Sustainable Hotel Design Presentation 3 Supply Analysis Group 5
Slide 2 Previous Presentations 1 st presentation Site analysis Site
Selection 2 nd presentation Passive design Demand reduction Slide 3
Where We Are Now Site C Initial Building Design North 1 st level
Ground level Slide 4 Our Aims for This Presentation Supply analysis
Water Electricity Heat Gas Slide 5 Electricity Demand kWh per year
Lighting40,880 Catering26,864 Ventilation5,840 Cooling2,336
Equipment5,840 Swimming pool17,520 GSHP30,000 Other5,840
Total135,120 Slide 6 Heat and Gas Demand Heat DemandkWh per year
Space Heating186,880 Hot water70,080 Swimming pool35,040
Total292,000 Gas DemandkWh per year Catering46,720 Slide 7 The
Result 62% less electrical energy than an average hotel 13% less
combustion fuel than an average hotel Slide 8 Water Storage l/day
Cold water11,000 Hot water12,000 l/year Swimming pool225,000 (Full
Capacity) Slide 9 Water Supply Possible Supply Sources Stream
Scottish Water Rainwater collection Greywater collection Slide 10
Reclaimed Water Greywater Storage Toilet flushing 3 days Car
washing Rainwater 20 days Toilet flushing Car washing Plant
watering Laundry Slide 11 Reclaimed Water Rainwater Yield =
Collection Area x Average Annual Rainwater Yield x Run-off
coefficient x fractional collector efficiency = 1530m^2 x 2277.8mm
x 0.8 x 0.8 = 2,230,422 litres/year = 6,111 litres/day Greywater
Yield = bathroom use in morning x no. of people = 80 litres x 70 =
5,600 litres/day (full capacity) Slide 12 Reclaimed Water Total
Reclaimed Water = 11,711 litres 55 wcs 180 litres storage per
wc/day = 9,900 litres Slide 13 Supply Systems Power Wind Small
scale hydro Photovoltaics Heat Ground source heat pumps Solar
thermal collectors Combined Heat and Power Biomass Slide 14
Justifying CHP Sustainable design- reduced emissions Matches hotel
demand profile well Efficient + cost effective Secure and reliable
supply Slide 15 Justifying Biomass Carbon Neutral Process Can be
self sufficient or locally sourced Lesser transport requirements
(compared against fossil fuels) Encouraged by government and
council Slide 16 Operation/installation Strategies Integration with
other technologies: PV, Hydro, boiler. GSHP CHP Hydro Pool Boilers
PVT Slide 17 Economics Heat/Power ratio 4:1 1.5kg/kWh e Wood Chip
market value 40/tonne Fuel price = 6.0p/kWh e O+M = 1.5p/kWh e
Total Price =7.5p/kWh e Slide 18 Power Requirements Electrical
Demand- Limiting factor Power Req. = 55 MWh Operational period 8000
h/yr CHP size = 15kW e Price = 1275/kW Total = 19 125 Slide 19
Simple Price analysis Electricity produced = 55 MWh Value of
electricity= 3500 Heat produced= 220 MWh Value of heat = 4000
Savings per annum = 3750 Cost of CHP = 19125 Payback period = 5.1
years Slide 20 Renewable supply options for the hotel Wave and
tidal energy Solar resource Wind resource Hydro resource Bruce
Henry Slide 21 Wave/Tidal Power Discount waves and tidal as: The
bay is sheltered, cost for cabling Expensive Unreliable Industry is
in its infancy Slide 22 Comparison of devices kWh/m 2 /year Gives
an idea of power size ratio per kWh/year Give an idea of
instillation cost and payback period Slide 23 Solar power
Photovoltaic devices Insolation 2kWh/m/day (efficiency of 18%) 130
kWh/m/year Approx 900/m 2 6.16 per kWh/year 25 years Slide 24 = 1/7
V mean =6.2ms -1 P mean =279.8W/m 2 P betz =165.1W/m 2 Total
available to wind turbines = 1446kWh/m 2 per year Wind Resource
Slide 25 Vertical axis wind turbine Rating:6000W Frontal area = 5 x
3m 11,000 kWh per year (733kWh/m 2 ) Cost: 30,000 2.72 per kWh for
year Slide 26 Ducted Wind Turbine Size of device with is 1.5m x 1m
