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ADVANCES IN SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH
2 3 rd I N T E R N A T I O N A L
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE
JUNE 14-1 6, 2017
BOGOTA, COLOMBIA
First edition: 2017 ISBN: 978-958-774-606-8 School of Management Universidad de los Andes Bogotá, Colombia
Universidad de los Andes I Vigilada Mineducación Reconocimiento como Universidad, Decreto 1297 del 30 de mayo de 1964 Reconocimiento
personería jurídica Resolución 28 del 23 de febrero de 1949 Min. Justicia.
2 3 rd I N T E R N A T I O N A L
S U S TA I N A B L E DEVELOPM ENT RESEARCH SOCI ETY CON FERENCE
INTRODUCTION
The series Advances in Sustainable Development Research includes the Book of Abstracts and
selected Papers of the 23rd Congress of the International Sustainable Development Research
Society ISDRS held in Bogotá-Colombia in the School of Management at Universidad de los
Andes in June 2017.
The abstracts and papers that were selected had a complete peer review process. They show the
richness in interdisciplinary approaches, theories, models and applied research presented in the
different streams and tracks designed for the conference.
This is an important contribution to the discussion of the state of the art in the different dimensions
of sustainable development. This is a conference that offers an academic space known for its
interdisciplinary approach as well as a space for academics and practitioners. Here, the reader will
find a broad approach including different visions, theoretical orientations to sustainable
development as well as a richness in research methodologies from quantitative to qualitative.
Inclusive sustainable development was the main theme of the conference. By inclusiveness, we
understand the objective of creating a more equitable society by ensuring wider access and
opportunities across social groups, regions and economic sectors as well as reducing the high
income disparities that occur today. How to achieve the objective of inclusiveness is a matter of
intense discussion and concern as the movement behind the sustainable development goals
shows. Governments, private enterprises and communities must play an important role on this
process. We believe that Universities must also be engaged in this societal purpose.
This Book of abstracts and proceedings clearly contribute to that important aim.
Sincerely,
Eduardo Wills Herrera
Academic Chair of 23rd
ISDRS Conference
Bogotá - Colombia
BOGOTÁ, COLOM BIA, JUNE 14-1 6, 2017
ORGANISING COMMITTEE
Eduardo Wills, Conference Chair
Tenured professor, School of Management, Universidad de los Andes. PhD in Organizational
Behavior, Tulane University. Master in Development studies fro the Institute of Social Studies in
the Hague, The Netherlands. Former director of the Interdisciplinary Centre for Development
Studies (Cider) at Universidad de los Andes and former director of the National Rehabilitation
Plan (PNR), in Colombian. Eduardo’s current research interests include subjective well-being as
an alternative view to sustainable development; management of change process at organisational
and societal levels. He is also a member of Asociaición Amigos de la Montaña, an organization of
hikers who defend the public use of the eastern mountains of Bogotá.
Nathalia Franco Conference Co-chair
Assistant Professor, School of Management, Ph.D. in Management, Tulane University; Master of
Management, Tulane University. Director of the Master of Development Management and
Practice (MDP) between 2015 and 2017. Professor of courses in Social Responsibility, Public
Management, and Colombia and Its Institutions at the undergraduate level; Social Partnerships in
the Specialization in Negotiation; and Social Entrepreneurship in the Master of Environmental
Management an the MDP. Member of the Social Enterprise Knowledge Network (www.sekn.org)
since 2005.
Germán Andrade
Associate professor, School of Management, Universidad de los Andes. MSc Natural Sciences,
Yale University
Joaquín Caraballo,
MEM & MDP Director of the Master’s programmes in Environmental Management and in Development
Management and Practice at the School of Management, Universidad de los Andes.
Oliver García, Conference Coordinator
Professional in management from the Universidad de los Andes. Consultant and research
assistant at the School of Management. Social entrepreneur. Co-author of books on
entrepreneurship development in Colombia.
Catalina Silva-Plata Conference Academic Coordinator
PhD in Sustainability and Environmental Studies, University of Strathclyde, Scotland. MSc in
Environmental Entrepreneurship, University of Strathclyde, Scotland. Socio-environmental
researcher and professional with +6-year experience and expertise in the sustainability area with
focus on global virtual water resources and rural sustainable development issues in the UK, Brazil
and Latinamerica.
