Swine Feed Fomulation

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    C. C. Brooks and I.I. IwanagaUse of Cane Molasses in Swine Diets

    1967, 26:741-745.J ANIM SCI

    http://www.journalofanimalscience.org/content/26/4/741and services, is located on the World Wide Web at:

    The online version of this article, along with updated information

    www.asas.org

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    U S E O F C A N E M O L A S S E S I N S W I N E D I E T S 1

    C. C. BROOKS AND I. I . IWANAGA2University of Hawa ii, Honolulu

    C A N E m o l a s s e s i s th e l o w e s t c o s t s o u r c eo f c a r b o h y d r a t e i n H a w a i i a n d m a n yo t h e r p a r t s o f t h e w o r l d . H e n k e ( 1 9 3 3 )s h o w e d t h a t s w i n e m a d e s a t i s f a c t o r y g a i n so n d i e ts in w h i c h 2 0 % o f t h e c o n c e n t r a t em i x t u r e w a s r e p l a c e d b y m o l a s s e s . W i l l e t tet al. ( 1 9 4 6 ) c o n f i rm e d t h a t t h is w a s t h em a x i m u m t h a t w o u l d a l l o w s a t i s f a c t o r y g a i n si n p i g s u p t o 3 4 k g . b o d y w e i g h t . I w a n a g a a n dO t a g a k i ( 1 9 5 9 ) f o u n d t h a t t o l e ra n c e 9 o rm o l a s s e s i n c r e a s e d w i t h a g e a n d b o d y s i z e .M a x i m u m T . D . N . a n d d i g es ti b le e n e r g y o fm o l a s s e s , h o w ev e r , w e r e f o u n d w h en m o l a s s e sm a d e u p o n l y 1 0 % o f th e d i e t. A l t h o u g ht h e se w o r k e r s i n d i c a te d t h a t t h e T . D . N .c o n t e n t o f m o l a s s es w a s s o m e w h a t l ow e r w h e nh i g h l ev e l s w e r e f ed , th e u l t i m a t e l i m i t a t i o no n t h e l ev e l u s ed w as d u e t o d i a r r h ea cau s edb y h i g h e r l e v e l s . D i a r r h e a o c c u r r e d w h e nt h e m o l a s s e s co n t en t ex ceed ed 1 0 , 2 0 o r 3 0 %o f th e d i e t f o r p i g s w e i g h i n g 1 3 - 3 4 , 3 5 - 6 8 o r6 9 - 9 0 k g . , r e s p e c t i v e l y . D i a r r h e a o f p i g s f e dd i e t s h i g h i n m o l a s s e s i s r ed u ced o r e l i m i -n a t e d b y a d d i n g a n a d s o r b i n g f i b r o u s m a t e r i a ls u ch a s b ag as s e p i t h t o t h e d i e t . I t w o u l da p p e a r , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t a d i e t c o n s is t in g m o s t l yo f m o l a s se s a d s o r b e d o n b a g a s s e p i t h w i t h f a ta d d e d t o r a is e t h e e n e r g y l e v e l w o u l d p r o v es a t i s f ac t o r y f o r s w i n e.T h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e d e s ig n e d ( 1 ) t ot e s t t h e h y p o t h e s i s t h a t d i e t s h i g h i n m o l a s s e scan b e e f f i c i en tl y u s ed b y s w i n e i f t h e m o -l a s s e s i s ad s o r b ed o n b ag as s e p i t h , ( 2 ) t od e t e r m i n e i f a d d e d f a t w il l e n h a n c e t h e u s e -f u l n e s s o f h i g h m o l a s s e s d i e t s b y s w i n e an d( 3 ) t o d e t e r m i n e w h a t c l a s se s o f s w i n e canu s e h i g h m o l a s s e s d i e t s e f f i c i en t l y .