Hence for these devices (735.3 kWh/m 2 ) Power coefficients of
about 0.3 have been achieved for a 0.5 meter diameter. Cost is
approx 800 1.08 per kWh/year Slide 27 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
600 Watt wind turbine/generator 1,845 Diameter 2.55m Output
450kWh/m 2 Total 2300kWh 0.80 per kWh per year 1500 Watt wind
turbine/generator 3,655 Diameter 3.5m Output 769kWh/m 2 Total
7400kWh- 0.49 per kWh per year 6000 Watt wind turbine/generator
7,765 Diameter 5.5m Output 816kWh/m 2 Total 19400kWh- 0.40 per kWh
per year 15000 Watt wind turbine/generator 14,900 Diameter 9m
Output 762kWh/m 2 Total 48500kWh- 0.31 per kWh per year Slide 28
Micro Hydro Water 800 times denser than air, Constant power source
Single nozzle version for heads from 34 metres and power output of
8kW. Flow requirement 40 l/sec 20K estimated, 70MWh per year
available 0.28 per kWh/year Slide 29 Summary Slide 30 Micro hydro
will be used to meet as much of the supply demand as possible.
(70MWh/year) Proven 1500w turbines will make up difference.
(14.8MWh/year) Total cost of installation = 27.5K Batteries will be
incorporated to store power from the turbines Slide 31 Solar
Thermal Heating NW Scotland - produce around 300kW.h per m
annually. Building orientation - little defect on output within 45
degrees of south. Optimum tilt 33 degrees, little defect 15 degrees
either way (pitch of roof). Solar collectors cost from 300-700 per
m. 2-4m typical domestic system costs around 3000 and delivers
around 1000kW.h per year meeting around half hot water demand.
Pumped indirect system would be the most effective to install and
would prevent freezing. Could possibly be used for space heating,
water heating and heating the swimming pool. Slide 32 Solar Thermal
Space Heating Solar Thermal Underfloor Heating Seasonal
Performance: Summer around 4kWh/m (daily average) Winter around
1kWh/m (daily average) Space heating requires large collector areas
to supply heat in winter when it is needed most. (200-300m for
hotel) Slide 33 Used to preheat hot water for CHP, large collector
area required to cope with high hot water demand Collector area
required to be larger than half the swimming pool to heat it (would
cost around 30k) Solar Thermal Water Heating Slide 34 Ground Source
Heat Pump A 20kW heat pump would be required to provide 100 000kWh
per year Cost around 12 000 Provides 1/3 of hotels heating Ground
temperature relatively constant around 11C (sea temperature varies
5- 14 C annually). Efficiency drops when temperature drops in
winter, when it is needed most. Slide 35 Ground Source Heat Pump
COP of 3 - needing around 7kW electrical input Underfloor heating
gives a higher COP as it works at a lower temperature (30-35C)
however radiators (50C )give individual occupant control in
bedrooms. Space available around site to dig a trench to lay
horizontal ground arrays (cheaper than a borehole). GSHP connected
to either five 50m closed loop horizontal ground arrays or a 200m
trench for a spiral horizontal array. Slide 36 Heating Supply
Conclusions Solar thermal heating - not cost effective, require
large collector areas and expensive capital costs to meet 100
000kWh annual demand. GSHP more financially viable for meeting
heating demand. Require top up heating from CHP if radiators are to
be used, resulting in a lower COP. Slide 37 Meeting Demand Demand
(kWh)Supply (kWh) ElectricalWind = 14 800 Hydro = 70 000 CHP = 55
000 Total = 135 120Total = 139 800 HeatingGSHP = 100 000 CHP = 220
000 Total = 292 000Total = 320 000 Slide 38 Thank You for Listening
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