SWPBS: Past, Present, & Future

George SugaiOSEP Center on PBIS

Center for Behavioral Education & ResearchUniversity of Connecticut

June 25 2011

www.pbis.org www.scalingup.org www.cber.org

PURPOSE

Examination of current SWPBS

practices, systems, &

outcomes in context of early

influences & future directions• Brief History• Foundations• Implementation

• Example

Celebrate successes & accomplishments

Describe lessons learned 14 years later

Review PBIS basics

Link implementation fidelity & student outcomes

Show link to positive psychology

Link evidence-base practices to implementation science

“Notes to Self”

Problem Statement

“We give schools strategies & systems for improving practice & outcomes, but implementation is not accurate, consistent, or durable, & desired outcomes aren’t realized. School personnel & teams need more than exposure, practice, & enthusiasm.”

Brief PBIS History

1980s SW

Discipline Problem

Reactive

Non-constructive

Emphasis on punishment

Poor implementation

fidelity

Limited effects

Special

Education &

BD

“Abbreviated” SWPBS History

1980s RTC

1988 PBS

1991 Proj PREPARE

1997 EBS Demo 1997 IDEA-r

1998 PBIS-I

2000 PBIS TA Guide

2001 OR Beh Res Ctr 2002 PBIS-II

2004 PBS Impl Blue

2007 SISEP

2008 PBIS-IIIJan 2010

SWPBS Eval Blue

Mar 2010 SWPBS Impl

Blue

May 2010 SWPBS Train

Blue

2011 Implementation Sustainability &

Scaling

SWPBS FoundationsColvin, G., & Sugai, G. (1992). School-wide discipline: A behavior instruction model. 1992 Oregon conference monograph. Eugene, OR: University of Oregon.

Sugai, G., & Horner, R. (1994). Including students with severe behavior problems in general education settings: Assumptions, challenges, and solutions. In J. Marr, G. Sugai, & G. Tindal (Eds.). The Oregon conference monograph (Vol. 6) (pp. 102-120). Eugene, OR: University of Oregon.

Colvin, G., Kame’enui, E. J., & Sugai, G. (1993). School-wide and classroom management: Reconceptualizing the integration and management of students with behavior problems in general education. Education and Treatment of Children, 16, 361-381.

Walker, H. M., Horner, R. H., Sugai, G., Bullis, M., Sprague, J. R., Bricker, D., & Kaufman, M. J. (1996). Integrated approaches to preventing antisocial behavior patterns among school-age children and youth. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 4, 193-256.

“Big Ideas” from Early Years

Teach & recognize behavior directly, school-wide

• Colvin & Sugai (1992)

Focus adult behavior in team-based SW action planning

• Colvin, Kame’enui, & Sugai (1993)

Consider ALL as foundation for some by establishing local behavioral expertise• Sugai & Horner (1994)

Integrate evidence-based practices in 3-tiered prevention logic• Walker, Horner, Sugai, Bullis, Sprague, Bricker, & Kaufman (1996)

“Early Triangle”

(p. 201)Walker, Knitzer,

Reid, et al., CDC

Changing Adult Behavior

1.“Change is slow, difficult, gradual process

for teachers

2.“Teachers need to receive regular

feedback on student

learning outcomes”

3.“Continued support & follow-up are

necessary after initial training”

Guskey, 1986, p. 59

SWPBS Logic!Successful individual student behavior support is linked to host environments or school climates that are effective, efficient, relevant, durable, scalable, & logical for all students(Zins & Ponti, 1990)

RESEARCH & THEORY to

* Responsiveness to intervention* Positive behavioral interventions & supports* Prevention

EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICES to

* Causal relationship* Replication* Effect size

PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT to

* Acquisition & fluency* Sustained generalized responding * Accommodation, adaptation, & diversity

IMPLEMENTATION

* Evaluation outcome data* Implementation fidelity* Continuous regeneration* Sustainability & scaling

“BIG PICTURE”

12 Basics

• Keep max. air pressureBicycling

• Keep knife sharpCooking

• Keep cue level & follow throughBilliards

• Describe mechanism of applied problemsResearch

• Multi-tiered prevention frameworkPBIS

Basics

1. Invest in prevention

Prevention Logic for AllBiglan, 1995; Mayer, 1995; Walker et al., 1996

Decrease development

of new problem

behaviors

Prevent worsening &

reduce intensity of

existing problem

behaviors

Eliminate triggers &

maintainers of problem

behaviors

Teach, monitor, &

acknowledge prosocial behavior

Redesign of teaching environments…not students

2. Teach, supervise, reinforce

Teaching Matrix

SETTING

All Settings Hallways Playgrounds Cafeteria

Library/Compute

r LabAssembly Bus

Respect Ourselves

Be on task.

