tooth.

Endo-perio processes.

Pain of endodontic origin.

10

10.5.3 Caries Definition and description of the disease.

Saliva, substrate, plaque.

Genetics.

Age, multifactorial etiology.

Host nutrition.

Diagnosis.

Bacteria.

Fluoride.

Types of caries - primary lesion, process of progression

of caries in the enamel and dentin, ECC rampant etc.

Expansion of all topics, fluoride, cervical caries.

Obligatory course, no exemptions

28


10.5.4 Conservative Polish, fillings, differential diagnosis, diagnosis of

defective restorations.

14

10.5.5 Oral

Rehabilitatio

n

Classification of missing teeth.

Treatment plan, principles of execution.

Impression methods.

Fixed partial denture - single.

Fixed partial denture - multiple teeth.

Temporary rehabilitation.

Cementation.

Partial denture and complete denture, denture over

posts.

Denture over implants.

Implants, connections.

Dental technician concepts.

14

10.5.6 Dental

Materials

Amalgam, resins and their products, materials for

temporary fillings, bases, liners, cements, impression

materials.

14

10.5.7 Surgery 1. Extraction of teeth and extraction of wisdom teeth.

2. Apicectomy.

3. Odontogenic and non-odontogenic infections.

4. Malignant tumors in the mouth.

5. Cysts and benign tumors.

6. Pathology.

7. Salivary glands and benign and malignant tumors.

8. Osseous tumors.

9. Manifestations in the oral cavity of systemic

diseases and metastases from various tumors in the

body.

10. Temporomandibular joint pain.

11. Dental and facial skeletal trauma.

12. Treatment of various craniofacial distortions (e.g.

cleft, orthognathic surgery, etc.).

13. Control of bleeding - complications following oral

surgery procedures.

14. Sutures, materials for suturing and their removal.

Bibliography:

Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Neville, Damm,

Alle, Bougot; Sauders.

Oral Surgery in the Dental Practice, E. Kruger, P.

Worthington; Quintessence.

Maxillofacial Surgery, Ward Booth, Schendel;

Chutchill Livingstone.

28

10.5.8 Oral

Pathology

Defects of growth and development.

Vesicular-ulcerative lesions.

56


and Oral

Medicine

Pathology of the salivary glands, dryness of the mouth,

autoimmune disease connected to the salivary glands

(e.g. Sjögren).

Cysts of developmental / odontogenic origin.

Kaposi sarcoma.

Tongue, burning mouth, expression of systemic

disease.

Piercing.

Inflammation - theory.

Wound healing.

Tumors - theory.

Disorders of blood flow.

Pathology of the hard dental tissues.

Pathology of the pulp.

Dentigerous and facial cysts.

Color changes of the oral mucosa.

Pre-cancerous lesions.

Oral lesions that are connected to dermatology.

Malignant tumors of the oral cavity.

Benign tumors of the oral cavity.

Pathology of the salivary glands.

Odontogenic tumors.

Oral pathology in children.

AIDS.

The oral medicine profession and examination of the

oral tissues.

The salivary glands - in health and disease.

Congenital lesions - processes and diseases in the oral

cavity.

Color changes in oral tissues - white lesions.

White lesions - candida.

States of compromised continuity of the epithelium -

ulcers, habits.

Recurrent aphthous syndrome.

Viral and bacterial infections.

Allergic and autoimmune conditions.

Color changes in the oral cavity - dark lesions, disease

and tumor processes.

Case presentations.

Treatment of gingiva in patients with impaired oral

mucosa.

Facial and dental pain.

Bibliography:

Regezi J.A. and Sciubba J.J: Oral Pathology,


Clinical – Pathological Correlations. Philabelplua

W.B Saunders Co. Last edition.

Pinbdorg J.J.: Atlas of Disease of the Oral

Mucosa, 5th ED. Copenhagen, 1992, Sauders Co.

10.5.9 Oral

Radiology

Radiological interpretation, reading an x-ray. Diagnosis

interpretation.

Introduction:

What are x-rays?

Concepts in physics.

The x-ray machine:

Structure of the apparatus.

Generation of x-rays.

Factors influencing the quality and quantity of

photons.

Types of radiographs:

Periapical.

Bite.

Occlusal.

Methods of imaging:

Paralleling.

Bisecting angle.

X-ray film:

Structure.

Various sizes.

Developing and fixation.

