SWM-GROUP Quarterly Note Q2 2011 Ref En

8/4/2019 SWM-GROUP Quarterly Note Q2 2011 Ref En

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Sustainable | Water | ManagementQuarterly Notes 02/2011

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leWaterManagement,Quarterly

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Wolfram Scharnhorst, 2011 2

Founder's Note

First of all, it is a great pleasure for me (and a surprise as well) to announce that the web-presence ofSustainable | Water | Management (http://swm-group.blogspot.com ) has achieved a page rank 5/10. This

impact was indeed unexpected and it shows the importance of the topic of sustainable water management.

In the second quarter of this year the water sector was dominated by a number of technological, economicas well as geo-political issues. The technological developments are most obviously driven by the - partiallysevere - incidents of water scarcity in various regions of the world e.g. in Australia, China, India but also innumerous regions of e.g. Western-Europe. Prominent developments have been achieved - or are underpreparation - in the field of water desalination (cf. KeyNote 1) as well as in context with the (End-of-Life)processing of water

1. Common focus of both addressed issues is the sustainable supply of water in regions

with (partly extremely) limited access to clean water (potable water quality). The cited efforts may beconsidered as valuable alternatives compared to the exploration and the exploitation of non-renewable waterresources such as fossil water bodies

2.

Key issues with regard to (future) economic aspects of water represent the ownership of e.g. properties,

services, etc. as well as the operatorship of such water entities. Both issues are also tightly connected to(locally individual) geo-political situations on regional up to global scales. A prominent example in this contextwas certainly the vote in Italy in the beginning of June about the privatisation of the Italian water treatmentinfrastructure. The vote resulted in an unambiguous rejection of the intended privatisation, and the questionremains whether this was barely a political statement of the Italian society against their government or if theItalians dont appreciate the privatisation of so far public and complex infrastructure systems. More different,and eventually with less options to be publicly influenced, may be the situation in Greece. Most recentinformation provide a picture that nearly everything, regardless how sensitive and essential it might be -including water supply systems - is to be sold in order to avoid the bankruptcy of the Greek state. It remainsdebatable whether a complete sell-out or a more differentiated commercialisation of complex and sensitivesystems would be more preferable.

The past and the still ongoing mostly political turmoils in North-Africa, Arabia as well as in Asia (e.g.

Afghanistan, Pakistan) seem to have their roots also in the need for sufficient availability of water for the broadpublic. Recent reports highlight the case of Yemen as prominent example

3how a country can collapse also

based on the in-availability of such essential goods like water. Other reports from Arabia inform thatinternational networks are about to be established with the aim on finding solutions how to sustainablymanage water resources

4.

You may find some of the above addressed issues covered in this issue of the Quarterly Notes on SustainableWater Management. Additional information are provided via the web-site or are instantly tackled in one of thevarious discussions on the LinkedIN-Presence ofSustainable | Water | Management.

Wolfram Scharnhorst, Ph.D., M.Sc.

FounderSustainable | Water | Management

1

Further information may be found exploring the web-site or by discovering the LinkedIN-presence ofSustainable | Water | Management.2

An example for the exploration of fossil water sources is the Disi-Project, e.g.:

http://www.ccjo.com/Projects/Environment/DISIMUDAWWARATOAMMANWATERCONVEYANCESYSTEM/tabid/559/Default.aspx3

cf.: http://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/06/water-geopolitical-issue.html4

cf.: http://swm-group.blogspot.com

Olten (Switzerland), Thursday, 30 June 2011
http://swm-group.blogspot.com/http://swm-group.blogspot.com/http://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/06/water-geopolitical-issue.htmlhttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/06/water-geopolitical-issue.htmlhttp://www.linkedin.com/groups?about=&gid=2760912http://www.linkedin.com/groups?about=&gid=2760912http://www.linkedin.com/groups?about=&gid=2760912http://www.linkedin.com/groups?about=&gid=2760912http://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/06/water-geopolitical-issue.htmlhttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/06/water-geopolitical-issue.htmlhttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/06/water-geopolitical-issue.htmlhttp://www.linkedin.com/groups?about=&gid=2760912http://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/06/water-geopolitical-issue.htmlhttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/


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Platform News 02/2011

News of the Quarter: As of today the web-presence of Sustainable | Water | Management(http://swm-group.blogspot.com) has achieved aproven page rank of5/10.

In total more than 4700 visitors viewed the page ofSustainable | Water | Management since the web-site was launched. Note also, that the QuarterlyNotes on Sustainable Water Management aredownloaded more than 200 times on average.Further statistics of Sustainable | Water |Management are at the end of this issue of theQuarterly Notes.

The Sustainable | Water | Management web-site

has been updated with a unique news tool bar tofacilitate browsing the page. You may for instanceview who, from which country and when viewed thepage. You may also browse quickly through thevarious blog and twitter entries, etc. Feel invited toprovide your stakeholder feedback [email protected]. Your input is very muchappreciated.

Sustainable | Water | Managementhas now morethan 1150 registered members (Read More). Inaddition there are about 4 new daily discussion

threads. To stay informed: you may choose to getnew BLOG entries directly to your mail account(Read More).

BLOG Notes 02/2011, Quarterly Poll 02/2011

Read the following most prominent articles of thepast three months online:

Could Smart Grid Metering via Mobile Phone

Networks represent a valuable Opportunity forSustainable Water Metering?article online

Ajka alumina plant accident - a forgotten incident?article online

Water Infrastructure: Economic Aspects inDeveloping Regionsarticle online

Quarterly Poll 02/2011:

Do you save water? How and why? see theresults online and/or post your vote.