Nohora Díaz
Research Assistant in Industrial Ecology, School of Management, Universidad de los Andes. Master in Environmental Management, Universidad de los Andes.
Mónica Ramos
PhD candidate Innovation and Governance for Sustainable Development at University of Twente,
The Netherlands.
COMMITTEES
Tracks Chairs
Adrian Morley, Manchester Metropolitan
University, United Kingdom Alex Franklin, Coventry University, United Kingdom Andrea
Cecchin, Independent Researcher, Ecuador Andres
Vargas, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Andrés
Hernández Q., Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
Andrés Link, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Anne
Wallis, Deakin University, Australia Arun Sahay, Birla Institute of Management Technology,
India Astrid Skjerven, Oslo and Akershus University
College, Norway Cecilia Haskins, NTNU - Norwegian University of
Science and Technology, Norway Cecilia Soler, Gothenburg university, Sweden Celio
Andrade, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil Daniel Paez,
Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Diana Trujillo,
Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Diego Valderrama,
Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Eduardo Wills,
Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Elsa Joao,
University of Strathclide, Scotland Evandro Mateus
Moretto, Institute of Energy and Environment (IEE),
School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities (EACH),
University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil Fernando J. Diaz
Lopez, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific
Research TNO & Stellenbosch University, Netherlands Francesco Pomponi., University of
Cambridge, United Kingdom Francisco Ferreira, Universidade No, Portugal
Francisco A. Comín Sebastián, Pyrenean Institute
of Ecology-CSIC, Spain Freddy Zapata, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
German Andrade, Universidad de los Andes,
Colombia Henrikke Baumann, Chalmers University of
Technology, Sweden Iain Black, Heriot Watt University, United Kingdom
Joachim H. Spangenberg, Helmholtz Centre for
Environ-ment Research UFZ, Germany João Joanaz de Melo, CENSE, Universidade NOVA
de Lisboa, Portugal Jorge H. García, Universidad de los Andes,
Colombia José Fernando Cuello, Secretaría Distrital
de Ambiente, Colombia Juana García, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
Julian Idrobo, Cider Uniandes María Alejandra Vélez, Universidad de los Andes,
Colombia Mauricio Cote, Ministry of environment -
Colombia. Meg Holden, Simon Frazer, Canada Nathalia Franco, Universidad de los Andes,
Colombia Nuno Martins, CIAUD, Faculdade de
Arquitectura da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal Olawale Emmanuel Olayide, University of
Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria Paul Hooper, Manchester Metropolitan University,
United Kingdom Pauline Deutz, University of Hull, United Kingdom
Paulo Ferrão, Universidad Técnico Lisboa ,
Portugal Peter Ras, TUT, South Africa Peter Schlosser, Columbia University, United
States Pramod B. Shrestha., Tribhuban University ,
Nepal Raymond Auerbach, Nelson Mandela
University, South Africa Rob Wallis, Federation University Australia, Australia
Roberto Gutierrez Poveda, Universidad de los
Andes, Colombia Rodrigo Lozano, University of Gävle, Sweden
Romana Rauter, Graz Universitat , Austria Rupert
J. Baumgartner, University of Graz, Austria Sandra Caeiro, Universidade Aberta, Portugal and
CENSE, Centre for Environmental and Sustainability
Research, New University of Lisbon, Portugal Santiago Mejía, Universidad de los, Colombia
Sara Moreno Pires, Aveiro University , Portugal
Sebastian Restrepo Calle, Pontificia
Universidad Javeriana, Colombia Simon Bell, Open University, UK, United Kingdom
Sjors Witjes, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable
Development, Utrecht University, Netherlands Tomás B. Ramos, CENSE, Centre for Environmental
and Sustainability Research, Universidade NOVA de
Lisboa, Portugal Valerie nelson, University of Greenwich, United
Kingdom Volker Mauerhofer, University of Vienna/Meiji
University, Austria Walter J.V. Vermeulen, ISDRS & Utrecht University
& Stellenbosch University, Netherlands Ximena Rueda, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
Reviewers
Adrian Morley, Manchester Metropolitan
University, United Kingdom Alex Franklin, Coventry University, United Kingdom
Amadeu Soares, Aveiro University , Portugal