    E x p e r i m e n t a lT w o t r i a l s i n v o l v i n g 7 8 g r o w i n g s w i n e w e r eco n d u c t ed . T w o o f t h e d i e t s s h o w n i n t ab l e1 , d i e t s 1 an d 4 , w e r e co m p a r e d in t h e f i r s tt r i a l, an d a l l d i e t s o f t ab l e 1 w e r e co m p a r edi n t h e s eco n d t r ia l . I n ad d i t i o n , d i e t s 1 an d

    4 w e r e co m p a r ed i n t w o s t u d i e s w i t h g i l t s1 P u b l i s h e d w i t h t h e a p p o v a l o f t h e D i r e c t o r o f t h e H a w a i iA g r i c u lt u r a l E x p e r i m e n t S t a t i o n a s T e c h n i c a l P a p e r N o , 8 3 0 ,,2 T h e d a t a w e r e a n a l y z e d s t a t i s t i c a l ly b y t h e s t a t i s t i c s l a b o -r a t o r y o f t h e V i r g i n ia A g r i c u lt u r a l E x p e r i m e n t S t a t io n u n d e rt h e s u p e r v i s i o , n o f C . Y . K r a m e r .

    b e i n g ( I ) d ev e l o p ed f o r b r eed i n g , ( 2 ) f l u sh edb e f o r e b r eed i n g , ( 3 ) f ed a l im i t ed d i e tt h r o u g h g e s t a t i o n a n d ( 4 ) s e l f- f ed th r o u g hl ac t a t i o n . O l d e r s o w s w e r e a l s o u s ed t o co m -p a r e d i e ts 1 a n d 4 d u r i n g g e s t a t i o n a n d l a c t a -t ion .I n t h e f i r s t t r i a l w i t h g r o w i n g s w i n e , p i g sw e r e g r o u p e d i n t o o u t c o m e g r o u p s o f t h r e ep i g s e ach acco r d i n g t o ag e , w e i g h t an d b r eed -i n g . A l l p i g s i n e ach g r o u p w e r e o u t o f t h es a m e b o a r a n d e i t h e r t h e s a m e s o w o r l i t t e r -m a t e s o w s . P u r e b r e d Y o r k s h i r e s , p u r e b r e dH a m p s h i r e s , H a m p s h i r e X Y o rk s h ir e a ndY o r k s h i r e X L a n d r a c e p i gs w e r e us ed . P i g sw e r e a ll o tt e d a t r a n d o m f r o m o u t c om e g r o u p st o t h r ee t r e a t m en t l o t s o f s i x p i g s e ach . L o t1 r ece i v ed d i e t 1 a s a b a s a l d i e t o f co r n a n dm i x e d s u p p l e m e n t . L o t 2 r e c e i v e d d i e t 4 i nw h i c h m o l a s s e s , f a t a n d b a g a s s e p i t h r e -p l aced t h e co r n . L o t 3 r e ce i v ed d i e t 4 w i t h1 g i n . t h y r o p r o t e i n p e r 11 k i lo g r am s .P r o t e i n l e ve l o f t h e d i e t w a s a d j u s t e d f r o m1 6 % t o 1 4 % a n d t o 12 % w h e n p i g s r e a c h e d3 4 an d 6 8 k g . , r e s p ec t i v e l y . T h i s w as d o n eb y a d j u s t i n g t h e l e ve l o f so y b e a n m e a l a n dco r n o r co r n r ep l acem en t . P i g s w e r e f u l l f edf r o m s e l f f e ed e rs .P i g s w e r e w e i g h e d a t 2 - w e e k i n t e r v a l s a n ds l a u g h t e r e d a t t h e w e i g h p e r i o d w h e n t h e i rl i v ew e i g h t ex ceed ed 7 5 k i l o g r am s . P i g s w e r ed r e s s ed m o d i f i ed s h i p p e r s t y l e w i t h t h eb r e a s t b o n e l e f t i n t a c t a n d h e a d o n . C a r -ca s s e s w e r e ch i l l ed 2 4 h r . an d s p l i t d o w n t h em i d d l e , t h e h e a d w a s r e m o v e d a n d t h e r i g h ts i d e w as p r o ce s s ed f o r l en g t h , b ack f a t t h i ck -n e s s , l o i n a r ea a t t h e 1 0 t h r i b an d d r e s s i n gp e r c e n t , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p r o c e d u r e s e t f o r t hb y t h e p o r k c a r c a s s c o m m i t t e e o f t h e r e -c i p r o c a l m e a t s c o n fe r e n c e ( N a t i o n a l L i v eS t o c k a n d M e a t B o a r d , 1 9 5 2 ) .I n t r i a l 2 w i t h g r o w i n g s w i n e , p i g s w e r e a s -s i g n e d b y b r e e d i n g , a g e a n d w e i g h t i n t o o u t -c o m e b y s e x g r o u p s . P i g s w e r e r a n d o m l y a s -s i g n e d f r o m t h e s e g r o u p s i n t o f i v e t r e a t m e n t sX t w o sex X t w o r ep l i c a t i o n lo t s . T h i s g av e2 0 l o t s o f t h r ee p i g s p e r l o t . T r ea t m en t d i e t s ,a s s h o w n i n t ab l e I , i n c l u d ed : d i e t 1 , b a s a lco r n - m i x ed s u p p l em en t ; d i e t 2 , co r n , m o l a s s e s( 1 0 % ) - - m i x e d s u p p I e m e n t ; d ie t 3 , m o l a s se s741