More than 160 voters participated so far. Most ofthem save water. Visit the poll results to read somevery interesting comments about how to save waterat an individual, local and partly regional level.
http://linkd.in/luSlxqhttp://linkd.in/luSlxqhttp://linkd.in/luSlxqhttp://linkd.in/luSlxqhttp://linkd.in/luSlxqhttp://linkd.in/luSlxqhttp://linkd.in/luSlxqhttp://linkd.in/luSlxqhttp://linkd.in/luSlxqhttp://linkd.in/luSlxqhttp://linkd.in/luSlxqhttp://linkd.in/luSlxqhttp://linkd.in/luSlxqhttp://linkd.in/luSlxqhttp://linkd.in/luSlxqhttp://linkd.in/luSlxqhttp://linkd.in/luSlxqhttp://linkd.in/luSlxqhttp://linkd.in/luSlxqhttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/http://swm-group.blogspot.com/http://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/06/water-geopolitical-issue.htmlhttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/06/water-geopolitical-issue.htmlhttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/06/water-geopolitical-issue.htmlhttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/06/water-geopolitical-issue.htmlhttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/06/water-geopolitical-issue.htmlhttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/06/water-geopolitical-issue.htmlhttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/06/water-geopolitical-issue.htmlhttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/06/water-geopolitical-issue.htmlhttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/06/water-geopolitical-issue.htmlhttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/06/water-geopolitical-issue.htmlhttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/06/water-geopolitical-issue.htmlhttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/06/water-geopolitical-issue.htmlhttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/06/water-geopolitical-issue.htmlmailto:[email protected]?subject=Stakeholder%20Feedback%20SWM-WebSite%20(updatemailto:[email protected]?subject=Stakeholder%20Feedback%20SWM-WebSite%20(updatehttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/http://swm-group.blogspot.com/http://swm-group.blogspot.com/http://swm-group.blogspot.com/http://swm-group.blogspot.com/http://swm-group.blogspot.com/http://swm-group.blogspot.com/http://swm-group.blogspot.com/http://swm-group.blogspot.com/http://swm-group.blogspot.com/http://www.linkedin.com/groupRegistration?gid=2760912&csrfToken=ajax:5919289342278859494http://www.linkedin.com/groupRegistration?gid=2760912&csrfToken=ajax:5919289342278859494http://swm-group.blogspot.com/http://swm-group.blogspot.com/http://swm-group.blogspot.com/http://swm-group.blogspot.com/http://swm-group.blogspot.com/http://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/05/could-smart-grid-metering-via-mobile.htmlhttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/05/could-smart-grid-metering-via-mobile.htmlhttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/04/ajka-alumina-plant-accident-forgotten.htmlhttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/04/ajka-alumina-plant-accident-forgotten.htmlhttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/05/water-infrastructure-economic-aspects.htmlhttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/05/water-infrastructure-economic-aspects.htmlhttp://linkd.in/luSlxqhttp://linkd.in/luSlxqhttp://linkd.in/luSlxqhttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/06/water-geopolitical-issue.htmlhttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/06/water-geopolitical-issue.htmlhttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/06/water-geopolitical-issue.htmlhttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/06/water-geopolitical-issue.htmlhttp://linkd.in/luSlxqhttp://linkd.in/luSlxqhttp://linkd.in/luSlxqhttp://linkd.in/luSlxqhttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/05/water-infrastructure-economic-aspects.htmlhttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/04/ajka-alumina-plant-accident-forgotten.htmlhttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/05/could-smart-grid-metering-via-mobile.htmlhttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/http://swm-group.blogspot.com/http://www.linkedin.com/groupRegistration?gid=2760912&csrfToken=ajax:5919289342278859494http://swm-group.blogspot.com/mailto:[email protected]?subject=Stakeholder%20Feedback%20SWM-WebSite%20(updatehttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/2011/06/water-geopolitical-issue.htmlhttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/


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KeyNote 1: Waste Heat Energy Re-use from

High Concentration Photovoltaic (HCPV) Solar

Cells for Saline and Brackish Water Desalination

By C. L. Ong, W. Escher, A. Khalil, M. Mller, B.Michel, S. Paredes (all IBM).

Water shortage is posing a major problem to theglobal world population, as global water demand isoutpacing supply. The lack of safe drinking wateraffects almost two thirds of the world population.More water scarcity problems are expected sincewith projected world human population of 8 billion by2025, water usage will increase by 50%. With theglobal warming triggered melting of ice glaciers,fresh water supply will diminish since 69% of currentfresh water source originates from glaciers. As 70%of the worlds water withdrawal is used foragricultural purposes, water shortage also threatensfood security. For this reason, the need to find andsecure new fresh water sources is urgent.Desalination can contribute to solve the problem byproviding the world population access to the virtuallyunlimited amounts of saline water in the seas.However, desalination is a complicated issue thatrequires significant innovation and technologicaladvancement to increase the overall systemefficiency and to reduce the cost to a manageablelevel. This manuscript presents the re-use of waste

heat energy recovered from high concentrationphotovoltaic (HCPV) solar cells developed at IBMZurich Research for saline and brackish waterdesalination. The goal of such a photovoltaic thermal system is to achieve co-generation of bothelectricity and fresh water production for isolatedcoastal regions. A new advanced water coolingsystem for the HCPV cells developed here at IBMResearch Zurich allows the direct reuse of the heatenergy to drive the desalination system. The solarcells have concentrations beyond 1000 suns and arecoupled to an array of microchannel heat sinks

which were initially developed for high performancedata centre cooling for thermal loads of up to700W/cm2 (~7 MW/m2). The key innovation of thissystem is the minimized thermal resistance of theactive cooled package that allows full use of the heatwhile not degrading the photovoltaic efficiency of thesystem. The waste heat is recovered at atemperature of 70 C and pumped to the steamgenerating unit of the desalination system where itheats the saline feed by means of a heat exchanger.For quantification of overall yield of the membranedistillation process, we are using a multi-effectvacuum membrane distillation system from

memsys. This system employs the Vacuum-MultiEffect Membrane Distillation (V-MEMD)configuration, which is a multi-stage thermally drivendesalination system employing the Vacuum