Give your best effort.

Be prepared.

Walk. Have a plan.

Eat all your food.Select healthy foods.

Study, read,

compute.

Sit in one spot.

Watch for your stop.

Respect Others

Be kind.Hands/feet

to self.Help/share

with others.

Use normal voice

volume.Walk to right.

Play safe.Include others.Share

equipment.

Practice good table manners

Whisper.Return books.

Listen/watch.Use

appropriate applause.

Use a quiet voice.

Stay in your seat.

Respect Property

Recycle.Clean up after self.

Pick up litter.

Maintain physical space.

Use equipment properly.

Put litter in garbage can.

Replace trays &

utensils.Clean up

eating area.

Push in chairs.Treat books

carefully.

Pick up.Treat chairs appropriately

.

Wipe your feet.Sit

appropriately.

Exp

ecta

tions 1. S

OCIAL SKILL2. NATURAL

CONTEXT

3. BEHAVIOR

EXAMPLES

3. Emphasize

implementation

framework, not

curriculum

SWPBS (aka PBIS/RtI) is for enhancing adoption & implementation of

Continuum of evidence-based interventions to achieve

Academically & behaviorally important outcomes for

All students

Framework

Agreements

Team

Data-based Action Plan

ImplementationEvaluation

GENERAL IMPLEMENTATION

PROCESS: “Getting Started”

4. Integrate outcome, data, practices, & systems

SYST

EMSPRACTICES

DATASupportingStaff Behavior

SupportingStudent Behavior

OUTCOMES

Supporting Social Competence &Academic Achievement

SupportingDecisionMaking

IntegratedElements

5. Invest in multi-

tiered prevention logic

Primary Prevention:School-/Classroom-Wide Systems for

All Students,Staff, & Settings

Secondary Prevention:Specialized Group

Systems for Students with At-Risk Behavior

Tertiary Prevention:Specialized

IndividualizedSystems for Students

with High-Risk Behavior

~80% of Students

~15%

~5%

CONTINUUM OFSCHOOL-WIDE

INSTRUCTIONAL & POSITIVE BEHAVIOR

SUPPORT

ALL

SOME

FEW

Universal

Targeted

Intensive

All

Some

FewContinuum of Support for

ALL

Dec 7, 2007

Universal

Targeted

IntensiveContinuum of

Support for ALL“Theora”

Dec 7, 2007

Science

Soc Studies

Reading

Math

Soc skills

Basketball

Spanish

Label behavior…not people

Universal

Targeted

IntensiveContinuum of Support for

ALL:“Molcom”

Dec 7, 2007

Prob Sol.

Coop play

Adult rel.

Anger man.

Attend.

Peer interac

Ind. play

Label behavior…not people

Self-assess

Implementation

Framework

6. Adopt doable implementation “blueprint” or approach

Implementation Levels

Student

Classroom

School

State

District

www.scalingup.org

Dean FixsenKaren Blase

UNC

Funding Visibility PolicyPoliticalSupport

Training Coaching Behavioral ExpertiseEvaluation

LEADERSHIP TEAM(Coordination)

Local School/District Implementation Demonstrations

SWPBS Implementation

Blueprint

www.pbis.org

7. Embed “Response-

to-Intervention” logic

& principles

IMPLEMENTATION W/ FIDELITY

CONTINUUM OF EVIDENCE-BASEDINTERVENTIONS

CONTENT EXPERTISE &

FLUENCY

TEAM-BASED IMPLEMENTATION

CONTINUOUSPROGRESS

MONITORING

UNIVERSAL SCREENING

DATA-BASEDDECISION MAKING

& PROBLEM SOLVING

RtI

1-5% 1-5%

5-10% 5-10%

80-90% 80-90%

Intensive, Individual Interventions• Individual Students• Assessment-based

• High Intensity

Intensive, Individual Interventions• Individual Students• Assessment-based

• Intense, durable proceduresTargeted Group Interventions• Some students (at-risk)

• High efficiency• Rapid response

Targeted Group Interventions• Some students (at-risk)

• High efficiency• Rapid response

Universal Interventions• All students

• Preventive, proactive

Universal Interventions• All settings, all students• Preventive, proactive

Responsiveness to Intervention

Academic Systems Behavioral Systems

Circa 1996

Etc.Literacy & WritingNumeracy & SciencesSWPBSSpecialsSocial Sciences

Responsiveness to Intervention

Universal

Targeted

IntensiveContinuum of

Support for ALL“IFB School”

Dec 7, 2007

School Climate

Specials

Social Studies

Literacy

Attendance

Science

Numeracy

Align supports

Technology

Writing

Universal

Targeted

IntensiveContinuum of

Support for ALL“District: Literacy”

Dec 7, 2007

Bianchi M.S.