Ana Gabriela Diaz R., Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
Ana Ximena Halabi, Universidad de La Sabana, Colombia
Andrea Cecchin, Independent Researcher, Ecuador Andres
Vargas, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Andrés
Hernández Q., Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Andrés
Link, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Ángela Inés Cadena M., Universidad de los Andes,
Colombia Anne Wallis, Deakin University, Australia
Arun Sahay, Birla Institute of Management Technology,
India Astrid Skjerven, Oslo and Akershus University
College, Norway Carlos Montalvo, Netherlands Organisation for
Applied Scientific Research TNO & Stellenbosch
University, Netherlands Carlos Julián Idrobo, Universidad de los Andes,
Colombia Catalina Silva-Plata, Universidad de los Andes,
Colombia Cecilia Haskins, NTNU - Norwegian University
of Science and Technology, Norway Cecilia Soler, Gothenburg university, Sweden
Celio Andrade, Federal University of Bahia,
Brazil Claribel Lancaster, TUT, South Africa Daniel Paez, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Diana
Muñoz, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Diana
Trujillo, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Diego
Valderrama, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
Eduardo Wills, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
Evandro Mateus Moretto, Institute of Energy and
Environment (IEE), School of Arts, Sciences and
Humanities (EACH), University of São Paulo (USP),
Brazil Fernando J. Diaz Lopez, Netherlands Organisation
for Applied Scientific Research TNO & Stellenbosch
University, Netherlands Francesco Pomponi., University of
Cambridge, United Kingdom Francisco Ferreira, Universidade No, Portugal
Francisco A. Comín Sebastián, Pyrenean Institute
of Ecology-CSIC, Spain Freddy Zapata, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
German Andrade, Universidad de los Andes,
Colombia Gloria Amparo Rodríguez, Universidad del
Rosario, Colombia Henrikke Baumann, Chalmers
University of Technology, Sweden Iain Black, Heriot Watt University, United Kingdom Iván Vargas Chaves, Universidad Tecnológica de
Bolívar, Joachim H. Spangenberg, Helmholtz Centre for
Environ-ment Research UFZ, Germany João Joanaz de Melo, CENSE, Universidade
NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal John Coakley, University College Dublin and
Queens University Belfast, Ireland Jooyoung Park, Universidad de los Andes,
Colombia Jorge Florez, Global Integrity, Colombia Jorge H. García, Universidad de los Andes,
Colombia José Fernando Cuello, Secretaría Distrital
de Ambiente, Colombia Juan Pablo Soto, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
Juana García, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Kate
Turner, University of Manitoba, Canada Katherine Guio,
Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Marcelo Caffera,
Universidad de Montevideo, Uruguay María Alejandra
Vélez, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Mario Ernesto
Martinez Avella, Universidad de la Sabana, Colombia Martijn Scheltema, University of Amsterdam , Netherlands
Mattias Lindhal, Linkoping University , Sweden Mauricio
Cote, Ministry of environment - Colombia Meg Holden,
Simon Frazer, Canada
Michal Miedzinski, UCL , United Kingdom Mónica
Ramos, University of Twente, Netherlands Nathalia
Franco, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Nubia
Velasco, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Nuno
Martins, CIAUD, Faculdade de Arquitectura da
Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal Olawale Emmanuel Olayide, University of
Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria Paul Hooper, Manchester Metropolitan University,
United Kingdom Paul Walsh, University College Dublin, Ireland Paula Antunes, CENSE, Centre for Environmental
and Sustainability Research, Universidade NOVA de
Lisboa, Portugal Pauline Deutz, University of Hull, United Kingdom
Paulo Ferrão, Universidad Técnico Lisboa ,
Portugal Peter Ras, TUT, South Africa Peter Schlosser, Columbia University, United
States Pramod B. Shrestha., Tribhuban University ,
Nepal Rafael Vesga, Universidad de los Andes,
Colombia Raymond Auerbach, Nelson Mandela
University, South Africa René Millán, Universidad Autónoma de Mexica, Mexico
Rob Wallis, Federation University Australia, Australia
Roberto Gutierrez P., Universidad de los Andes,
Colombia Rodrigo Lozano, University of Gävle, Sweden Romana Rauter, Graz Universitat , Austria Rupert