Membrane Distillation (VMD) coupled with the Multi-Effect Boiling (MEB) concept to produce waterdistillate through condensation of water vapor in asequence of stages/effects. For the current system,the desalination process as in the traditional MEB

involves the evaporation of the saline feed water, ina sequence of effects maintained at a lowersaturation temperature/pressure. The reduction insaturation pressure across the stages yields a lowerboiling point of the feed saline water. As the watervapor (generated in the previous effect) iscondensed in the next effect, the latent heat ofcondensation is used to evaporate the feed salinewater. A repetitive cycle of water vapor condensationand feed evaporation is generated. In the lasteffect/stage (termed the condensation module), anexternal cooling water source (open sea watersource) is used to condense the water vapor in thelast effect. The warm cooling water exiting thecondensation module will partially be re-directed assaline water feed to increase the overall systemefficiency of the system. The current system requiresonly limited pre-treatment of the saline water feed,i.e. mechanical filtration of only 100 m. As thesystem is comprised of polypropylene, theconstruction of the system is extremely cost-effective, corrosion resistant, easily recyclable andoperates with low thermal losses. This alsotranslates to lower maintenance requirements forsuch a system and thus, a higher operational

efficiency. The concept of employing membranes inthe system exhibits the advantage for good rejectionof ions, macro-molecules and other non-volatile. Thehydrophobic membranes used in the desalinationsystem are made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)from GE Power and Water (Water and ProcessTechnologies Division). The membrane has areference pore size of ~ 0.2 m, while the helaminate acting as a backer material is made ofpolypropylene (PP) with a fibre diameter of ~ 23 m.A comprehensive parametric study of the membranedistillation flux as a function of thermal energy input,

system pressure, saline feed inlet temperature andflow rates is presented in the following sections ofthis manuscript. An analytical modeling approachbased on the current configuration has beendeveloped to model the thermal distillation andmembrane process. The approach accounts for thecondensation heat transfer of the condensing watervapor and the heat and mass transfer phenomena,i.e. vaporization and vapor diffusion across themembrane pores (Ong, Escheret al., 2011).


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KeyNote 2: The water footprint of beer and its

contribution to the total environmental impacts

of beer production

By F. Brndli (Swiss Federal Institute of TechnologyZurich), L. Lpez and F. Pfeifer (FeldschlsschenAG).

Global water consumption is expected to increaseduring the forthcoming decades. A soaringpopulation and global warming will likely lead toworsening water supply conditions in many areas ofthe world. Furthermore, the fast growing economiesof the emerging markets will lead to an increase inthe spending capacity for millions of people and

therefore also increase the consumption of so calledvirtual water, i.e. the water embedded in andconsumed during the production of a good. Againstthis background an increasing number of companieshave become aware of the problems associated withan unsustainable water consumption and are usingthe water footprint concept to identify and to takeaction against their water related risks along thesupply chains of their products. Feldschlsschen ispart of the Carlsberg group and with an annualoutput of close to 180 million litres of beer theleading beer producer in Switzerland. This study wasconducted for their brewery in Rheinfelden,

Switzerland with 2009 as the reference year. For thecalculation of the total water footprint green, blueand grey water were included and the methodsuggested by the water footprint network was used.The water consumption during the whole product lifecycle of beer including five different packagingmethods was assessed. This included 33cl single-use bottles, 0.5l reusable bottles, 0.5l cans, 20l kegsand beer sold from tap while stored in a 1000l tank.However, as similar studies have shown, thetransport and the end of life (EoL) do not have asignificant influence on the overall water footprint of

a beverage; therefore those stages were notincluded. In a second step the method developed by

Stephan Pfister (ETH Zrich)5 was adopted toassess the impacts on humans and theirenvironment caused by water consumption duringthe production of beer. This method was originallydeveloped to quantify the environmental impacts of

blue water consumption only. In the absence ofalternatives this method was used to estimate theenvironmental impacts of the overall water footprint,including green and grey water. It should be noted,that this approach is likely to lead to anoverestimation of the environmental impacts causedby water consumption. The impacts are expressed ineco-indicator 99 (H) points and were compared tothe overall impacts of the production of beer(including EoL and transport). The study revealed avirtual water content ranging from 151 to 163 litres ofwater per litre of beer with beer sold in 33cl single-use bottles having the highest water footprint andbeer sold from tap in a bar having the lowest waterfootprint. 85 to 92 % (again depending on thepackaging method used) can be attributed to theproduction of barley and hops. As the barley used isnot irrigated, green water accounts for the largestshare of the total water footprint. 160 litres of waterper litre of beer is a relatively low consumption whencompared to the global average given by the waterfootprint network (300 litres) or other beverages likeorange juice (850 litres) and milk (1000 litres). Thelow water footprint can, to a great extent, beexplained by the origin of the barley from central

Europe where the temperaturesand therefore alsothe evapotranspirationare moderate. Thecontribution of the water consumption to the overallenvironmental impacts of the production of beer is2% for beer sold in 33cl glass bottles and 5% forbeer sold from tap. The higher contribution of waterto the overall impacts for a beer sold from tap isexplained by the significantly lower total impacts forbeer from tap due to almost zero packaging material.However, if the barley would be imported fromMorocco instead of central Europe, the picture wouldbe quite different. The total impacts for a 33cl bottle

would rise by 23% and the contribution of waterwould be as high as 34%, due to higher waterconsumption per litre of beer produced and a higherenvironmental impact per litre water used. Thisfinding reveals the importance of regionalizationwhen assessing the water footprint of a product(Brndli, Lpez et al., 2011)6.

5

http://www.ifu.ethz.ch/ESD/publications_2/index?type=simple

&group=www_ifu_ethz_ch_ESD&addArgument=&field_search=%22Assessing+the+Environmental+Impacts+of+Freshwate

r+Consumption+in+LCA%22&Search=Suchen6

The entire report will be available in the 3rd

quarter of 2011. For

further information you may mailto:[email protected]


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Technology

Market Potential of a Membrane Based

Wastewater Treatment Plant for Decentralized

Application in China -An economic evaluation of

a potential large-scale product The worldwidesuccessful centralized wastewater treatment concepthas shown its limits in some developing andtransition countries like China. Especially for fast-growing cities with limited water resources theconcept is now being challenged. Decentralizedsanitation with its modular character is considered tobe an effective way in facing rapid urban growth andwith its potential to locally reuse water an additionalwater resource can be tapped. A master thesis fromthe EPFL Lausanne, supervised by the Swiss waterresearch institute Eawag and supported by themarketing research institute CBC Chinese BusinessCenter from Shanghai and the investment companyEmerald Technology Ventures, investigated themarket potential in China for membrane basedwastewater systems in decentralized application ofurban wastewater treatment. A survey withinternational system suppliers and Chinese expertsfrom authorities, academics, and real estatedeveloper companies has been conducted toacquire relevant information. With a wastewatertreatment rate of 22%, sanitation in China is poorand leads to extensive environmentalconsequences. The protection of public health and

the conservation of water resources as the maingoals of a sanitation system are not achieved.Hence, the Chinese Government is initiating largeinvestments in wastewater treatment. Chineseexperts estimate that the most effective allocation ofinvestments in urban sanitation, water scarcity andincreasing problems with sludge are main reasons inChina taking decentralized wastewater concepts asan alternative to conventional systems into account.Many technologies could be considered fordecentralized wastewater treatment. To answer thewater scarcity and the sludge issue at once,