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    C A N E M O L A S S E S I N S W I N E D I E T S 7 4 3R e s u l t s a n d D i s c u s s i o n

    D a t a f o r t r i a l 1 a r e s h o w n i n t a b l e 2 . P i g so n d i e t 4 , c o n t a i n i n g m o l a s se s , f a t a n d b a g a s s ep i t h , g r e w m o r e s l o w l y a n d r e q u i r e d m o r ef e ed a n d m o r e d i g e s ti b l e e n e r g y p e r u n i t o fg a i n t h a n p i g s o n t h e b a s a l d i e t c o n t a i n i n gc o r n . T h e s e p i g s a l so h a d l e s s b a c k f a t t h i c k -n e s s , l a r g e r l o i n - e y e a r e a s a t t h e 1 0 t h r i b a n da l o w e r y i e l d o f c h i l l ed c a rc a s s . T h y r o p r o t e i nh a d n o s i g n i f i c a n t e ff e ct i n t h i s t r i a l .

    T a b l e 3 s h o w s t h e d a t a f r o m t h e s e c o n dt r i a l w i t h g r o w i n g p i g s. A l t h o u g h g a i n s w e r eg r e a t e r i n t r i a l 2 t h a n i n t r i a l 1 , d i f f e r e n c e sw e r e q u i t e c o m p a r a b l e . P i g s f e d t h e m o l a s s e s ,f a t a n d b a g a s s e p i t h ( d i e t 4 ) , i n t h i s t r i a l a si n t ri a l 1, g a i n e d m o r e s l o w l y a n d r e q u i r e dm o r e f e e d a n d m o r e d i g e s ti b l e e n e r g y p e r u n i to f g a i n t h a n p i g s f e d t h e c o r n b a s e d i e t s ( d i e t s1 a n d 5 ) . T h e s e p i g s o n d i e t 4 g a i n e d a t am o r e r a p i d r a t e a n d r e q u i r e d l es s fe e d p e r u n i to f g a in t h a n p i g s o n t h e m o l a s s e s -b a g a s s e p i t hd i e t w i t h o u t f a t ( d i e t 3 ) . T h e d i g e s ti b l e e n -e r g y r e q u i r e d p e r u n i t o f g a in , h o w e v e r , w a st h e s a m e o n t h e s e t w o d i e t s .

    P i g s f e d m o l a s s e s a t l e v e l s o f 4 9 . 8 a n d3 7 . 4 % o f t h e to t a l d i e t c o m b i n e d w i t h 1 3 . 3 %b a g a s s e p i t h , d i e t s 3 a n d 4 , r e s p e c t i v e l y , d i dn o t m a n i f e s t d i a r r h e a a s d i d t h e p ig s f e d lo w e rl e v e ls o f m o l a s s e s w i t h o u t b a g a s s e p i t h i ns t ud i e s re p o r te d b y I w a n a g a a n d O t a g a k i( 1 9 5 9 ) . T h e 1 3 . 3 % b a g a s s e p i t h i n t h e d ie ta d s o r b e d t h e m o l a s se s a n d m a i n t a i n e d th e f ee di n a f a r i n a c e o u s f o r m . P i g s o n t h e h i g h l e v e lm o l a s s es ( d i e t s 3 a n d 4 ) d i d n o t m a i n t a i n a sh i g h a n e n e r g y i n t a k e , t h u s a c c o u n t i n g f o r th el o w e r r a t e a n d e f fi c ie n c y o f g a i n .