J. Baumgartner, University of Graz, Austria Salo
Coslovsky, NYU, United States Sandra Caeiro, Universidade Aberta, Portugal and
CENSE, Centre for Environmental and Sustainability
Research, New University of Lisbon, Portugal Santiago Mejía, Universidad de los Andes,
Colombia Sara Moreno Pires, Aveiro University ,
Portugal Sebastian Restrepo Calle, Pontificia
Universidad Javeriana, Colombia Sevil Acar, Kemerburgaz, Turkey Shobhana Madhavan, University of Westyminster,
London, United Kingdom Simon Bell, Open University, UK, United
Kingdom Sjors Witjes, Copernicus Institute of
Sustainable Development, Utrecht University,
Netherlands Sonia Ospina, NYU , United States Sweta Byahut, Auburne University , United States
Tomás B. Ramos, CENSE, Centre for Environmental
and Sustainability Research, Universidade NOVA de
Lisboa, Portugal Torben Mideksa, University of Oslo , Norway Ulisses Azeiteiro, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
and CEF, Centre for Functional Ecology, University of
Coimbra, Portugal Valerie nelson, University of Greenwich, United
Kingdom Volker Mauerhofer, University of Vienna/Meiji
University, Austria Walter J.V. Vermeulen, ISDRS & Utrecht University
& Stellenbosch University, Netherlands Walter Leal Filho, Hamburg Universitat , Germany
Ximena Rueda, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
SPONSORS
Ecoingeniería Lógica
23rd International Sustainable Development Research Society Conference
Table of Contents
Capacity to associate, subjective wellbeing and perceptions of insecurity: three key variables to under-
stand sustainability in conflictive rural Colombia. 1
Dr. Eduardo Wills1, Ms. María Alejandra Rodríguez Duarte
1
1. Universidad de los Andes
Protected Areas under Weak Institutions: Evidence from Colombia 19
Dr. Leonardo Bonilla Mejia1, Mr. Iván Higuera-Mendieta
1
1. Banco de la República
Rural Sustainability through Production-Conservation corridors with Colombian dry-forest Campesino
communities 60
Ms. Ines Cavelier1
1. Fondo Patrimonio Natural
Sharing Water: Transboundary Water Governance and Management in Southern Africa 69
Prof. Larry Swatuk1
1. University of Waterloo
Fostering political participation for better water services: evidence from three cities in India 70
Mr. Francesco M. Gimelli1, Dr. Briony C. Rogers
1, Dr. Joannette J. Bos
1
1. Monash University
Construction and application of Bayesian networks to support decision-making in the water, sanitation
and hygiene sector: A case study of SIASAR initiative in Central America 70
Prof. Agustí Pérez-Foguet1, Mr. David Requejo Castro
1, Dr. Ricard Giné Garriga
1, Mr. Gonzalo Martínez Crespo
2, Mr. Antonio Rodríguez Serrano
2
1. Engineering Science and Global Development (EScGD) Research Group, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Civil Engineering School (ETSECCPB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, 2. Water Global Practice, the World
Bank, the World Bank Group, Washington D.C.
Integration of habitat quality index with physicochemical and ecological models oriented to the Ecosys-
tem recovery in the Meléndez River, Cali-Colombia 86
Mr. alex quintero1, Prof. Javier E. Holguin Gonzalez
1
1. Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
A New Conceptual Perspective on Circular Economy: preliminarily confirmation of the 7R Principle by a
descriptive Case Study in Eastern China 101
Mr. Jicheng Xing1, Prof. J. M. Vilas-Boas da Silva
2, Prof. Isabel Duarte de Almeida
3
1. ISCTE-IUL,BRU-IUL,Wuhan Qingquan University, 2. ISCTE-IUL,BRU-IUL, 3. ISCTE-IUL,Universidade Lusíada
Environmental Policies Performance Evaluation in Portugal 111 Mr. Pedro Mota
1, Dr. João Joanaz de Melo
2
1. Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2. CENSE, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa
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23rd International Sustainable Development Research Society Conference
HIP — a Happier Index for the Planet? 126
Ms. Julia Bondarchik1, Dr. Matylda Jablonska-Sabuka
1, Dr. Lassi Linnanen
1, Dr. Tuomo Kauranne
1
1. Lappeenranta University of Technology
Pollution indicators for use in Life Cycle Assessment: review and simplification 134
Ms. Sofia Luís 1, Dr. João Joanaz de Melo
2
1. Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2. CENSE, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa
Stakeholder engagement-based evaluation of social sustainability with respect to the mining sector 141
Dr. Evren Deniz YAYLACI 1, Prof. Sibel Kalaycıoglu