membrane technology is seen as a promisingtechnology. Membrane technology with itsmodularity is applicable for space-savingdecentralized use. Different prototypes are availablein the market for wastewater treatment of 4 up to500 residents. As for China a decentralized unit isdefined by Chinese experts to be a high-rise buildingof around 300 persons, the specification for thedecentralized wastewater treatment plant in thethesis has been set on 300 residents. Chineseexperts further estimate that this membrane basedwastewater treatment plant manufactured throughlarge-scale production at a scale of more than 1.000

quantities per year 20% economies of scale couldbe realized. If production quantities exceed 100.000pieces additional 10% economies of scale arepossible. Therefore, an economically interesting

effect is created while decentralized concepts areabout outrivaling centralized sanitation systems.Applying this wishful product to the referenceconcept Swiss sanitation market a theoretical marketshare between 12% and 24% could be captured.

Besides the economies of this product additionalfactors like distribution of the new product, operationand maintenance services, and system controls areimportant to successfully implement this system inthe Chinese wastewater market. According to thequalitative analyzes on water scarcity and thequantitative economies of scale calculations twomain market segments for this wishful decentralizedmembrane based wastewater treatment system canbe derived. The first market segment are all newapartment buildings in the 321 major Chinese waterscarce cities with the assumption that compulsoryregulations for the installation of this system areimposed. Annually, in this segment over 112.000decentralized membrane based wastewatertreatment systems would be demanded. Accordingto the cost comparison method evaluation, theannual market potential in this segment for thedecentralized wastewater treatment product wouldexceed 10.000 million Chinese Yuan. In the secondscenario it is assumed that the water scarce andenvironmentally progressive cities Beijing and Tianjinimplement the membrane based wastewatertreatment plants in new apartment buildings that are- due to urbanization - remotely located. Annually

1.390 systems are demanded creating a marketpotential of 151 million Chinese Yuan. This marketsegment can be seen as the entrance market fordecentralized systems.

A small problem in China multiplied by 1.3 billionpeople can turn into a very large problem, while asmall solution multiplied by 1.3 billion people canmake a very large change. Following the analysis inthis study the large wastewater problem in Chinacan be answered by working the decentralized

wastewater market with membrane based treatmentapplications. An environmental incentive for China isgiven through the quality of the treated wastewater.An economic incentive for China is stimulated withthe reuse potential, with the avoidance


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of large sludge accumulations, and the redundancyof sewer system to remote urban areas. Theproactive participation on the survey of high-rankChinese experts (authorities, academics, real estatedevelopers, and system suppliers) points out

under certain constraints the importance ofalternative wastewater solutions in China. Authoritiesare interested in decentralized solutions foreconomic but as well for environmental reasons.System suppliers prepare themselves to be ready forworking the market and of course to win the firstmover advantages. Thus, solutions likedecentralized wastewater treatment with membranetechnology could help starting a sustainable changein the Chinese wastewater treatment market (Adler,2007).

Overview of Greywater Reuse: the Potential of

Greywater Systems to Aid Sustainable Water

Management As pressures on freshwater resourcesgrow around the world and as new sources of supplybecome increasingly scarce, expensive, or politicallycontroversial, efforts are underway to identify newways of meeting water needs. Of special note areefforts to reduce water demand by increasing theefficiency of water use and to expand the usefulnessof alternative sources of water previously consideredunusable. Among these potential new sources ofsupply is greywater. Greywater, defined slightlydifferently in different parts of the world, generally

refers to the wastewater generated from householduses like bathing and washing clothes. Thiswastewater is distinguished from more heavilycontaminated black water from toilets. In manyutility systems around the world, greywater iscombined with black water in a single domesticwastewater stream. Yet greywater can be of farhigher quality than black water because of its lowlevel of contamination and higher potential for reuse.When greywater is reused either on-site or nearby, ithas the potential to reduce the demand for newwater supply, reduce the energy

and carbon footprint of water services, and meet awide range of social and economic needs. Inparticular, the reuse of greywater can help reducedemand for more costly high-quality potable water.By appropriately matching water quality to waterneed, the reuse of greywater can replace the use ofpotable water in non-potable applications like toiletflushing and landscaping. For instance, many homeshave one set of pipes that bring drinking water in formultiple uses and another that takes water away. Inthis system, all devices that use water and allapplications of water use a single quality of water:highly treated potable drinking water. This water is

used once and then it enters a sewer system to betransported and treated again, in places wherewastewater treatment occurs. In most modernwastewater systems treated wastewater is then

disposed of into the ocean or other water bodies,voiding the reuse potential of this treatedwastewater. In other places, once used wastewatermay be disposed of directly in the environment. Thissystem wastes water, energy, and money by not

matching the quality of water to its use (Allen,Christian-Smith et al., 2010).

Research

Financing Irrigation Water Management and

Infrastructure: A Review Many of the worldsirrigated regions face the problem of aginginfrastructure and declining revenues to maintainand repair irrigation structures. Policy debates overclimate change, population growth, food security,and impacts of irrigation on ecological assetscompound the problem, raising the urgency to investin irrigation infrastructure. Meanwhile, a global callfor full-cost recovery for water infrastructureinvestments increases the need to identify theeconomic value of sustaining irrigation infrastructure.Despite the growing debates, little comprehensiveresearch has been conducted summarizing factorsaffecting irrigation investments or policy optionsavailable for sustaining irrigation infrastructure. Thispaper reviews research on factors affecting the leveland value of irrigation infrastructure investments. Italso reviews research on policy instruments forsustaining irrigation infrastructure, considering both

market and institutional approaches. Several marketapproaches have been found to have the potential toinfluence the economic attractiveness of investmentsin irrigation infrastructure. These includeinfrastructure subsidies, clearing titles to waterrights, marginal cost pricing, and non-volumetricpricing. Institutional approaches described includeregulatory measures, transboundary agreements,and water user associations. Results may contributeto current debates in various regional, national, andinternational forums on whether and how watershould be priced for agricultural use (Ward, 2010).

White Paper on Graywater Graywater reuse isviewed by the green-leaning layperson as thepanacea for water shortages, groundwater depletion,surface water contamination, and climate change.


