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Sustainable Neighborhood Design
Criteria for Afghan Cities
Osama HIDAYAT24 May 2016
Overview
Background Current Research Conclusion
Necessity of Research Dysfunctional pattern of urban growth; Increasing pollution and cost of land and resources.
Jaada-e-Maiwand (Source: Noori, 2009)
Chronological Timeline
ARG (Presidential Palace) built in 1880 by king Abdur
Rahman Khan in capital Kabul.
Ambitus urban programmes of
modernization were launched in major cities.
The deepening conflict between the soviet-
supported government and Mujahidin factions impact
on urban development
Focused on the spatial development of the city, including
new capital in Darulaman
Modernization and urban development efforts
continued, including ministry buildings and public facilities.
1880 1920 1950 1970 1985 2016
Kabul New City Master plan
Research Question
what might constitute a sustainable neighborhood or community.
How can we define sustainability principles and criteria in neighborhoods for various periods of time and different spatial circumstances?
Current Problems The Dispersal of Population and Activities
Centralization of Services and Facilities
Desire line of year 2008 over existing urban areas in Kabul city
Internally Displaced People (IDP’s) and Squatter Settlements
Kabul City squatter settlement updated 06/2013, 63 Settlements mapped. Source: IMMAP/USAID, Kabul.
Improving Current Land Use Trends
Development Density
• Less land is required for development,
• The potential to use energy more efficiently.
Accessibility to Public Transport
• Reduce reliance on car.
Provision Local Employment,
Services and Facilities
Trip Composition by PurposeSource: JICA- KMA Report 2008
Administration and Management
Neighborhood Sustainability Assessment Standard• Evaluate and rate the performance of a given neighborhood;
• Specify the extent of the neighborhood’s success in approaching sustainability goals.
Enlist public participation regularly in decision making
Design Guidelines for Neighborhood Sustainability
Land Use Conservation
Energy Use and Conservation
Walkability and Cycling
Network
Land Use Conservation
Different choices of housing;• Reduce dwelling lot size;
• Neighborhood variations
Include mix-use area; Street pattern and type.
Land use plan for the proposed neighborhood
Passive Architectural Strategies for Energy Use and Conservation
In sustainable development, the built environment should be designed in response to the site microclimatic conditions;
Some aspects of importance that need to be considered in the planning process
Sun
Considering and incorporating the effects of the sun on buildings into a design may reduce energy consumption by as much as 30% (Brooks 1988).
Developing the Passive House Standards (PHS) that provides sustainable solutions to energy needs can be a good starting point.
Psychrometric chart showing daily temperature ranges per year in Kabul. The range indicates that passive solar heating is the most effective climate responsive design strategy Source: IHFD, Feasibility study for a housing complex in Kabul. 2012
Passive Solar Heating
Thermal Mass Effects
Natural Ventilation
Direct Evaporative Cooling
Thermal Insulation of Buildings
Indoor temperature hours with internal gains in KabulSource: IHFD, Feasibility study for a housing complex in Kabul. 2012
Install shading devices and employ night ventilation
Can drop the indoor temperature by 3-4 Co
Use better glazing windows to maximize the use of solar gain.
Wind Wind direction is another element that must be integrated into
neighborhood design.
Wind direction over the entire yearSource: IHFD, Feasibility study for a housing complex in Kabul.
2012
Streets should be gently curving and houses should be closer to street’s edge,
Setback should vary slightly from house to house to avoid aligning front facades
Walkability & Cycling Network
The key motivation behind this interest is that travel by non-motorized modes constitutes an environmentally sustainable and a physically active transportation choice;
Trip Composition by Main Transport ModeSource: JICA- KMA Report 2008
Commercial and Civic amenities can be placed in close proximity to each other to foster walkability
A
Offices above stores
B
Apartments above stores
C
Shopping strip
D
Homes
Walkable Neighborhood
Conceptual Movement structure along with cycling route
Movement Structure (Appendix)
Preliminary Findings
Characteristic Traditional Neighborhood Design
Sustainable Neighborhood Design
Land-use diversity Single use: predominantly residential, with designated areas of clustered retail; segregated use base
Integrated mix-use: neighborhood based with integrated residential, retail, commercial and institutional
Street pattern & type Straight-linear and hierarchical;Traffic dispersed
Inter-connected network; flatter hierarchy of types; Traffic dispersed
Residential lot size and housing density
Average lot size: 600m2
Typical density: 11 lots/haAverage lot size: 500m2
Typical density: 14 lot/ha
Dominant retail type Regional, serving shopping centers, chai stores
Neighborhood, serving Independent retailers
Dominant planning Create comfortable housing Create community; affordable housing; jobs containment
Comparison of design for Kabul: Traditional vs Sustainable neighborhoods
Conclusion
The microclimate consideration in buildings and preserving green spaces in neighborhoods are making our cities more energy efficient;
Neighborhood Sustainability Assessment needs to be customized for being applied to Afghan cities;
Promoting mon-motorized modes of transport means lower emission and lower emission can mean cleaner environment;
adopting the recommendations systematically will be a significant long-term resource, bring monetary savings, and preserve the historical and cultural heritage of cities.
Thank you from your attention