1, Prof. Sebnem Duzgun
1
1. Middle East Technical University
The Sustainable Child Development Index (SCDI) - A novel way to assess national achievement towards
sustainable development 157
Ms. Ya-Ju Chang1, Prof. Matthias Finkbeiner
1
1. Technische Universität Berlin
Towards ‘Transgressive Learning’ in Bioregional Transition Labs in Colombia 167
Mr. Thomas Macintyre1, Dr. Martha Cecilia Chaves Villegas
2
1. Wageningen University, 2. MINGAS en Transicion
IS THE TARGET FOR IN-LAND CONSERVATION SUGGESTED BY THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DI-
VERSITY (CBD) ADEQUATE FOR COLOMBIA? 189
Dr. Martha Fandiño - Lozano1
1. Fundación ARCO
Biodiversity offsets: case studies in limestone mining sector in Brazil 198
Mrs. Barbara Souza1, Mr. Luis Enrique Sánchez
1
1. University of São Paulo;
The Mapping of Resources and Development Potentials of Food-Secure Region in Kupang District,
Province of Nusa Tenggara Timur 208
Dr. Ambar Pertiwiningrum1, Prof. Cahyono Agus
1, Mrs. Supriadi Supriadi
2, Dr. Agung Setianto
1, Mr. Akhmad
Arief Fahmi 1, Mr. Yudistira Soeherman
1
1. Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 2. Ministry of Village, Development of Disadvantaged Areas and Transmigration
Integration Model of Productive Enterprises for Innovation Adoption in Livestock Farming in Argorejo and Argosari Village, Sedayu Sub-District, Bantul District, Special Province of Yogyakarta 219
Mrs. Supriadi Supriadi1, Prof. Ali Agus
2, Prof. Muhadjir Muhammad Darwin
2, Prof. R Rijanta
2,
Dr. Ambar Pertiwiningrum3
1. Ministry of Village, Development of Disadvantaged Areas and Transmigration, 2. Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 3.
Universitas Gad
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23rd International Sustainable Development Research Society Conference
The Mapping of Resources and Development Potentials of Food-
Secure Region in Kupang District, Province of Nusa Tenggara Timur
Ambar Pertiwiningrum1)
, Cahyono Agus2)
, Agung Setianto 3)
, Supriadi4)
, Arief Fahmi5)
, Yudistira Soeherman6)
1,6
Faculty of Animal Science, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, [email protected] 2,5
Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, [email protected] 3 Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, [email protected]
4 Ministry of Village, Development of Disadvantaged Region, and Transmigration, Indonesia, [email protected]
Abstract Indonesia Food Sustainability and Vulnerability Assessment (FSVA) 2015 by the World Food Programme (WFP) categorized
Province of Nusa Tenggara Timur as severely vulnerable to food-insecurity (priority 1). The aim of this program was to
develop partial and spatial map of current condition, problems, threats, potentials, and strategic policies to develop food
security in this area. The program was focused on Kupang district, Province of Nusa Tenggara Timur, through: 1) literature
study; 2) identification and mapping of natural resources; 3) Focus Group Discussion; 4) field trip and data collection; 5) data
analysis; 6) development of program; 7) workshop. Kupang district had three sub-districts that were most vulnerable to food
insecurity (priority 1), namely Semau, South Semau, and Takari. The determining factors of vulnerability to food-insecurity
were: (1) high poverty rate, (2) high prevalence of underweight among children, and (3) low access to clean water. The
characteristic of the hilly areas in Kupang is dry-land on karst region with very low land-productivity. The limiting factors are
low rainfall, low water availability, high temperature, low moisture and low fertility. Livestock were still raised traditionally
on natural pastures. Some of the programs needed to enhance food-security in Tanini village are: (1) Improvement of land
productivity, including infrastructure, facilities for intensive livestock farming systems, and optimization of dry land's
potential; (2) Water management trough the construction of water reservoirs and the preservation of watershed and
groundwater basins; (3) Capacity building for communities including farmers, the education on food consumption and
processing, society empowerment by improving soft skills and hard skills. The analysis and estimation of World Food
Programme showed that after intervention, the composite score of Kupang district changed from 91.18 (priority 3) to 66.54
(priority 5). The map of food-insecurity was ideal as a reference in planning an effective and efficient program.