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Graywater is seen by society's public healthguardians (including the water utilities) as a threat tohealth and safety of the users themselves and theirneighbours. Neither of these caricatures ofgraywater is accurate, although an element of truth

resides in each. In fact, graywater may save asignificant amount of potable water (and its costs) forthe homeowner or business installing a system,even though the payback period for the morecomplex systems exceeds the useful life of thesystem. No cases of any disease have beendocumented to be caused by exposure tograywateralthough systematic research on thispublic health issue is virtually nonexistent. While thisabsence of documentation does not prove that therehas never been such a case, the fact is thatgraywater is wastewater with microbialconcentrations far in excess of levels established indrinking, bathing, and irrigation water standards forrecycled water. Graywater reuse is prevalent mainlyin the semi-arid regions in the West and the South,but it is not as common in the Northern tier states.On the other hand, municipal water reuse is far moreprevalent nationally, as it is driven by environmentalregulations in addition to water shortages. Thus, theimpact of increased graywater reuse, if any, can varyregionally. The quantitative impact of increasedgraywater reuse on the water reuse industry isexpected to be modest, even under the mostaggressive growth assumptions. Much of the growth

in graywater reuse is expected to take place in areaswhere municipal water recycling will likely not bepracticedunsewered urban areas and rural andremote areas. Water quality impacts from extensiveuse of graywater in a community are not expected tobe adverse. In fact, bathwater and laundry waterdiverted from the wastewater stream may marginallyhelp reduce total dissolved solids, especially sodium,in the wastewaterand the reclaimed water derivedfrom it. Organic load is only slightly higher in theremaining wastewater after diversion of graywaterthan before, with little or no impact on the carrying

capacity of the sewers and on the ability of thebiological processes in the treatment plant.However, the impact of reduced flow, whencombined with the impact of other waterconservation efforts in the community, may causeflow volume and velocity in the small-diameterextremity sewers to decline so much that the rate ofdeposition would exceed re-suspension. Four policyoptions are proposed for discussion of the widestpossible spectrum of choices and for ultimatedecision on the part of the WateReuse Board ofDirectors:

Do nothing. Distinguish graywater from recycled water and

educate the public about the important differences.

Accept treated graywater reuse where thetreatment and operational system meetsapplicable water reuse standards, ordinances, andregulations for the intended use.

Include all types of graywater reuse as "water

reuse" and gradually integrate them into the waterreuse industry.

Fear of an adverse public health backlash from afuture public health incident (for example, anepidemic of cholera) related to graywater reuseintensified with the 2009 adoption by theInternational Association of Plumbing andMechanical Officials (writers of the UniformPlumbing Code, International Plumbing Code, andother building and mechanical codes) to designatepurple as the colour for identification of pipescarrying all types of non-potable waterincluding

graywater. Ideally, the colour purple would remainstrictly for use in identification of reclaimed/recycledwater pipes and appurtenances. Since pipescarrying graywater are essentially within the privateproperties of the users themselves, it would be bestif they remain black plastic irrigation piping as theyare nowwith adequate signage and markings toidentify the non-potable nature of the water within. Itwould be highly desirable if a code provision wereestablished that sets black as the standard forgraywater conveyance. Pipe in black, green, andbrown is readily available in many diameters and in

rolls up to 1000 ft in length. There may be anopportunity at this unique moment for the waterreuse industry to take advantage of the relativelypositive view of most members of the public aboutgraywater reuse and to associate that goodwill withall varieties of water reuse. It is recommended thatresearch support be provided for increasing the stateof scientific knowledge about graywater, riskassessment, and risk comparisons under a variety ofgraywater reuse conditions and for swaying publicattitudes on graywater reuse and reclaimed/recycledwater (Sheikh, 2010).

Politics & Society

An Integrated Assessment of Water Markets:

Australia, Chile, China, South Africa and the USAThe paper provides an integrated framework toassess water markets in terms of their institutionalunderpinnings and the three pillars of integratedwater resource management: economic efficiency,equity and environmental sustainability. Thisframework can be used: (1) to benchmark differentwater markets; (2) to track performance over time;and (3) to identify ways in which water markets

might be adjusted by informed policy makers toachieve desired goals. The framework is used toidentify strengths and limitations of water markets in:(1) Australias Murray-Darling Basin; (2) Chile (inparticular the Limar Valley); (3) China


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(in particular, the North); (4) South Africa; and (5) thewestern United States. It identifies what watermarkets are currently able to contribute to integratedwater resource management, what criteria underpinthese markets, and which components of their

performance may require further development(Grafton, Landry et al., 2010).

2011 Water Market Review - A Concise Review of

Challenges and Opportunities in the World Water

Market There is no substance more critical to lifethan water; we cannot live without it for more than afew days. Even though it is abundant in someareas, it is scarcer and scarcer in many regions ofthe world, and it is of deteriorating quality in manyplaces. Modern water treatment technology anddistribution infrastructure have allowed us to

conquer historical plagues and disease, to buildadvanced industrial economies, and to dramaticallyincrease standards of living for many of the world'speople. In conjunction with advances in plantgenetics and modern agriculture, improving irrigationtechniques have made it possible to feed a rapidlygrowing world population, to turn deserts intoproductive farmland and to quench the thirst ofsprawling metropolises - a harsh rebuke to thecatastrophic over-population predictions of ReverendMalthus over two hundred years ago. But this maybe only a temporary rebuke. We continue to depleteour groundwater resources and pollute our surface

rivers and streams at an alarming rate - and weseem to stead-fastly look the other way while ourwater infrastructure continues to crumble. Becausewater is artificially cheap, most of us use it lessefficiently than we easily could, and we blithelyassume that it will always flow when we turn on thetap. Many people still seem to believe that watersimply falls out of the sky and that it should bebasically free, forgetting that it costs money -hundreds of billions of dollars a year - to collect,clean, store and distribute it. In the United States,many of our treatment plants, reservoirs, and

distribution pipelines were built fifty to a hundredyears ago or more, and they are rapidly decaying,with leakage rates as high as fifty percent in some ofour older cities. More ominously, many of ourunderground aquifers and surface water sources are

irreversibly contaminated, or are drying up fromdecades of overuse. The problems are everywhere,and they are plain to see for those willing to take alook. Nonetheless, political leaders are rewarded forminimizing public spending in the short term rather

