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Swarn Lata Arya, Principal scientist,
Economics Central soil & Water Conservation
Research &Training Institute, Research Centre, Chandigarh, India
Gender refers to the socially constructed Gender refers to the socially constructed
rather than biologically determined roles rather than biologically determined roles
of men and women as well as the of men and women as well as the
relationships between them in a given relationships between them in a given
society at a specific time and place.society at a specific time and place.
International Labour Organization Statistics
But owns:But owns:
Only 10% of the world’s income and
Merely less than 1% in property
Women contributes:Women contributes:
50% in world’s population50% in world’s population
30% in total work force 30% in total work force &&
60% working hours60% working hours
Human involvement is generally Human involvement is generally
concentrated in following four natural concentrated in following four natural
resources.resources.
1.1. LandLand
2.2. WaterWater
3.3. Forest Forest
4.4. Animal & FisheriesAnimal & Fisheries
Off farm activities are main source of income for men Off farm activities are main source of income for men
whereas Women earnings are mainly agriculture and whereas Women earnings are mainly agriculture and
forest dependent.forest dependent.
Gender wise Distribution of Source of Income
13
33
45
28
35
34
59
32
21
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Men
Women
Poor Women
Percent contribution
Forest and Common Land Crop Land Off-farm Income
Studies in U.P. India (Restoring the balance-Women and Forest, FAO and SIDA
Women are dominating in the majority of agricultural related Women are dominating in the majority of agricultural related
activities and contributing 67 percent to the total labour activities and contributing 67 percent to the total labour
force involved in agriculture.force involved in agriculture.
71%
68%
96%
52%
70%
60%
67%
100%
29%
32%
4%
50%
48%
40%
33%
50%
30%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Ploughing
Sowing and Transplanting
Interculture
Weeding
Irrigation
Fertilizer application
Harvesting
Threshing and Winnowing
Overall
Women Men
Arya S.L. Watershed study on Shivalik foothills
As per UN standards, the countries with annual per capita water availability of less than 1700m3 are considered as water stressed and those with less than 1000m3 as water scarce.
38.1%
18%
0
Percent reduction
Scarce
Stressed
Stressed
UN Standard class
770 m32050
1020 m32004
1244 m32000
Per capita Availability/annum
Year
NAAS-2006
79% 7% 14%
Women Men Childrens
83% 17%
Agriculture Non-Agriculture
Major portion of water resource is being utilized by theMajor portion of water resource is being utilized by the
Farming sector.Farming sector.
Women are dominating in domestic water management Women are dominating in domestic water management
Source; NAAS-2006
Source; Ahmad, 2005
• On average, women and children travel 10-15 kms per day for collecting water and carrying up to 20 kilos per trip. This situation will further worsen as water resources is reducing day by day.
• Share of water to agriculture will get reduced by 10-15 percent in the next two decades.
Woman play an important role in the management of
water resources in rural areas throughout the world
•• Forests are a vital component to sustaining the Forests are a vital component to sustaining the
life support system on the earth. life support system on the earth.
•• Forest coverForest cover 20.64% of Total geographical area20.64% of Total geographical area.
•• About 30 percent of fodder requirements are met About 30 percent of fodder requirements are met
from forests.from forests.
•• About 25 percent of the country’s livestock graze About 25 percent of the country’s livestock graze
on forestlands.on forestlands.
•• The forest resources of the country have been The forest resources of the country have been
under mounting pressure owing to increasing under mounting pressure owing to increasing
human and livestock population.human and livestock population.
��• Village Extension Workers
�Negligible• Forest Officials
ManagementManagement
X�• Minor produce
�X• Major produce
HarvestingHarvesting
��• Protection
X�• Weeding and application of inputs
X�• Watering
Maintenance worksMaintenance works
��• Earth works
��• Cleaning and road works
X�• Nursery operations
Development WorksDevelopment Works
ManWomenForestry operations
Women are having dominance in majority of forest development operations but not having appropriate representation in forest management activities
Bajaj, M., 2001, The Impact of Globalisation on the Forestry Sector in India with Special Reference to Women’sEmployment, Paper for National Commission on Labour: Group on Women and Child Labour. New Delhi.
•• Women play key roles in raising animals and in harvesting and Women play key roles in raising animals and in harvesting and
processing livestock products. Although men are often the processing livestock products. Although men are often the
owners (and sellers) of livestock. it is the women who perform owners (and sellers) of livestock. it is the women who perform
most of the household labour devoted to animals. Women are most of the household labour devoted to animals. Women are
leading in Animal husbandry.leading in Animal husbandry.
•• In most fishing communities women predominate in the In most fishing communities women predominate in the
handling, preservation and processing of fish products. During handling, preservation and processing of fish products. During
postpost--harvest activities they assist in unloading boats and nets. harvest activities they assist in unloading boats and nets.
During the processing activities they work at sunDuring the processing activities they work at sun--drying, salting, drying, salting,
smoking and preparing fish paste and cakes.smoking and preparing fish paste and cakes.
97%
48%
100%
95%
96%
87%
3%
52%
5%
4%
16%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Tending cattle in shed
Grazing
FYM in cattle shed
Fodder collection
Milking
Overall
Women Men
Arya & Samra, 2001
�� Ensure that women are equal partners and productive and selfEnsure that women are equal partners and productive and self--reliant reliant
participants.participants.
�� Special emphasis to the women in animal husbandry and dairying Special emphasis to the women in animal husbandry and dairying
training programmes.training programmes.
�� Incorporate gender into the "Guidelines for Land Use Planning”.Incorporate gender into the "Guidelines for Land Use Planning”.
�� Carry out genderCarry out gender--targeted training programmes on the technical and targeted training programmes on the technical and
managerial aspects.managerial aspects.
�� Develop methodologies to increase women's access to the natural Develop methodologies to increase women's access to the natural
resource management.resource management.
�� Equal involvement of both the genders in political power and poEqual involvement of both the genders in political power and policy licy
making activities like Water Users Associationsmaking activities like Water Users Associations
�� Identification of problems associated with natural resource degrIdentification of problems associated with natural resource degradation adation
and concentration of training programmes to solve them.and concentration of training programmes to solve them.