Obtaining the radiograph.

Dangers of radiation.

Interpretation of radiographs:

Anatomy and morphology.

Diagnosis of caries.

Diagnosis of defects of the alveolar bone.

Recommended reading material:

Oral Radiology, D. Fishel, Academon, Jerusalem,

1998 (in Hebrew).

14

10.5.10 Periodontics Objectives of the Course:

1. To provide the student with knowledge enabling

familiarity with the healthy and diseased

periodontium at the anatomical, histological and

physiological level.

2. To provide the student with knowledge of the causes

of periodontal disease, the epidemiology of

periodontal disease, diagnosis and classification of

periodontal diseases and the relation between the

periodontal condition and the systemic condition.

56


3. To teach how to examine the periodontal patient,

record findings, diagnosis and deciding upon a

treatment plan.

4. To provide the student with information about all

types of periodontal treatment, from initial treatment

to periodontal surgery.

5. To give the student basic knowledge about dental

implants.

Revision of concepts that had broad coverage in other

courses, such as scaling & root planning, maintenance

etc.

Case presentations.

Periodontics.

Year 1 + 2

Topics studied:

1. Structure of the periodontium.

a. Gingiva.

b. Periodontal ligament.

c. Cementum.

d. The alveolar bone.

2. Etiology of gum disease.

a. Bacterial plaque.

b. Calculus and how it is formed.

c. Microbiology of gum disease.

3. Diagnoses in Periodontics.

a. Classification of gum disease by various

systems.

b. The connection between systemic

diseases and gum disease.

c. Influence of pregnancy on the gingiva.

4. The periodontal examination and treatment plan.

a. Medical and dental history.

b. Extraoral examination.

c. Intraoral Examination.

d. The periodontal chart.

e. The periodontal treatment plan.

5. Initial periodontal treatment.

a. Scaling (removal of calculus). Methods.

b. Root planing. Methods, Instruments,

Objectives.

c. Non-surgical treatment of the gingiva:

d. Systemic antibiotic.

e. Local antibiotic.

f. Mechanical and chemical control of dental


plaque.

g. Preparations with delayed release.

6. Periodontal surgery.

a. Gingivectomy

b. OFD

c. Modified widman flap

d. Minimal invasive

e. Bone surgery

f. Mucogingival surgery

7. Dental implants.

a. Implant surgery.

b. Maintenance of implants.

8. Periodontal maintenance

Post-surgical oral hygiene.

Surgical oral hygiene after regeneration.

Bibliography:

Perry, Dorothy A., Beemsterober, Phyllis, Taggart,

Edward J. Periodontology for the Dental Hygienist.

1996 W.B. Saunders Co.

Lindhe, Jan 1997. Textbook of Clinical

Periodontology and Implant Dentistry. Munksgaard.

10.5.11 Pediatric

Dentistry

A. Behavior:

Types of fear, reasons for fear, types of behaviors

of children, Frankl’s classification, reasons for lack

of cooperation, assessment of the patient,

principles of children’s behavior, pharmacological

methods, non-pharmacological methods, presence

of parents during treatment - advantages and

disadvantages. Children’s treatment triangle,

psychological development of children by age,

communication with children in the dental clinic,

pharmaceutical methods for reducing the child’s

level of anxiety prior to dental treatment.

B. Morphology of deciduous teeth - general

differences between deciduous teeth and

permanent teeth, main characteristics.

C. Caries - caries at various ages, baby bottle caries.

D. Prevention - primary, secondary, tertiary.

Primary prevention:

1. Health education (reasons for non-compliance,

principles of prediction of behavior regarding

oral hygiene).

2. Baby Clinic

3. Fluoride (systemic administration, absorption of

28


F, activity, fluoridation, F in food, topical

administration, fluorosis, TLD, CLD).

4. Fissure sealant (types of materials, fissure

sealant case selection, stages of execution,

reasons for failure).

E. Examination and treatment plan - anamnesis, x-

rays, prioritizing treatment, considerations in

choosing treatments and their order.

F. Local anesthesia in children.

G. Conservative treatment + pediatric endodontics

(fillings, prefabricated crowns, pulp cupping,

pulpotomy, pulpectomy)

H. Trauma of permanent + deciduous dentition

(fractures, lateral, luxation, subluxation,

concussion, extrusion, intrusion, avultion).