than insuring that their constituents will have vitalwater resources over the long-term future. Citycouncils are loath to raise water rates even thoughthe funds may be sorely needed, and even thoughlarge percentage increases would amount to only afew dollars a month for most Americans. Indeed, asI will reemphasize throughout this report, one of thebiggest challenges in the whole water arena issimply improving public understanding andawareness of these vexing problems - and what wecan each do to begin solving them. At a fundamentallevel, the main reason for this nonchalance andindifference is that water remains absurdly cheaprelative to its true cost, and its real value. Americanstoday pay an average of less than half a penny pergallon for the clean drinking water that seems tomagically flow out of our taps, or only about $30 to$40 a month for the typical family. One simplycannot find another product whose real value so farexceeds its price - or for that matter, one whoseprice is often so unrelated to its true cost of delivery.But as time goes by, we will all eventually have tobear the costs of correcting the water pollutionproblems that we have created, and rebuilding theinfrastructure that we have allowed to decay. Higher

water prices will eventually force us to pay moreattention to this problem on both an individual and acollective basis. In an earlier report, I compared theglobal water problem to a huge asteroid hurtlingdirectly towards the earth - an imminent and life-threatening crisis that could only be solved if all thepeople of the earth quickly put their differencesaside, focused on the problem and began workingtogether to find a solution. As each year passes, thisillustrative asteroid draws closer; as each yearpasses, the world's water problems grow in terms ofgeographic extent, scientific complexity and human

impact - and our collective ability to understand andcorrect these problems is stretched thinner andthinner. The twin challenges of water quantity andwater quality represent an inexorable crisis - onethat is not going away, and one that will ultimatelyovershadow the shorter-term geopolitical, financial,and even energy crises that typically attract far moreattention. Now more than ever, we need to developan urgent focus and cooperative internationalapproach to really begin solving our water problems.In the past, I have talked about both the "flood ofchallenges" and the "sea of opportunities" presentedby the world water industry. This report will provide

a concise review and update of these pressingchallenges, as well as the opportunities they presentto the commercial water industry (Maxwell, 2011).


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Harmonizing Member State Water Policies to the

EU Water Directive 2000/60/EU: The Case of

Greece Water is a resource with increasing pressuredue to the increase in its demand for many diverseuses. This is why the European Parliament and theEU Council enacted a directive-framework(2000/60/EU) for the protection of the inland surface,coastal and ground waters. The harmonization of thelegislations to the provisions of this directive is veryimportant due, on the one hand, to the desiredresults and aims of the directive, on the other hand,due to the kind of measures that member states arerequired to take in order to protect the environmentand their citizens. This study determines the marginof evaluation that member states have, according tothe directive and the jurisprudence of the Court inorder to establish the most effective Standards of

Quality for the Environment (SQE) (Kalampouka,Zaimes et al., 2011).

Water Pricing Primer for the Great Lakes Region

The upper Midwestern region of North America ishome to the nations largest surface source of fresh-water. Covering more than 94,000 square miles andproviding more than 10,000 miles of coastline, themagnificent Great LakesErie, Huron, Michigan,Ontario, and Superioraccount for more than 80percent of the continents surface water supplies.The Great Lakes watershed extends to nearly300,000 square miles across eight states and twoprovinces: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota,New York, Ohio, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Qubec,and Wisconsin. The great waters of the Great Lakesdistinguish the region from other areas of thecountry and the world where water resources aremore obviously stretched and strained. Although inrelative terms the region is considered water rich,the watershed is not immune from forces ofecological stress or exempt from the dictates ofprudent management. Many localized areas withinthe basin have experienced, or will likely experience,physical or economic water scarcity. Some may

experience institutionally imposed scarcity in theform of statutory or regulatory mandates orrestrictions. The Great Lakes-St. Lawrence RiverBasin Water Resources Compact, enacted in

October 2008, reflects the federal, regional, andstate commitment to active and collaborativestewardship of the regions most valuable commonresource. Although the Compact does not explicitlyaddress pricing by water utilities, its emphasis on

sustainability, efficiency, and conservation pointsclearly to consideration of the integral role of price.The Great Lakes, of course, are more than just aremarkable natural feature. The lakes supply watersfor recreational, agricultural, and public water systempurposes. Water systems in the Great Lakes region,like the region itself, can be distinguished fromsystems located in other regions in terms of wateravailability, cost drivers, and service demographics.For water systems everywhere, however, soundpricing is an essential tool for both resourcemanagement and financial sustainability. Althoughmany resources on water pricing are available towater utility managers and oversight boards, few aredeveloped with the nations middle regionspecifically in mind. Although applicable to waterpricing generally, this Primer also attempts to fill thatgap. In addition, the Primer highlights findings fromthe 2010 Great Lakes Water Rate Survey, which wasalso designed to bring attention to regionalratemaking practices. Based on data derived fromsystem tariffs and websites as of mid-year 2010, thesurvey focuses on the top ten water systems (basedon service population) in each of the eight states inthe Great Lakes region. Key findings are

summarized here and detailed in a separate report(Beecher, 2010).


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References

Adler, C. (2007). Market Potential of a MembraneBased Wastewater Treatment Plant forDecentralized Application in China - An

economic evaluation of a potential large-scaleproduct. EAWAG. Dbendorf. site visited:http://www.eawag.ch/forschung/cirus/lehre/diplommaster/abgeschlossene_arbeiten/pdf/DA_ADLER.pdf.

Allen, L.; Christian-Smith, J.; Palaniappan, M.(2010). Overview of Greywater Reuse: thePotential of Grewater Systems to AidSustainable Water Management. PacificInstitute. site visited::http://www.pacinst.org/reports/greywater_overview/greywater_overview.pdf.

Beecher, J. A. (2010). Water Pricing Primer for theGreat Lakes Region. Value of Great LakesWater Initiative. Michigan. site visited:http://ipu.msu.edu/research/pdfs/GL-Water-Primer.pdf.

Brndli, F.; Lpez, L.; Pfeifer, F. (2011). The waterfootprint of beer and its contribution to the totalenvironmental impacts of beer production.Feldschlsschen AG & Swiss Federal Instituteof Technology. Rheinfelden

Grafton, R. Q.; Landry, C.; Libecap, G. D.;McGlennon, S.; O'Brien, R. (2010). AnIntegrated Assessment of Water Markets:

Australia, Chile, China, South Africa and theUSA. NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC

RESEARCH. Cambridge, MA. site visited:http://www.nber.org/papers/w16203.

