19
Sustainable Transport Strategy in the UK JanDirk Schmöcker, Kyoto University

SustainableTransportStrategy inthe+UK · 2011. 7. 7. · IniLaves!overview ! • Cycling:! – UK!cycle!ownership!high!%>getpeople!to!use!it – Bikeability!“Cycling!Proficiency!for!the!21st!Century”!

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    1

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: SustainableTransportStrategy inthe+UK · 2011. 7. 7. · IniLaves!overview ! • Cycling:! – UK!cycle!ownership!high!%>getpeople!to!use!it – Bikeability!“Cycling!Proficiency!for!the!21st!Century”!

Sustainable  Transport  Strategy  in  the  UK  

 Jan-­‐Dirk  Schmöcker,    

Kyoto  University  

Page 2: SustainableTransportStrategy inthe+UK · 2011. 7. 7. · IniLaves!overview ! • Cycling:! – UK!cycle!ownership!high!%>getpeople!to!use!it – Bikeability!“Cycling!Proficiency!for!the!21st!Century”!

Contents  

•  Outline  

–  Part  1:  Rough  overview  of  past  “Sustainable  Transport  Policy”  (STP)  in  the  U.K.  including  criLcism  

–  Part  2:  White  Paper  on  Local  STP,  published  in  2011  •  Not  a  complete  summary,  highlight  of  some  (what  I  believe)  important  points  and  possibly  difference  to  Japanese  policy    

–  Some  comments    

2  

Page 3: SustainableTransportStrategy inthe+UK · 2011. 7. 7. · IniLaves!overview ! • Cycling:! – UK!cycle!ownership!high!%>getpeople!to!use!it – Bikeability!“Cycling!Proficiency!for!the!21st!Century”!

Around  10-­‐15  years  of  UK  STP?  •  There  is  no  one  definiLon  of  STP  •  Arguably  development  of  STP  started  with  discussion  on  “predict  and  provide”  vs.  “induced  transport”  (Noland,  2007):  –  1989:  Roads  to  prosperity  –  1994  SACTRA  (Standing  Advisory  Commi\ee  on  Trunk  Road  Assessment)  accepted  “One  can  not  build  his  way  out  of  conges7on”    

–  Led  to  change  manifested  in  1998  Transport  White  Paper:  A  New  Deal  for  Transport,  Be\er  for  Everyone  (New  Labour  policy)  

–  2000  Ten  year  plan  released  

3  

Page 4: SustainableTransportStrategy inthe+UK · 2011. 7. 7. · IniLaves!overview ! • Cycling:! – UK!cycle!ownership!high!%>getpeople!to!use!it – Bikeability!“Cycling!Proficiency!for!the!21st!Century”!

STP  and  Project  Appraisal  •  White  Paper  led  to  (?)  new  guidelines  for  project  appraisal:  –  NATA:  New  approach  to  appraisal  –  SEA:  Strategic  Environmental  Assessment  (EU)  –  GOMMMS  (Guidance  on  the  Methodology  for  MulL-­‐Modal  Studies)  

•  Inclusion  of  a  large  range  of  wider  social  and  environmental  effects  on  transport  

•  How  to  evaluate/  weight  such  benefits?  E.g.  induced  traffic:  Environmental  effects  ofen  due  to  long-­‐term  land-­‐use  effects  (Noland,  2007)  

4  

Page 5: SustainableTransportStrategy inthe+UK · 2011. 7. 7. · IniLaves!overview ! • Cycling:! – UK!cycle!ownership!high!%>getpeople!to!use!it – Bikeability!“Cycling!Proficiency!for!the!21st!Century”!

CriLcism  of  UK  policy  •  Noland  (2007),  Begg  and  Gray  (2008):  –  Fuel-­‐duty  escalator  introduced  in  1993:  Increase  petrol  prizes  every  year  by  3%  (1993),  5%  (1997)  and  then  6%  above  inflaLon  rates  -­‐  2000:  afer  fuel  protests,  compromises.  

–  Few  of  the  policies  proposed  in  2000  have  actually  been  implemented  

–  RecogniLon  of  Induced  Demand?  Rhetoric  for  Transport  Policy:  Easier  to  jusLfy  investments  based  on  congesLon  reducLon,  Road  building  has  not  stopped  

– Only  2  CongesLon  Charging  Schemes  in  the  UK  yet  

5  

Page 6: SustainableTransportStrategy inthe+UK · 2011. 7. 7. · IniLaves!overview ! • Cycling:! – UK!cycle!ownership!high!%>getpeople!to!use!it – Bikeability!“Cycling!Proficiency!for!the!21st!Century”!