    M o l a s s e s a t t h e 1 0 % l e v e l, i n d i e t 2, d i dn o t a l t e r t h e d i g e s t i b l e e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n tp e r u n i t o f g a i n . T h e m e a n s f or d a i l y g a i n ,d a i l y f ee d i n t a k e a n d f ee d p e r u n i t o f g a i nw e r e e a c h h i g h e r f o r p i g s f e d t h i s l o w - m o l a s s e sd i e t , b u t t h e s e d i f f e re n c e s w e r e n o t s t a t i s t i -

    T A B L E 4 . T H E E F F E C T O F U S I N G M O L A S S E S ,F A T A N D B A G A S SE P I T H A S C O R N R E -P L A C E R F O R D E V E L O P I N G , F L U S H I N G ,G E S T A T I N G A N D L A C T A T I N G G I L T SD ie t no .

    I t e m1 4MolassesBasal - ] - fa t

    No . gil ts 10 10In it ia l wt. , kg. 139 135G a in i n 50 da ys de ve lop ingon 1 .8 kg . f eed/day , kg . 3 .6 2 .3Av. da i ly feed in take on se lffeed , 21-day f lushing , kg . 4 .3 4 .0Av. ga in /g i l t dur in g f lush , kg . 23 .6 a 15 .9 bAv. ga in /g i l t , ges ta t ion on1.8 kg . f eed/day , kg . 16 .8 ~ 21 .8 bDiges t ib le energy /gm , ga inth r ough a bove 3periods, kcal. 29.4 29.4No. p igs fa r rowed l ive /g i l t 10 .4 10 .2Bir th wt . /p ig , kg . 1 .32 1 .36No. p igs l ive / l i t te r a t 21 days 8 .6 8 .7W t . /p ig a t 21 da ys , kg . 5 . 4 ~ 4 . 6 bF e e d in t a ke /g i l t du r ing l a c t a -t i on a d l i b . , kg . 6 . 0 3 . 5W t. loss /g i l t , 21-day lac ta -t ion , kg . 17 .0 ~ 30 .0 b

    a. b Means on the same lin e bearing different superscript let-ters differ significantly(P~.05).c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t . T h e r e w e r e n o d i f f e r e n c e s inr a t e o f g a i n o r e f f i ci e n c y o f f e e d o r e n e r g yc o n v e r s i o n w h e n d i e t s c o n t a i n i n g m i x e d p r o -t e i n s u p p l e m e n t f r o m s o y b e a n m e a t , f i s h m e a la n d t a n k a g e w e r e c o m p a r e d w i t h d i e t s c o n -t a i n i n g p r o t e i n s u p p l e m e n t f r o m s o y b e a n m e a la l o n e , a s i n d i e t s 1 a n d 5 , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

    T a b l e 4 s h o w s t h e r e s u l t s o f s t u d i e s w i t hd e v e l o p i n g , b r e e d i n g g e s t a t i n g a n d l a c t a t i n gg i l t d i e t s . D i e t s 1 a n d 4 w e r e c a l c u l a t e d t o b ei s o c a l o r ic o n t h e b a s i s o f e q u a l d i g e s t i b i l i t y o ft h e n u t r i e n t s i n e a c h d i et . W h e n d i g e s t i b i l i t yd i f f e r e n c e s d u e t o m o l a s s e s , f i b e r a n d f a t a r ea p p l i e d , h o w e v e r , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d a t a o fB r o o k s ( 1 9 6 6 ) , t h e n t h e d i g e s t ib l e e n e r g y p e r1 0 0 g m . is 3 3 6 a n d 3 1 0 k c a l . f o r d i e ts 1 a n d 4 ,

    T A B L E 3 . T H E E F F E C T O F D I F F E R E N T M E T H O D S O F U S I N G M O L A S S E SI N G R O W I N G S W I N E D I E T S

    I t e m

    D ie t no .1 2 3 4 5Low H igh M ola sses C or n - soyb e a nBa sal molasses molasses -}-fat me al