Specials

Serrota E.S.

Trek E.S.

Davidson M.S.

Science

Masi H.S.

Align supports

Look M.S.

Jamis E.S.

Look M.S.

CONTEXTor

SETTING

Teacher Practice

Student Behavior

School Reform

District Operations

Continua of Responsiveness

& Support

8. Integrate literacy &

behavior

implementation &

supports

Elementary School Suspension Rate

PBIS in Virginia

Elementary School

PBIS in Virginia

Improvements in behavior can be associated with improvements in

academic outcomes

NC Positive Behavior Support Initiative

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.0050

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

ReadingLinear (Reading)

ODRs

EO

G R

eadi

ng

rxy = -.44(n = 36)

Bob Algozzine

Schools w/ Low ODRs & High

Academic Outcomes

Office Discipline Referrals per 100 StudentsProp

ortio

n of

Stu

dent

s M

eetin

g St

ate

Aca

dem

ic

Stan

dard

PBIS in North Carolina

Algozzine, B., Wang, C., & Violette, A. S. (2011). Reexamining the relationship between academic achievement and social behavior. Journal of Positive Behavioral Interventions, 13, 3-16.

Burke, M. D., Hagan-Burke, S., & Sugai, G. (2003). The efficacy of function-based interventions for students with learning disabilities who exhibit escape-maintained problem behavior: Preliminary results from a single case study. Learning Disabilities Quarterly, 26, 15-25.

McIntosh, K., Chard, D. J., Boland, J. B., & Horner, R. H. (2006). Demonstration of combined efforts in school-wide academic and behavioral systems and incidence of reading and behavior challenges in early elementary grades. Journal of Positive Behavioral Interventions, 8, 146-154.

McIntosh, K., Horner, R. H., Chard, D. J., Dickey, C. R., and Braun, D. H. (2008). Reading skills and function of problem behavior in typical school settings. Journal of Special Education, 42, 131-147.

Nelson, J. R., Johnson, A., & Marchand-Martella, N. (1996). Effects of direct instruction, cooperative learning, and independent learning practices on the classroom behavior of students with behavioral disorders: A comparative analysis. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 4, 53-62.

Wang, C., & Algozzine, B. (2011). Rethinking the relationship between reading and behavior in early elementary school. Journal of Educational Research, 104, 100-109.

Academic-Behavior Connection

“Viewed as outcomes, achievement and

behavior are related; viewed as causes of

each other, achievement and behavior are

unrelated. In this context, teaching behavior

as relentlessly as we teach reading or other

academic content is the ultimate act of

prevention, promise, and power underlying

PBS and other preventive interventions in

America’s schools.”

Algozzine, Wang, & Violette (2011), p. 16.

RTIIntegrated Continuum

Mar 10 2010

Academic Continuum

Behavior Continuum

9. Align professional development & support with implementation phase

Where are you in implementation process?Adapted from Fixsen & Blase, 2005

• We think we know what we need, so we ordered 3 month free trial (evidence-based)

EXPLORATION & ADOPTION

• Let’s make sure we’re ready to implement (capacity infrastructure)INSTALLATION

• Let’s give it a try & evaluate (demonstration)

INITIAL IMPLEMENTATION

• That worked, let’s do it for real (investment)

FULL IMPLEMENTATION

• Let’s make it our way of doing business (institutionalized use)

SUSTAINABILITY & CONTINUOUS

REGENERATION

10. Implement evidence-based practice with fidelity

Detrich, Keyworth, & States (2007). J. Evid.-based Prac. in Sch.

Startw/

What Works

Focus on Fidelity

“Making a turn”

IMPLEMENTATION

Effective Not Effective

PRACTICE

Effective

Not Effective

Maximum Student Benefits

Fixsen & Blase, 2009

Bradshaw, C.P., Koth, C.W., Thornton, L.A., & Leaf, P.J. (2009). Altering school climate through school-wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports: Findings from a group-randomized effectiveness trial. Prevention Science, 10(2), 100-115

Bradshaw, C.P., Koth, C.W., Bevans, K.B., Ialongo, N., & Leaf, P.J. (2008). The impact of school-wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) on the organizational health of elementary schools. School Psychology Quarterly, 23(4), 462-473.

Bradshaw, C. P., Mitchell, M. M., & Leaf, P. J. (2010). Examining the effects of School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports on student outcomes: Results from a randomized controlled effectiveness trial in elementary schools. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 12, 133-148.