CriLcism  of  UK  policy  (2)  

•   “Traffic  Jam  –  10  years  of  Sustainable  Transport  in  the  UK”  (Edt:  Docherty  and  Shaw,  2008)  – Heavily  criLcise  difference  between  planned  policy  and  actual  implementaLons  •  Tram  schemes  abandoned  •  Back  to  big  road  schemes  •  Small  local  schemes  rarely  funded  •  Rail  fiasco  •  Appraisal  schemes  maybe  world  class,  but  …  •  CC  sLll  very  minor  in  the  UK,  no  large  agreement  in  sight  

6  

Page 7: SustainableTransportStrategy inthe+UK · 2011. 7. 7. · IniLaves!overview ! • Cycling:! – UK!cycle!ownership!high!%>getpeople!to!use!it – Bikeability!“Cycling!Proficiency!for!the!21st!Century”!

CriLcism  of  UK  policy  (3)  

•  Wolmer  (2008):  – New  Labour  did  not  deliver  

•  Darling  “it  is  not  my  job  to  influence  mode  choice”  •  Many  transport  ministers  ”pygmies”  

–  Reasons:    •  Short  term  thinking  –  but  transport  needs  long-­‐term  perspecLve  

•  Appraisal  methods  do  not  favour  light  rail  •  Obsession  with  ensuring  compeLLon  •  Deep  mistrust  of  public  sector  •  Terrified  by  large  organisaLons  •  Reliance  on  a  specific  group  of  consultants  

7  

Page 8: SustainableTransportStrategy inthe+UK · 2011. 7. 7. · IniLaves!overview ! • Cycling:! – UK!cycle!ownership!high!%>getpeople!to!use!it – Bikeability!“Cycling!Proficiency!for!the!21st!Century”!

8  

Page 9: SustainableTransportStrategy inthe+UK · 2011. 7. 7. · IniLaves!overview ! • Cycling:! – UK!cycle!ownership!high!%>getpeople!to!use!it – Bikeability!“Cycling!Proficiency!for!the!21st!Century”!

Local  transport  problems  •  “The  usual  ones”,  similar  to  e.g.  Japan  

–  Lack  of  PT,  especially  in  rural  areas  –  CongesLon  –  Air  quality,  noise,    –  Good  road  safety  record,  but  could  improve  

•  Possibly  following  aspects  differ,  at  least  in  emphasis:  –  PercepLon  of  bus  and  rail  –  Obesity:  “Almost  2/3  of  adults  are  overweighed  or  obese”  –  GHG  emissions  –  Accessibility,  Social  Exclusion  –  Crime  –  School  travel  

9  

Page 10: SustainableTransportStrategy inthe+UK · 2011. 7. 7. · IniLaves!overview ! • Cycling:! – UK!cycle!ownership!high!%>getpeople!to!use!it – Bikeability!“Cycling!Proficiency!for!the!21st!Century”!

Packages  of  Measures    

10  

Page 11: SustainableTransportStrategy inthe+UK · 2011. 7. 7. · IniLaves!overview ! • Cycling:! – UK!cycle!ownership!high!%>getpeople!to!use!it – Bikeability!“Cycling!Proficiency!for!the!21st!Century”!

Emphasis  of  short  vs  long  term  

•  Short  term  boost  to  growth  and  carbon  reducLons  through  local  iniLaLves  – U.K.  first  country  to  have  signed  a  legally  binding  Act  to  reduce  carbon  emissions  by  80%  by  2050  

–  (besides  env.  benefits,  various  local  economic  benefits  of  transport  are  highlighted.)  

•  Large  benefits  achieved  through  technology  changes  –  but  these  are  to  come  in  the  long  term  

11  

Page 12: SustainableTransportStrategy inthe+UK · 2011. 7. 7. · IniLaves!overview ! • Cycling:! – UK!cycle!ownership!high!%>getpeople!to!use!it – Bikeability!“Cycling!Proficiency!for!the!21st!Century”!

Emphasis  of  short  vs  long  term  (2)  

12  

Page 13: SustainableTransportStrategy inthe+UK · 2011. 7. 7. · IniLaves!overview ! • Cycling:! – UK!cycle!ownership!high!%>getpeople!to!use!it – Bikeability!“Cycling!Proficiency!for!the!21st!Century”!

Role  of  Car  

•  RecogniLon  that  the  car  has  an  important  role  that  can  not  be  replaced  by  other  modes.  

•  However  significant  modal  shif  potenLal  for  journeys  less  than  10  miles,  esp.  2-­‐5  miles  journeys  

13  

Page 14: SustainableTransportStrategy inthe+UK · 2011. 7. 7. · IniLaves!overview ! • Cycling:! – UK!cycle!ownership!high!%>getpeople!to!use!it – Bikeability!“Cycling!Proficiency!for!the!21st!Century”!