Kalampouka, K.; Zaimes, G. N.; Emmanouloudis, D.(2011). Harmonizing Member State WaterPolicies to the EU Water Directive

2000/60/EU: The Case of Greece.International Journal of Geology. 5. 2. 2933.site visited:http://www.naun.org/journals/geology/20-081.pdf.

Maxwell, S. (2011). 2011 Water Market Review - AConcise Review of Challenges andOpportunities in the World Water Market.Technoledgy Strategic Group. Boulder,Colorado. site visited: http://www.tech-strategy.com/.

Ong, C. L.; Escher, W.; Khalil, A.; Mller, M.; Michel,B.; Paredes, S. (2011). Waste Heat EnergyRe-use from High Concentration Photovoltaic(HCPV) Solar Cells for Saline and BrackishWater Desalination. Zurich

Sheikh, B. (2010). White Paper on Graywater.WateReuse Association. Alexandria, VA. sitevisited::http://www.awwa.org/files/Resources/Waterwiser/references/PDFs/GraywaterFinal%20Report2010.pdf.

Ward, F. A. (2010). Financing Irrigation WaterManagement and Infrastructure: A Review.Water Resources Development. 26. 3. 321

349. site visited:http://agecon.nmsu.edu/fward/water/irrigation%20review-ward%20(1).pdf.


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Conference Announcement, Event Calendar & Group Statistics (2011-06-30)7

by Cheryl de Boer (University of Twente)

IGS-SENSE Conference on Resilient SocietiesGoverning Risk and Vulnerability for Water, Energy and Climate Change

University ot Twente, the Netherlands

October 19-21, 2011

This conference is aimed at both academics and practitioners, and is focused on developing solutions to

emerging risks and vulnerabilities. A special track on Water: Solutions in a New Context is being organized

within this conference and has appealing topics intended to connect technology and governance related

issues. Academic paper sessions directed at new water governance approaches related to Integrated Coastal

Development as well as sharing experiences in water management across borders are supplemented by a

number of more interactive sessions related to water modeling, ecosystem services and decision making and

water conflict. Those interested in submitting a paper are asked to submit abstracts before July 1. See the

website for more details: http://www.utwente.nl/resilientsocieties

When What Where Who Link

2011-07-04/08

SingaporeInternationalWater Week

Singapore Governments,Industry,Consultants,Scientists

http://www.siww.com.sg/

2011-07-21/22

Water for theFuture: The Roleof EfficientIrrigation

Broomfield,USA

Consultants,Engineers, etc.

http://www.irrigation.org/Events/Water_Conference.aspx

2011-09-25/29

XIVth IWRAWorld WaterCongress

Porto deGalinhas /Recife, PE,Brazil

Government,NGO, Scientists,Engineers,Consultants,Industry

http://www.worldwatercongress.com/en/index.php

2011-09-28/30

Watertech Expo2011

Ahmedabad,India

Scientists,Engineers,Consultants, etc.

http://www.watertechindia.com/

2011-10-19/21

IGS - SENSEConference

Enschede, theNetherlands

Scientists,Engineers, etc.

http://www.utwente.nl/igs/IGS%20-%20SENSE%20conference%20Resilient%20Societies/

2011-11-29/12-01

6th InternationalRural WaterSupply NetworkForum 2011

Uganda

Kampala,Uganda

Government,NGO, Scientists,Engineers

http://www.rwsn.ch/events/skatevent.2011-03-07.4777359943

2012-03-12/17

World WaterForum

Marseille,France

Government,NGO, Scientists,etc.

http://www.worldwaterforum6.org/

ofSustainable | Water| Management

As of 30 June 2011 Sustainable | Water | Management comprises far more than 1150 registered members.Please find below some more interesting additional information about the composition of members.Accordingly, the group is dominated by representatives from the consulting sector, scientists as well as ofrepresentatives of the water industry and further engineers.

7Source: http://www.linkedin.com/groups?about=&gid=2760912
http://www.rwsn.ch/events/skatevent.2011-03-07.4777359943http://www.rwsn.ch/events/skatevent.2011-03-07.4777359943http://www.rwsn.ch/events/skatevent.2011-03-07.4777359943http://www.rwsn.ch/events/skatevent.2011-03-07.4777359943http://www.utwente.nl/igs/IGS%20-%20SENSE%20conference%20Resilient%20Societies/http://www.utwente.nl/igs/IGS%20-%20SENSE%20conference%20Resilient%20Societies/http://www.linkedin.com/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Eutwente%2Enl%2Fresilientsocieties&urlhash=RKvQ&_t=mbox_grophttp://www.linkedin.com/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Eutwente%2Enl%2Fresilientsocieties&urlhash=RKvQ&_t=mbox_grophttp://www.siww.com.sg/http://www.irrigation.org/Events/Water_Conference.aspxhttp://www.worldwatercongress.com/en/index.phphttp://www.watertechindia.com/http://www.watertechindia.com/http://www.utwente.nl/igs/IGS%20-%20SENSE%20conference%20Resilient%20Societies/http://www.utwente.nl/igs/IGS%20-%20SENSE%20conference%20Resilient%20Societies/http://www.utwente.nl/igs/IGS%20-%20SENSE%20conference%20Resilient%20Societies/http://www.rwsn.ch/events/skatevent.2011-03-07.4777359943http://www.rwsn.ch/events/skatevent.2011-03-07.4777359943http://www.worldwaterforum6.org/http://www.linkedin.com/groups?about=&gid=2760912http://www.linkedin.com/groups?about=&gid=2760912http://www.linkedin.com/groups?about=&gid=2760912http://www.linkedin.com/groups?about=&gid=2760912http://www.worldwaterforum6.org/http://www.rwsn.ch/events/skatevent.2011-03-07.4777359943http://www.utwente.nl/igs/IGS%20-%20SENSE%20conference%20Resilient%20Societies/http://www.utwente.nl/igs/IGS%20-%20SENSE%20conference%20Resilient%20Societies/http://www.watertechindia.com/http://www.worldwatercongress.com/en/index.phphttp://www.irrigation.org/Events/Water_Conference.aspxhttp://www.siww.com.sg/http://www.linkedin.com/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Eutwente%2Enl%2Fresilientsocieties&urlhash=RKvQ&_t=mbox_grop