Bradshaw, C.P., Reinke, W. M., Brown, L. D., Bevans, K.B., & Leaf, P.J. (2008). Implementation of school-wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) in elementary schools: Observations from a randomized trial. Education & Treatment of Children, 31, 1-26.

Horner, R., Sugai, G., Smolkowski, K., Eber, L., Nakasato, J., Todd, A., & Esperanza, J., (2009). A randomized, wait-list controlled effectiveness trial assessing school-wide positive behavior support in elementary schools. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 11, 133-145.

Horner, R. H., Sugai, G., & Anderson, C. M. (2010). Examining the evidence base for school-wide positive behavior support. Focus on Exceptionality, 42(8), 1-14.

RCT & Group Design PBIS Studies

• Reduced major disciplinary infractions• Improvements in academic achievement

• Enhanced perception of organizational health

& safety• Improved school climate• Reductions in teacher reported bullying

behavior

11. Work smarter by

doing a few effective

things very well

Initiative, Committee

Purpose Outcome Target Group

Staff Involved

SIP/SID

Attendance Committee

Increase attendance

Increase % of students attending daily

All students Eric, Theora, Ellen, Marlee

Goal #2

Character Education

Improve character

Improve character All students Marlee, Marcellus, Max, Ellen

Goal #3

Safety Committee

Improve safety Predictable response to threat/crisis

Dangerous students

Has not met Goal #3

School Spirit Committee

Enhance school spirit

Improve morale All students Has not met

Discipline Committee

Improve behavior

Decrease office referrals

Bullies, antisocial students, repeat offenders

Ellen, Eric, Marlee, Marcellus, Otis

Goal #3

DARE Committee

Prevent drug use High/at-risk drug users

Don

EBS Work Group Implement 3-tier model

Decrease office referrals, increase attendance, enhance academic engagement, improve grades

All students Eric, Ellen, Marlee, Otis, Emma, Barney

Goal #2Goal #3

Sample Teaming Matrix

Are outcomes

measurable?

Classroom

SWPBSPractices

Non-classroom Family

Student

School-w

ide

• Smallest #• Evidence-based

• Biggest, durable effect

SCHOOL-WIDE1.1. Leadership team

2.Behavior purpose statement

3.Set of positive expectations & behaviors

4.Procedures for teaching SW & classroom-wide expected behavior

5.Continuum of procedures for encouraging expected behavior

6.Continuum of procedures for discouraging rule violations

7.Procedures for on-going data-based monitoring & evaluation

EVIDENCE-BASED

INTERVENTIONPRACTICES

CLASSROOM1.All school-wide2.Maximum structure & predictability in routines & environment3.Positively stated expectations posted, taught, reviewed, prompted, & supervised.4.Maximum engagement through high rates of opportunities to respond, delivery of evidence-based instructional curriculum & practices5.Continuum of strategies to acknowledge displays of appropriate behavior.6.Continuum of strategies for responding to inappropriate behavior.

INDIVIDUAL STUDENT1.Behavioral competence at school & district levels

2.Function-based behavior support planning

3.Team- & data-based decision making

4.Comprehensive person-centered planning & wraparound processes

5.Targeted social skills & self-management instruction

6. Individualized instructional & curricular accommodations

NONCLASSROOM1.Positive expectations & routines taught & encouraged

2.Active supervision by all staff (Scan, move, interact)

3.Precorrections & reminders

4.Positive reinforcement

FAMILY ENGAGEMENT1.Continuum of positive behavior support for all families

2.Frequent, regular positive contacts, communications, & acknowledgements

3.Formal & active participation & involvement as equal partner

4.Access to system of integrated school & community resources

~80% of Students

~5%

ESTABLISHING CONTINUUM of SWPBS

SECONDARY PREVENTION• Check in/out• Targeted social skills

instruction• Peer-based supports• Social skills club•

TERTIARY PREVENTION• Function-based support• Wraparound• Person-centered planning• •

PRIMARY PREVENTION• Teach SW expectations• Proactive SW discipline• Positive reinforcement• Effective instruction• Parent engagement•

SECONDARY PREVENTION• • • • •

TERTIARY PREVENTION• • • • •

PRIMARY PREVENTION• • • • • •

~15%

12. Guide decisions with data

Educationally relevant outcomes

Implementation fidelity

Clearly defined & relevant indicators

System for easy input & output

Data rules for decision making

Team-based mechanism for action planningDat

a D

ecis

ion

Mak

ing

13. Consider Context

& Culture

Culture is the extent to which a group of individuals engage in overt & verbal behavior reflecting shared behavioral learning histories, serving to differentiate the group from other groups, & predicting how individuals within the group act in specific setting conditions.