IniLaLves  overview  •  Cycling:    

–  UK  cycle  ownership  high  -­‐>  get  people  to  use  it  –  Bikeability  “Cycling  Proficiency  for  the  21st  Century”  –  Cycling  route  finder:  Quietest,  quickest,  most  recreaLonal  –  Cycling  DemonstraLon  towns  –  PromoLon  of  Electric  Assisted  bicycles  in  some  cases  

•  PT:  –  UK  ITSO  (Integrated  Transport  Smart  Card  OrganisaLon):  London  Oyster  Card  

soon  to  be  integrated  –  PLUSBUS:  Buy  unlimited  PT  Lcket  together  with  rail  Lcket  for  origin  and  

desLnaLon  •  Traffic:  

–  Review  of  traffic  light  policy  –  UTMC,  example  of  nudge  –  De-­‐clu\ering  of  traffic  signs  –  Support  building  electric  vehicle  charging  infrastructure  

14  

Page 15: SustainableTransportStrategy inthe+UK · 2011. 7. 7. · IniLaves!overview ! • Cycling:! – UK!cycle!ownership!high!%>getpeople!to!use!it – Bikeability!“Cycling!Proficiency!for!the!21st!Century”!

Keyword  Nudges  

•  Recognised  that  artudes,  habitual  factors  and  societal  structure  influence  decisions:  Investments  alone  are  not  enough  

•  Enabling  Choices  is  emphasised  throughout  •  Theory  of  “Nudges”  by  Thaler  and  Sunstein  (2009)  ciLed  – Libertarian  Paternalism,  Choice  Architecture  – To  count  as  a  Nudge  an  interven7on  must  be  easy  and  should  not  forbid  choice  

15  

Page 16: SustainableTransportStrategy inthe+UK · 2011. 7. 7. · IniLaves!overview ! • Cycling:! – UK!cycle!ownership!high!%>getpeople!to!use!it – Bikeability!“Cycling!Proficiency!for!the!21st!Century”!

Sust.Local  TP  White  Paper  2011:      Keyword  Nudges  

16  

Page 17: SustainableTransportStrategy inthe+UK · 2011. 7. 7. · IniLaves!overview ! • Cycling:! – UK!cycle!ownership!high!%>getpeople!to!use!it – Bikeability!“Cycling!Proficiency!for!the!21st!Century”!

Keyword  Decentralisa7on  

•  RecogniLon  that  influence  of  central  government  has  been  too  strong  •  Cut  back  of  regulaLons  •  Cut  back  of  data  requirements  from  local  to  central  government  •  Cut  back  of  assessment  criteria  •  Accountability  to  local,  not  naLonal  stakeholders  •  RecogniLon  that  definiLons  of  locality  are  difficult  •  Streamlining  of  applicaLon  procedures  •  Encouraging  iniLaLves  such  as  CIVINET  (EU  initaLve  CIVITAS)  

17  

Page 18: SustainableTransportStrategy inthe+UK · 2011. 7. 7. · IniLaves!overview ! • Cycling:! – UK!cycle!ownership!high!%>getpeople!to!use!it – Bikeability!“Cycling!Proficiency!for!the!21st!Century”!

Keyword  Partnerships  •  Encouraging  of  funding  applicaLons  from  partnerships  between  various  organisaLons  –  Bus  partnerships  (voluntary,  qualifying  agreements,  quality  partnership  schemes,  quality  contracts)  

–  Community  bus  services  –  ..will  look  favourably  on  those  proposals  of  L.A.  that  demonstrate  strong  partnerships  with  VCSEs  (Voluntary,  Community  and  Social  Enterprise  OrganisaLons)  

–  Example:  Mid  Cheshire  Community  Rail  Partnership:  •  Redeveloping  StaLon  Area  including  internet  café,  community  training  room  by  community  

•  Important  side  effect:  PosiLve  effect  on  staLon  area  

18  

Page 19: SustainableTransportStrategy inthe+UK · 2011. 7. 7. · IniLaves!overview ! • Cycling:! – UK!cycle!ownership!high!%>getpeople!to!use!it – Bikeability!“Cycling!Proficiency!for!the!21st!Century”!

Some  comments  •  European  countries  are  ahead  of  the  U.K.  in  various  

sustainable  transport  ini>a>ves  –  E.g.  car  clubs  and  car  sharing  

•  Local  transport  white  paper  promising    –  but  what  will  be  implemented  remains  to  be  seen  (naLonal  and  global  events  will  play  no  small  role)    

–  Short  term  thinking  remains?    –  research  of  e.g.  Social  Exclusion  Unit  on  the  role  of  transport  and  findings  of  artudinal  research  well  recognised  

–  appears  like  admirng  past  mistakes  •  Role  of  local  ini>ators  is  crucial,  some  posiLve  examples,  

e.g.  possibly  largest  shared  space  concept  in  the  world  in  RBKC,  London  

19