I. Hypoplasia, timing of injury.

J. Gingival diseases in children.

10.5.12 Pain Control

and

Anesthesia

Objectives of the Course:

To inform students of the physiological origin of pain.

The neurological anatomy of pain in the oral cavity, and

ways of reducing pain. The various drugs that serve for

local anesthesia as regards their development, the

differences between them, and various guidelines for

the administration of local anesthesia to the oral cavity.

Finally, special emphasis will be placed upon the

treatment of emergencies connected to local

anesthesia.

Mechanisms of pain, ways of dealing with pain beyond

local anesthesia, -allergies, cervical sensitivity, TMJ,

facialis.

Treatment of pain.

Development of local anesthesia.

Equipment needed for local anesthesia.

Principles of techniques for anesthesia in the oral cavity.

Diagnosis and treatment of complications and

emergencies in local anesthesia.

Laughing gas, sedation and general anesthesia.

Bibliography:

Local Anesthesia in Dentistry, Geoffrey L. F. lvor, H.

Whitehead; Wright

Local Anesthesia in Dentistry, Markus D.W. Lipp;

Quintessence

Hardbook of Local Anesthesia, Stanley F. Malamed;

Mosby

14


10.5.13 Dental

Prevention


To teach students the principles of preventative

dentistry, and their implementation.

Students will acquire broad knowledge and tools for

conveying awareness of preventative dentistry for

properly maintaining oral health.

Students will know how to construct, coordinate and

implement educational programs for maintaining oral

health for target populations (ages 0-120):

kindergartens, schools, nursing homes, hospitals, etc.

Topics studied:

Historical survey of the profession.

Introduction to preventative dentistry, steps in a

preventative dentistry program.

Modes of prevention and ways and accessories for

maintaining a healthy mouth.

Toothbrush and worthwhile methods of brushing.

Solution for demonstrating.

Various methods of brushing.

Additional ways and accessories for completing

toothbrushing properly.

Plaque index - all sorts of methods.

Toothpastes.

Mouth washes.

Electric devices and accessories.

Steps in the preventative dentistry program, educational

principles.

Guidance for the individual patient.

The rehabilitation patient.

Implants and their maintenance.

The orthodontic patient.

Special and handicapped patients.

Teaching, guidance and prevention in the community.

Implementation of teaching and guidance in the

community - going out into the field.

Fluoride.

Primary prevention, secondary and tertiary prevention.

Disseminating information, preventative maintenance,

fluorides.

Fluorine - a chemical element.

Background and historical survey.

Establishment of the fluoride - dental caries link.

The role of fluoride in the prevention of caries:

Early lesion caries.

42


Systemic mechanism.

Topical/local mechanism.

Systemic fluoridation:

Fluoridation of drinking water.

Fluoridation of salt and milk.

Fluoride tablets and drops.

Topical/local fluoridation:

Local application of fluoride by local staff.

Local application of fluoride by the public.

Fluoridated mouth washes.

Fluoridated toothpastes.

Assessment of health risks:

Fluoride concentrations in various products.

Acute fluoride toxicity.

Chronic fluoride toxicity - dental fluorosis.

The fight over fluoridation of drinking water: State of

affairs in Israel and internationally.

10.5.14 Oral Hygiene Initial steps in preventive planning, modes of prevention,

materials and accessories, indices, educational

principles.

Toothbrushes.

Solutions for demonstrating.

Various methods of brushing.

Additional ways and accessories for completing

toothbrushing properly.

Indices: PI, PDI, CPI, CPINT.

Toothpastes.

Mouth washes.

Electric devices and accessories.

Implants and their maintenance.

Maintenance after surgery in the oral cavity.

42

10.5.15 Populations

with Special

Needs


Familiarity with diseases and effects on bone,

connective tissue; psychiatric illness; patients who have

undergone radiotherapy; endocrine disease. Allergy,

neurological problems, transplant recipients, pregnant

women.

Dental treatment of patients with medical risk in their

everyday lives - systematic survey.

Heart diseases:

Organic heart disease.

Functional disorders of the heart.

Extracardiac diseases.

Rheumatic fever (RF).

56


Infectious endocarditis (I.E.).

Prophylaxis - principles of prophylaxis.

Diabetes - and manifestations of diabetes.

Diseases of the central nervous system - epilepsy,

cerebral palsy (C.P.), Parkinson, trigeminal neuralgia,

CVA.

Hematological disease - leukemia.