That is, culture reflects a collection of common verbal & overt behaviors that are learned & maintained by a set of similar social & environmental contingencies (i.e., learning history).

Emphasis is on applied settings with recognition that group membership is (a) flexible & dynamic, & (b) changed & shaped over time, across generations, & from one setting to another.

2011+ Basic Big Ideas1. • Invest in prevention

2. • Teach, supervise, reinforce

3. • Emphasize implementation framework

4. • Integrate outcomes, data, practices, & systems

5. • Invest in multi-tiered prevention logic

6. • Adopt doable implementation blueprint

7. • Embed response-to-intervention logic

8. • Integrate literacy & behavior implementation & supports

9. • Align professional development & support with implementation phase

10. • Implement evidence-based practice with fidelity

11. • Work smarter by doing a few effective things very well

12. • Guide decisions with data

Implementation Example:

Bullying Prevention

Bullying Program Component Review Purpose

Identify programming components of established methods

Identify skills of key groups

Determine adherence to RTI prevention & intervention logic

Preliminary Conclusions

Develop method that outlines strategies for all key groups

Operationally define behaviors & “focus skills” for all key members

Emphasize identification & teaching skills for students engaging in bullying behavior

Emphasize data use to make programming decisions.

What is “bullying?”

Remember

“Label behavior, not

people…’

So, say, “bully behavior”

Behavior

Verbal/physical

aggression, intimidation, harassment,

teasing, manipulation

Why do bully behavior?

Get/obtain

E.g., stuff, things, attention, status, money, activity,

attention, etc.

Escape/avoid

E.g., same…but less likely

Why is “why” important?

Teach effective, efficient, relevant alt. SS

Remove triggers

of BB

Add triggers

for alt. SS

Remove conseq.

that maintain

BB

Add conseq.

that maintain

SS

PREVENTION

De-emphasis on adding consequence for problem behavior

Contextor

Setting

InitiatorTarget

Bystander Staff

Continuum of Behavior

Fluency

Four basic strategies….if

you do nuthin’ else….

• Label student• Exclude student• Blame family• Punish student• Assign restitution• Ask for apology

• Teach targeted social skills

• Reward social skills• Teach all• Individualize for non-

responsive behavior• Invest in positive

school-wide culture

Doesn’t Work Works

• “Stop-Walk-Talk”• “Talk-Walk-Squawk”• “Whatever & Walk”

1. Teach commo

n strategy

to all

www.pbis.org

• Analyze problem setting• Reteach• Anticipate, remind, &

practice• Replace triggers &

maintainers• Reinforce desired

2. Precorrect Before, During,

After

• Move• Scan• Interact positively• Model expectations• Reward appropriate

behavior• Remind & precorrect

3. Actively Supervis

e

Name______________________________ Date_____________

Setting □ Hallway □ Entrance □ Cafeteria

□ Playground □ Other_______________ Time Start_________

Time End _________

Tally each Positive Student Contacts Total #

Ratio of Positives to Negatives: _____: 1Tally each Negative Student Contacts Total #

Non-Classroom Management: Self-Assessment

1. Did I have at least 4 positive for 1 negative student contacts? Yes No

2. Did I move throughout the area I was supervising? Yes No

3. Did I frequently scan the area I was supervising? Yes No

4. Did I positively interact with most of the students in the area? Yes No

5. Did I handle most minor rule violations quickly and quietly? Yes No

6. Did I follow school procedures for handling major rule violations? Yes No

7. Do I know our school-wide expectations (positively stated rules)? Yes No

8. Did I positively acknowledge at least 5 different students for displaying our school-wide expectations?

Yes No

Overall active supervision score:

7-8 “yes” = “Super Supervision”

5-6 “yes” = “So-So Supervision”

<5 “yes” = “Improvement Needed”

# Yes______

• Specific• Informative• Frequent• Effective• Contextually relevant• Sincere

4. Reinforce Taught

Skills

2011+ Basic Big Ideas1. • Invest in prevention

2. • Teach, supervise, reinforce

3. • Emphasize implementation framework

4. • Integrate outcomes, data, practices, & systems

5. • Invest in multi-tiered prevention logic

6. • Adopt doable implementation blueprint

7. • Embed response-to-intervention logic

8. • Integrate literacy & behavior implementation & supports

9. • Align professional development & support with implementation phase

10. • Implement evidence-based practice with fidelity

11. • Work smarter by doing a few effective things very well

12. • Guide decisions with data