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8%1%

7%

3%

14%

5%

16%2%8%

0%2%

2%2%1%

1%

3%

9%

18%

Members by Sector

Adv iso ry Aut omot ive C he mical C on str uc tion C on su lt in g Ene rgy I nd us tr y

Engineering Food Government Health Investment IT

Law Metal Industry NPO Publishing Science Water Industry

17%

10%

22%

8%

43%

0%

Members: Higher Management/Research/Engineering

CXO-Level VP-Level Director-Level Prof (sci) Engineers (CE/PE)

4 5

76

924 28

3425

19

1934

12 6 5 2 3

78

7 718

2 2 2 4

67

311

2 5 5 514

219

1 3 4 3

97

479

12 5

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

AEG

ARGAU

BE

BRCH

CHN

CN

CYPDE

DK

ESP F F

IGHU ID IN IRJ

O ITKE

LU

MALMX

NL

NO

PAKPE

PL

PTRO

SA

SAMBIASE S

ISY

TAIWT

UUK

USA

VAE

ZA

Memb

ers[-]

Countries [-]

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Feb-10Mrz-10Apr-10Mai-10Jun-10 Jul-10Aug-10Sep-10Okt-10Nov-10Dez-10Jan-11Feb-11Mrz-11Apr-11Mai-11Jun-11

RegisteredMembers[-]

Time [Months 2010/11]

1'153 @2011-06-30

Since the last statistics the group has experienced a significant growth in terms of group members but also interms of content. Various discussion threads have been launched addressing among others issues like sludgehandling, water desalination, water credits, etc. Today high-ranking representatives from industry and scienceat chief officer and vice president level (CXO, VP), as well as at professor and engineer level are involved andthe platform sees a continuous and daily stream of discussions, visit:http://www.linkedin.com/groups?about=&gid=2760912 .

Geographically, the group is dominated by members from the US followed by members from the UK, the

India, Australia and the Netherlands. Since its establishment the group has been subject to a rather rapid

growth and involves currently more than 1100 members in total.
http://www.linkedin.com/groups?about=&gid=2760912http://www.linkedin.com/groups?about=&gid=2760912http://www.linkedin.com/groups?about=&gid=2760912


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Contributors and Supporters

ETH Zurich Foundation, http://www.eth-foundation.ch/de/ , Project Manager Fundraising: Corinna

Adler

ETH Zurich, http://www.ifu.ethz.ch/ESD, cand. M.Sc. ETHZ: Felix Brndli Feldschlsschen AG, http://www.feldschloesschen.com/Pages/default.aspx , Head of Logistics: Frank

Pfeifer

IBM, http://www.zurich.ibm.com/ , Manager Advanced Thermal Packaging: Bruno Michel

National Bureau of Economic Research, http://www.nber.org/, Researcher: R. Quentin Grafton

TechKNOWLEDGEy Strategic Group, http://www.tech-strategy.com, Managing Director: Steve

Maxwell

University of Kavala - Institute of Technology, http://www.teikav.edu.gr/el/ , Assistant Professor:

Kalliopi Kalampouka

Michigan State University Institute of Public Utilities,http://ipu.msu.edu/, Professor and Director:

Janice A. Beecher

New Mexico State University Agricultural Economics and Agricultural Business Department ,

http://aces.nmsu.edu/academics/aeab/index.html, Professor: Frank A. Ward

Pacific Institute, http://www.pacinst.org, Research Associated: Lucy Allen

University of Twente, http://www.utwente.nl/onderzoek/igs, Researcher: Cheryl de Boer

Sustainable | Water | Management, http://swm-group.blogspot.com, Founder: Wolfram Scharnhorst,

Ph.D., M.Sc.
http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=1088-1980&site=1http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=1088-1980&site=1http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=1088-1980&site=1http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=1088-1980&site=1http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=1088-1980&site=1http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=1088-1980&site=1http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=1088-1980&site=1http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=1088-1980&site=1http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=1088-1980&site=1http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=1088-1980&site=1http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=1088-1980&site=1http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=1088-1980&site=1http://www.eth-foundation.ch/de/http://www.eth-foundation.ch/de/http://www.eth-foundation.ch/de/http://www.eth-foundation.ch/de/http://www.eth-foundation.ch/de/http://www.eth-foundation.ch/de/http://www.eth-foundation.ch/de/http://www.eth-foundation.ch/de/http://www.ifu.ethz.ch/ESDhttp://www.ifu.ethz.ch/ESDhttp://www.feldschloesschen.com/Pages/default.aspxhttp://www.feldschloesschen.com/Pages/default.aspxhttp://www.zurich.ibm.com/http://www.zurich.ibm.com/http://www.nber.org/http://www.nber.org/http://www.tech-strategy.com/http://www.tech-strategy.com/http://www.teikav.edu.gr/el/http://www.teikav.edu.gr/el/http://ipu.msu.edu/http://ipu.msu.edu/http://ipu.msu.edu/http://aces.nmsu.edu/academics/aeab/index.htmlhttp://aces.nmsu.edu/academics/aeab/index.htmlhttp://www.pacinst.org/http://www.pacinst.org/http://www.utwente.nl/onderzoek/igshttp://www.utwente.nl/onderzoek/igshttp://swm-group.blogspot.com/http://swm-group.blogspot.com/http://www.utwente.nl/onderzoek/igshttp://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=1088-1980&site=1http://aces.nmsu.edu/academics/aeab/index.htmlhttp://www.eth-foundation.ch/de/http://www.feldschloesschen.com/Pages/default.aspxhttp://www.zurich.ibm.com/http://swm-group.blogspot.com/http://www.utwente.nl/onderzoek/igshttp://www.pacinst.org/http://aces.nmsu.edu/academics/aeab/index.htmlhttp://ipu.msu.edu/http://www.teikav.edu.gr/el/http://www.tech-strategy.com/http://www.nber.org/http://www.zurich.ibm.com/http://www.feldschloesschen.com/Pages/default.aspxhttp://www.ifu.ethz.ch/ESDhttp://www.eth-foundation.ch/de/


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Wolfram Scharnhorst 2011 15

Contact

Wolfram Scharnhorst, Ph.D., M.Sc.FounderSustainable | Water | Management

Sustainable | Water | Management

BaselSwitzerland

+41 (0)76 336 12 55 | @ [email protected] | www: http://swm-group.blogspot.com

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