    N o. pigs * 12 12 12 12 12Av. da i ly ga in , kg . 0 .71 ~ 0 .76 ~ 0 .55 n 0 .62 ~ 0 .72 *F e e d /ga in 3 . 26 ~ 3 . 44 a 5 . 22 b 4 . 02 ~ 3 . 19 aDiges t ib le energy /gm , ga in , kcal . 11 .0 a 11 .0 ~ 12 .5 b 12 .5 b 10 .9 aBack fat thickness, cm. 2.7 a ' ~ 2.8 a 2.5 b. ~ 2.4 ~ 2.7 a . b

    Pigs grnwn from 17 kg. initial weight to 82 kg. final weight.a, b, e Means on the same l in e bearing different superscript letters differ significantly (P~.05).

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    744 B R O O K S A N D I W A N A G Ar e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e l a t t e r a d j u s t e d m e t h o d o fc a l c u l a t i o n a p p e a r e d c o r r e c t o n t h e b a s i s o fen e r g y e f f ic i en cy o f g a i n s d u r i n g t h e d e v e l o p -m en t , f l u s h i n g an d g e s t a t i o n p e r i o d o f t h e s eg i l t s . D u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d , g i l t s g a i n ed an av e r -ag e o f 4 4 an d 4 0 k g . o n d i e t s 1 an d 4 , r e s p ec -t i v e l y . W h en t h e en e r g y e f fi c ien cy d u r i n g t h ec o m b i n e d f e e d i n g p e r i o d s w a s c a l c u l a t e d a n dt h e d a t a a d j u s t e d f o r d i f f e ren ce i n d i g e s t i b i l i tyd u e t o f i b e r , f a t an d m o l a s s e s ( B r o o k s , 1 9 6 6 ) ,2 9 . 4 k ca l . o f d i g e s t i b l e en e r g y w as r eq u i r edp e r g r a m o f g a i n o n b o t h d i e ts 1 a n d 4 .W h e n e a c h p e r i o d i s c o n s i d e r e d s e p a r a t e l y ,t h e g i l t s f ed m o l a s s e s , b ag as s e p i t h an d f a t( d i e t 4 ) a t t h e s am e l ev e l a s t h e b a s a l ( d i e t 1 )g a i n ed s l i g h t l y l e s s w e i g h t d u r i n g t h e h o l d i n gper iod . These g i l t s a t e l es s f eed , hence , l es se n e r g y w h e n f e d f re e c ho i ce , a n d t h e y g a i n e do n l y 1 5.9 k g . o v e r a 2 1 - d ay p e r i o d a s co m -p a r ed t o 2 3 . 6 k g . g a i n ed b y t h e g i l t s f ed t h eb as a l d i e t . D u r i n g g e s t a t i o n , t h e g i l t s f ed d i e t4 g a i n e d 2 1 . 8 k g . p e r h e a d a s c o m p a r e d t o1 6 . 8 k g . p e r g i l t o n d i e t 1 . T h i s w as p r o b ab l yd u e t o a c o m p e n s a t o r y e ff ec t.T h e r e w e r e n o d i f f e r en ces i n s i z e o f l i t t e rb o r n , b i r t h w e i g h t o r s t r e n g t h o f t h e p i g s t h a tco u l d b e a t t r i b u t ed t o f e ed . W h en t h e g i l t sw e r e p l aced o n s e l f f e ed e r s d u r i n g l a c t a t i o n ,t h o s e o n m o l a s s e s , f a t a n d b a g a s s e p i t h ( d i e t4 ) a t e l e s s f e ed an d l o s t m o r e w e i g h t . T h e i rp i g s a l s o g r ew a t a s l o w er r a t e . T h e av e r ag ep i g w e i g h t s a t 2 1 d ay s w e r e 5 . 4 an d 4 . 6 k g .f o r p i g s f r o m g i l t s f ed d i e t s 1 an d 4 , r e s p ec -t ive ly .M a t u r e s o w s w e r e u se d i n t h e s e c o n d b r e e d -i n g an i m a l t r i a l ( t ab l e 5 ) . T h e i r r e s p o n s e t oTABLE 5. THE EFFECT OF MOLASSES, FATAND BAGASSE PITH AS CORN REPLACERFOR MATURE AND BROOD SOWS