Diseases of the kidney and transplant recipients.

Bleeding disorders, medications.

AIDS and diseases of the liver.

Endocrine diseases.

Patients who have undergone radiotherapy.

Allergies.

Pregnant woman.

Psychiatric diseases.

Dermatologic diseases.

10.5.16 Geriatric

Dentistry

Patients suffering from diseases that accompany old

age: Parkinson, Alzheimer, myasthenia, etc. Attention

directed to the psychological aspect of the elderly dental

patient. The psychological aspect of old age.

14

10.5.17 Patients who

are Victims

of Violence

and Neglect

Identification by medical professionals. Obligation to

report.

4

Total Hours 448



Practical

Subjects

and Clinical

Work

10.6.1 Practical

Exercise for

Dental

Assistants

and

Preparation

for Work in

the Clinic for

Dental

Assistants

Familiarity with equipment, identification of orthodontic,

surgical and rehabilitative equipment - reading labels

and instructions.

Mixing bonding and measurement materials. Disposal

of infectious and hazardous waste.

14

10.6.2 Dental

Equipment

and

Instrumentati

on -

Maintenance

and Upkeep

Familiarity with the dental unit, operation of the unit,

dealing with common minor malfunctions. Support

system: compressor and suction. Maintenance. Proper

maintenance of the water cooling system, autoclave.

Ultrasonic scaler.

Prophyjet.

10

10.6.3 Practice on

Simulation

Dolls

(Phantom)

Practice of various actions from the roles of a dental

hygienist in a dental clinic, on phantom dolls, as in

introduction to treatment of patients. Fissure sealing.

100

10.6.4 Oral Hygiene

- Practical

Personal instruction and guidance for specific patient.

Dental health education, implementation by personal

practice.

Two indices must be performed PI PDI.

Maintenance around implants must be included.

Based on theoretical course number 10.5.14.

46

10.6.5 Radiology -

Practical

Diagnosis of pathologies on x-rays, including

interpretation: Periapical, panoramic, CT.

Practicing performing a full mouth series on a

phantom.

128

10.6.6 Infection

Control

Practicing the sterilization process in the clinic,

disposal of infected waste, practicing work with

autoclave.

Based on theoretical course number 10.4.7.

14


10.6.7 Seminars

10.6.7.1 Year 2

Seminars

Comprehensive seminars that include the knowledge

needed by the dental hygienist as a provider of

treatment.

Subjects connected to clinical work and behavior and

knowledge.

Critical reading of papers.

One paper for the entire class.

28

10.6.7.2 Personal

Topic

Personal topic with two papers, presentation to the

entire class.

Each student separately.

20

10.6.7.3 Case

Presentation

Presentation of a case, together with reading a paper

and presenting it to the class.

Each student separately.

28

10.6.8 Community

Program

Providing guidance in the community: schools,

kindergartens. Prevention for the individual and the

community.

Writing a program and submitting a report.

With a dedicated supervisor.

56

9....1 Providing

Guidance

Practicing rhetoric and ways of conveying messages in

health education fields.

30

10.6.10 Populations

with Special

Needs

Going out into the field and providing guidance and

prevention programs for populations with special

needs: old people’s homes, regular and geriatric

hospitals, institutions for the disabled.

Writing a program and submitting a report.

42

10.6.11 Rotations in

Clinics or

Units that

are

Approved by

the Ministry

of Health -

Year 2

Observation and involvement in the various dental departments. Can also be undertaken in private specialist clinics. Including the submission of an observation report

endorsed by the dentist.

42

Total Hours 458



Clinical

Training

10.7.1 Clinical

Practice

One student practicing upon another - intra-oral and

extra-oral examination, general and oral anamnesis,

taking impressions and plaster mold, scaling, fissure

sealing, polishing fillings, application of fluoride.

Practicing Prophyjet and Cavitron.

24

10.7.2 Practical

Treatment of

Patients

Receiving patients and performing the range of

treatments required of a dental hygienist. The training

will occur under the supervision of experienced

dentists and dental hygienists.

424

Total Hours 448


10.8 Unique

Subjects for

Training

Institutions

10.8.1 Enrichment Course to be chosen by the institution, such as:

marketing in dentistry, interpersonal communication,

prevention of smoking.

14

10.8.2 Revision for

the

Examination

14

Total Hours 2002

Documents

Syllabus for Dental Hygienists