SWEGON AIR ACADEMYBENGT DAHLGREN

Swegon is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are available on request.

This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

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© 2012 by Swegon Air Academy and Swegon, Inc. a wholly owned subsidiary of Swegon AB

Learning Objectives

At the end of this program, participants will be able to:

1. Share experience from a building case study from Scandinavia.

2. Understand functions and benefits of demand control systems.

3. Understand the selection of energy-efficient ventilation systems as

part of the building energy strategy.

A clean sheet

• New building, a chance to influence;

• Energy efficiency

• Cost efficency

• Low maintenance

Location

Location, location, location

Location, location, location

• Decision to rent, to be activity involved in the design process and influence the architect.

• Area; is a 19th century factory, must keep style.

• Developer chose the architect.

• Location offered the comms looked for and the space for 200 employees (4300m²) (46000ft2)

Outside air dry-bulb temperature °C

-15

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-5

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GothenburgSan Francisco

Comparing climate

ASHRAE IWEC Weather File for Montreal(c) 2001

South facade W

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Solar radiation, GothenburgSolar radiation, San Francisco

Comparing climate

ASHRAE IWEC Weather File for Montreal(c) 2001

West facade W

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Solar radiation, GothenburgSolar radiation, San Francisco

Comparing climate

ASHRAE IWEC Weather File for Montreal(c) 2001

Building Structure

• 6 stories

• Steel and concrete construction

• Technical rooms on top floor

• Conference rooms; ground floor.

• 4 office floors

Energy exceptations

• Total energy usage for building and tennant; calculated 75 kWh/m²a (6.97 KWh/ft2a)

• Current Swedish building code (climate and hot water); 100 kWh/m²a (9.29 KWh/ft2a)

• NB! 2012 climate zone 3; 80 kWh/m²a (7.43 KWh/ft2a)

• Green Building status…no problem

• http://www.eu-greenbuilding.org/ (EU programme from started 2004)

System thinking

• Use best available proven technology.

• 100% Demand Control Systems.

• Use free cooling as much as possible.

• Good quality and characteristics of facade and solar shading.

Calculated annual building energy requirements

• Heat 23 kWh/m2 7291BTU/ft2 (2.14 KWh/ft2)

• Hot water 3 kWh/m2 (0.28 KWh/ft2)

• Heat energy from server -9 kWh/m2 (-0.84 KWh/ft2)

• Building services equipment(fans, pumps, lifts) 19 kWh/m2 ( 1.77KWh/ft2)

• Cooling 11 kWh/m2 (1.02 KWh/ft2)

• Solar panels -1 kWh/m2 (-0.09 KWh/ft2)

• Total building energy 46 kWh/m 2 (4.28 KWh/ft2)

(with 20% s.f.)

Calculated annual operations energy requirements

• Lighting, computers etc 18 kWh/m2 (1.67 KWh/ft2)

• Server room cooling 4 kWh/m2 (0.37 KWh/ft2)

• Server electricity 12 kWh/m2 (1.12 KWh/ft2)

• Kitchen 3 kWh/m2 (0.28 KWh/ft2)

• Security system 3 kWh/m2 (0.28 KWh/ft2)

• Outside lighting & sign 3 kWh/m2 (0.28 KWh/ft2)

Operations energy 43 kWh/m 2 (4.00 KWh/ft2)

TOTAL 89 kWh/m 2 (8.27 KWh/ft2)

Converging views

• Architect; 90% glass

• BD; 40% glass

• Developer; needs to be convinced BD are right.

• Goal between BD and developer before starting; at least greenbuilding (national regulation -25%)

Converging views

Converging views

Windows

• BD completed energy calcs from 40-85% window area.

• Why 60%? Landlords experience from previous tenants other buildings, good day-light penitration.

• Swedish Hertitage demanded the building looks right in the old factory area.

• 40% too low light penitration, 85% bad energy performance (BD calcs)

• What happened; Compromise; 60% glass (U=0.85W/m²K) (0.149BTU/h(F.ft2))

Air please• Target is cat.B (ISO 7730) / ASHRAE 55 ’B’;

90% people satisfied (or 10% unsatisfied)

• Cooling with air, heating with water (district heating)

• Demand Controlled ventilation (DCV), diviation from set points allowed.