    Item

    Diet no.1 4MolassesBasal -~-fat

    No. sows 6 6Ini ti al wt., kg. 160 156Av. sow gain gestation, 1.8kg. feed/day, kg. 38.0 37.6No. pigs farrow ed 12.0 11.8Birth wt./ pig, kg. 1.09 1.09Live pigs/l itter , 21 days 9.5 10.4Wt./pi g, 21 days, kg. 5.1 ~ 4.5 bWt./pi g, 42 days, kg. 11.7 ~ 9.4 ~Feed in take/sow/day adl ib . , kg . 6.4 ~ 3.6 ~Digestible energy inta ke/ day(1000 kcal.) 21.5 il .2Sow wt. loss to 32 days, kg. 23.6 a 47.2 ba. b Means on the same line bearing different superscript let-ters differ significantly (P~ .05 ).

    t h e m o l a s se s , b ag a s s e an d f a t ( d i e t 4 ) w asv e r y s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f g i l t s i n t r i a l 1 . T h e r ew er e n o s i g n i f i c an t d i f f e r en ces i n g e s t a t i o ng a i n o f s o w s , n u m b e r o r w e i g h t o f p i g s b o r no r i n l i v ab i l i t y o f p i g s f r o m s o w s f ed eq u a la m o u n t s o f d i e t 1 o r d i e t 4. D u r i n g 4 2 d a y s o fl a c t a t i o n , h o w ev e r , w h en s o w s w e r e s e l f f ed ,e a c h s o w fe d d i e t 1 c o n s u m e d a n a v e r a g e o f6 . 4 k g . f e ed d a i l y a s co m p a r ed t o 3 . 6 k g . co n -s u m ed b y s o w s f ed d i e t 4 . P i g s f r o m t h e s o w sfed d ie t s 1 and 4 weigh ed 11 .7 an d 9 .4 kg . ,r e s p ec t i v e l y , a t 4 2 d a y s o f ag e . D u r i n g t h es am e t i m e , t h e av e r ag e s o w w e i g h t l o s s w as2 3 . 6 an d 4 7 . 2 k g . , r e s p ec t i v e l y .

    S u m m a r yT w o t r i a l s i n v o l v i n g 7 8 g r o w i n g p i g s an dt w o t r i a l s i n v o l v i n g 3 2 g i l t s an d s o w s w e r ec o n d u c t e d ( 1 ) t o d e t e rm i n e i f y o u n g p i g s c a nu s e h i g h l ev e l m o l a s s e s d i e t s w h en t h e m o -l a s s e s i s a d s o r b e d o n b a g a s s e w i t h o u t m a n i -f e s t i n g d i a r r h ea , ( 2 ) t o d e t e r m i n e if ad d i n gf a t t o t h e m o l a s s e s - b ag as s e d i e t s w i l l en h a n cet h e i r u se f u ln e s s b y y o u n g p i g s a n d ( 3 ) t o c o m -p a r e t h e e f f ec t o f m o l a s s e s , b ag as s e p i t h , f a td i e t s w i t h co r n b a s e d i e t s o n d i f f e r en t c l a s s e so f s w i n e .P i g s f e d d i e t s c o n t a i n i n g u p t o 4 9 . 8 % m o -l a ss e s a d s o r b e d o n b a g a s s e p i t h d i d n o t m a n i -f e s t d i a r r h ea an d g a i n s w e r e s l o w er an d l e s sef f i c i en t in t e rms of e i ther to ta l f eed or d iges -t i b l e e n e r g y t h a n c o m p a r a b l e p i g s f e d c o r n -t y p e d i e t s . C a r ca s s e s o f t h e p i g s f ed h i g hl e v el m o l a s s e s h a d l es s b a c k f a t a n d l a r g e rl o i n - ey e a r ea s .T h e ad d i t i o n o f f a t a t a l ev e l o f 1 2 . 3 % t ot h e h i g h m o l a s s e s - b a g as s e p i t h d i e t i n c r ea s edt h e r a t e o f g a i n o f p i g s o v e r t h a t o f p i g s f edm o l a s s e s - b a g a s se p i t h d i e ts w i t h o u t f a t , b u td i d n o t r e s t o r e g a i n s t o t h e l ev e l o f p i g s f edc o r n b a s e d i e t s . W h e n f a t w a s a d d e d t o t h em o l a s s e s - b ag as s e p i t h d i e t s, p i g s a t e l e s s f eedb u t t h e d i g e s ti b l e en e r g y r eq u i r ed p e r u n i t o ff e e d w a s n o t c h a n g e d .A d d i n g m o l a s s e s a t a l o w l ev e l , 1 0 % o f t h ed i e t , d i d n o t s i g n i f i c an t l y a l t e r r a t e o f g a i n ,e f f ic i en cy o f g a i n o r b a ck f a t t h i ck n es s .R e p r o d u c t i v e p e r f o r m a n c e i n t e r m s o f n u m -b e r o f p i g s b o r n a n d p i g s i z e a t b i r t h w a s n o ta l t e r ed i n g i l t s b y f eed i n g a m o l a s s e s , b ag as s ep i t h , f a t d i e t d u r i n g a 5 0 - d a y d e v e l o p m e n tp e r i o d a n d t h r o u g h o u t g e s t a t i o n . T h e p e r -f o r m a n c e o f m a t u r e s o w s f e d t h i s d i e t d u r i n gg e s t a t i o n w a s e q u a l t o t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o fs i m i l a r s o w s f ed co r n b a s e d i e t s . W h en t h e s em o l a s s e s , b ag as s e p i t h , f a t d i e t s w e r e s e l f f ed