Keywords: food-insecurity, mapping, food, food-security
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23rd International Sustainable Development Research Society Conference
1. Introduction
The core meaning of food-insecurity reduction focused on the condition to be achieved, namely the creation of
sustainable food-security. According to FAO (1996), food-security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social,
and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active
and healthy life. Food Security and Vulnerability Atlas (FSVA) 2015 produced by World Food Programme (WFP) and
Indonesia’s Food Security Council (DKP) covered 398 districts and categorized them into six priority levels based on nine
indicators that measured food availability, food access, and food utilization.
Nine indicators related to chronic food-insecurity were then combined into a composite score to describe the overall
food-security conditions of the districts and categorized them into six priority groups. Based on FSVA 2015, Kupang district
was in priority group 3, which mean it was vulnerable to food-insecurity. This study aimed to develop partial and spatial map
of the conditions and potentials of the food-insecure areas, and define the problems, constraints, challenges, and strategic
efforts to build food-secure region. Indonesia, with its high potentials of food resources (agriculture, livestock, and fisheries)
and with an optimal management, should be able to provide enough food for the communities locally, regionally and
nationally, and even contribute to exports. The fact showed that not all regions had equal access to these potentials.
The conceptual framework underlying the development of food-secure region was necessary, as well as technical efforts to exploit
the region’s potentials, including; (1) Agro-production intervention with joint management of lands on the basis of high innovation and
synergy in agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, veterinary, and agricultural technology in an integrated and comprehensive way; (2) Agri-
business intervention with a unified business management so people can participate in modern way (not the traditional way where they
function as the subsystems of a bigger system), and to make people more prosperous (not being exploited for other economic sector’s
benefit); (3) Agro-technology intervention with applicative technology and biotechnology that leads to a new revolution for the benefits of
many people. (4) Agro-industry intervention by using the research results to develop agricultural products so the harvest fluctuations which
are detrimental to farmers can be handled, and the agricultural products can be upgraded into priority commodities; (5) Agro-tourism
intervention with edu-tourism to improve local community’s condition and to educate people to protect the environment; (6) Agro-
consumption intervention with food diversification and local food processing; (7) Agro-distribution intervention with storage, distribution,
and administration.
2. Method Strategies and methods of implementation This was a qualitative study and performed with a method that consisted of several steps:
1. Literature study by examining the documents at national and regional levels as secondary data such as food-
insecurity parameter, policy directions, development strategy, program plan, and others.
2. Identification and mapping of potential resources in food-insecure regions, as shown in Figure 1.
3. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) to collect the data, where the participants were the representatives of ministries,
higher education institutions, related Local Government’s Working Unit (SKPD), farmer groups, the communities in
food-insecure regions, and social institutions.
4. Fieldwork for primary data collection and the ground check of the site’s conditions.
5. Comparative analysis of primary and secondary data with the calculation of composite score.
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23rd International Sustainable Development Research Society Conference
6. Workshop to discuss the results of the study, which was expected to enhance them.
Figure 1. Identification and mapping of food-insecure region’s resources and potentials Data types and data collection
This study was conducted using qualitative approach, and analytical descriptive method was applied in the description of
phenomena studies to explain the aspects of who, what, when, and how of a topic (Donald and Schlinders, 1998). The study used primary and
secondary data. The primary data was taken with observation method (the observation of the objects of research), interview using a
questionnaire, and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The secondary data involved Publication Documents from Central Bureau of Statistics
(BPS), Profiles and Program Plan from regional body for planning and development (Bappeda), Strategic Plan from Local Government’s
Working Unit (SKPD) of Kupang district, and documents from related other institutions. According to Handari (2005), primary data includes
information and facts about potential areas, while secondary data includes regional documents, research results, publications, and arguments
related to the question of investigation. Therefore, the primary data in this research was the main focus of the analysis, and the secondary data
was its complement.