• Temperatures (C)

• Designed: 22.5 – 24.5 (72.5 – 76.1) , initial; 21.0 – 25.0 (69.8 – 77.0),

current; 22.0 - 24.0 (71.6 – 75.2)

Normal weekday out of hours; 20.0 – 26.0 (68.0 – 78.8)

• At weekends floating; 19 – 28 (66.2 – 82.4)

• Sensors; temp, CO2 in conference room, VOC on each floor.

• Duct size; 500mm (20”) diameter.

HVAC TASKS - THERMAL CLIMATE AND AIR COMPOSITION

Thermal ClimateAir and radiant temperatures, air velocity, humidity

Air CompositionGases (i.e. CO2, H2O, O3, NO2, etc.); Particles

HeatingSupply (+)

CoolingRemoval(-)

VentilationSupply (+) Exhaust (-)

GasesSupply (+) Removal (-)

Particles(Supply +) Removal (-)

CAVConstant Air Volume Ventilation(1 or 2 steps, i.e. on/off)

Examples of CAV:- manual operation (e.g. on/off)- time control (e.g. day/night)- supply-air temperature control (temperature COD)- outdoor-air/recirculation-air control (enthalpy COD)

VAV Variable Air Volume Ventilation(>2 steps or continuous variation)

Examples of VAV:- Manual Operation or predetermined pattern- Open-loop Control (OCV)- Closed-loop Control (CCV)

VAV with automatic control-on-demand → DCV

24

DCV is a subgroup of VAVVAV with automatic control-on-demand → DCV

Manual Operation or predetermined pattern

VAV Variable Air Volume Ventilation

(>2 steps or continuous variation)VAV with automatic control in relation to demand → DCV

DCV

Demand Control - Automatic variation

with demand

VAV and DCV

DEMAND CONTROLLED VENTILATION

• A ventilation system with feed-forward and/or feedback control of the airflow rate according to measured demand indicator

• The demand is determined by set of values and parameters affecting thermal comfort and/or air quality

Air please

Low energy room climate control

RADIATOR

CORRIDOR

DCV diffuser

Connect

OFFICE ROOM

DCV diffuser

Adapt

24VACModBusRadiator valve controlModule cable DCVJunction connectiom

Connection to several diffusers

Connection,,

(Only in conference room)

CO2-sensor

Against traditionParallel Air handling units

How it worksE

nerg

y (S

FP

)

Air flow (l/s)

Operating range

2nd unit starts

Heat

• District heating when internal heat loads and the sun is not enough.

• Heating with radiators sequenally controlled with supply air diffusers.

• Spill heat from cooling machine used for hot water and radiators.

Heat

Heat

Cooling

• Air heat pump to DX coil in AHU.

• Heat pump place in exhaust air stream.

• Separate cooling system for server room.

Power and lighting

• Occupancy detectors and light intensity controlled.

• Occupancy control electrical sockets (50%)

Shades

• Active solar shading – angle and deployment in 9 zones.

• Self preservation; wind >25 m/s (56mph)

Messured annual energy usage

• Heat 19 (23) kWh/m2 1.77 (2.14) KWh/ft2

• Hot water 3,4 (3) kWh/m2 0.32 (0.28) KWh/ft2

• Heat energy from server - (-9) kWh/m2 - (0.84) KWh/ft2

• Building services equipment(fans, pumps, lifts) 14 (19) kWh/m2 1.30 (1.77) KWh/ft2

• Cooling 6,6 (11) kWh/m2 0.61 (1.02) KWh/ft2

• Solar panels -1,3 (-1) kWh/m² 0.12 (0.09) KWh/ft2

Total building energy 42 (46) kW h/m² 3.90 (4.28) KWh/ft2

Operations energy 36 (43) k Wh/m² 3.35 (4.00) KWh/ft2

TOTAL 78 (89) kWh/m² 7.25 (8.27) KWh/ft2

The future

The future

The future

The future

The future

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