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  • 7/28/2019 Swine Feed Fomulation

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    C A N E M O L A S S E S I N S W I N E D I E T S 7 4 5t o g i l ts a n d s o w s d u r i n g l a c t a t i o n , h o w e v e r ,f e ed c o n s u m p t i o n , h e n c e b a b y p i g g r o w t h , w a sl o w e r t h a n f o r s i m i l a r g i l t s a n d s o w s f e d c o r nb a s e d i e t s . G i l t s a n d s o w s f e d t h e m o l a s s e s ,b a g a s s e p i t h , f a t d i e t s d u r i n g l a c t a t i o n a l sol o st m o r e w e i g h t t h a n s i m i l a r a n i m a l s f e dc o r n b a s e d i e t s .

    L i t e r a t u r e C i t e dBr ooks , C . C . 1966 . E f f ec t o f s ex , f a t , f ibe r , mo-l a s s e s a n d t b y r o p r o t e i n o n d i g e s t i b i l i t y o f n u t r i e n t sa n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f g r o w i n g s w i n e . J . A n i m a l S c i .26 :495 .D u n c a n , D . B . 1 9 5 5 . M u l t i p l e r a n g e a n d m u l t i p l e Ftes t s . B iom et r ic s 11 : 1 .

    H e n k e , L . A . 1 9 3 3 . C a n e m o l a s s e s a s a s u p p l e m e n tt o f a t t e n i n g r a t i o n s f o r s w i n e . H a w a i i A g r . E x p .S ta . Bul . 69 .I w a n a g a , I . I . a n d K . K . O t a g a k i . 1 9 5 9 . H i g h m o -l a s s e s r a t i o n s f o r g r o w i n g f a t t e n i n g s w i n e . P r o c .W e s t . S e c . A m . S o c . A n . P r o d . 1 0 : X X V I I .K r a m e r , C . Y . 1 9 5 7 . E x t e n s i o n o f m u l t i p l e r a n g e t e s t st o g r o u p c o r r e l a t e d a d j u s t e d m e a n s . B i o m e t r i c s13:13 .N a t i o n a l L i v e S t o c k a n d M e a t B o a r d . 1 9 5 2 . P r o c .5 t h A n . R e c i p . M e a t s C o n f . C h i c a g o , I l l .W i l l e t t , E . L . , S . H . W o r k , L . A . H e n k e a n d C .M a r u y a m a . 1 9 46 . C a n e m o l a ss e s f o r p i g s f r o mw e a n i n g t o a w e i g h t o f s e v e n t y p o u n d s . H a w a i iA gr . Exp . S ta . Tech . Bul . 3 .

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