Data analysis
The data was analyzed by making comparison between the reality on site and the standards that applied nationally, regionally and
globally in terms of agricultural productivity in meeting the needs of food and nutrition. The results of the analysis were expected to show the
gap or insufficiency in food-security factor of a region. The next step was to determine the target and the projection in the future to address
the identified issues. The target was determined by considering the potential and support of the region. The final stage analyzed the input
(form, volume, and process of the development to be conducted), the output (results expected after the input), and the calculation of the level
of food-insecurity. The analysis in intervention program of food-insecurity reduction was based on the data before and after the program was
implemented. The analysis identified and described
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23rd International Sustainable Development Research Society Conference
the fundamental connection between the indicator variables. The PCA analysis was applied to nine indicators of food-security
in general to produce a composite score. PCA analysis produced major components as many as the original variable, along
with the contribution of each major component in explaining the variation among indicators. The calculation of the composite
was made with the following formula:
Yj = a1X1j + a2X2j + … + a8X8j + a9X9j
Information:
Yj = composite score of the jth
district a1, a2, … a9 = the weight of each indicator
X1j, X2j, … X9j = the value of each indicator in the jth
sub-district
3. Results and Discussion Food-insecurity characteristics
Kupang district’s vulnerability to food-insecurity was based on the composite index shown in Table 1. The main
indicators that made it categorized as priority 3 in food-insecurity were; (1) the prevalence of stunting among children under 5
years of age was very high (more than 40 percent). Based on this parameter, Kupang district was in danger. At sub-district
level, 16 of them had very high prevalence (> 30%), 6 sub-districts had high prevalence (20 - <30%), and only 1 district had
lower prevalence of stunting (10 - <20%); (2) About 20-25 percent of the population in Kupang district lived below the
poverty line. The parameter was Indonesian rupiah value of monthly expenditure per capita to provide a minimum level of
food and non-food basic consumption needed by an individual to live a decent life. (3) The percentage of households without
access to clean water showed priority 5 (secure enough). However, the fact showed that 50-70 percent of the households in 7
sub-district in Kupang had no access to clean water, about 40-50 percent of households in 11 sub-districts had no access to
clean water, about 30-40 percent of households in 3 sub-districts had no access to clean water, and only 1 sub-district had less
than 30% of households without clean water. The access to clean water remained an indicator in handling food-insecurity
issue because water is an important element related to food. The priority should be made regarding water for non-
consumption uses, including for agricultural and livestock production. It would prevent the functional change from water for
consumption to water for production, so the already limited clean water did not fall into scarcity.
Table 1. Status of Food-Insecurity in the Studied Area based on FSVA Atlas 2015
Kupang Cases
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9
Priority 1 6 3 6 5 5 4 6 4
Rank
Priority >40 % <0.5 20 - 25% <10% 30 - 40 % 10- 20 % 64 – 67 % <20 % 10- 20 %
Scope
Percentage/ 54.4 % 0.35 24.71 %
9.46 39.86 % 19.79 % 66.94 19.69 % 19.68 %
Ratio %
high very moderately very
moderately
moderatel moderately
Note prevalen Low high
high high low high y high low
ce
Note: P5: Households without access to clean water.
P1: Prevalence of stunting among children under 5 years of P6: Percentage of households without access to electricity
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age.
P2: Ratio of per capita normative consumption towards net cereal production.
P3: Population living below poverty line P4: Villages without street
P7: Percentage of life expectancy at birth
P8: Percentage of village with access to health facilities
more than 5 km P9: Percentage of female illiteracy at age 15 and above
The strategy for the development of food-secure region in Kupang district can be designed in accordance with the
resources and environmental conditions. Kupang district has varied characteristics, ranging from coastal ecosystems, estuaries
and oceans, low plains, plateaus and hills. According to Syahza (2007), rural development must be done with an approach in
accordance with its nature and characteristics. Rural development should follow four major interrelated efforts as well as key
strategies such as: 1) Empowering the economy of rural communities; 2) Improving the quality of rural human resources in
order to have an adequate basis to enhance and strengthen productivity and competitiveness; 3) Constructing the rural
infrastructure; 4) Building the rural institutions both formal and nonformal. The focus of food-insecurity reduction needs to be
determined along with the identification of the region’s potential resources to be developed, so a program is needed to be
designed in certain location, which then is called Area Development Model. On the basis of agreement with local government,
the food-secure region will be developed is Takari sub-district, particularly Tanini village.
Physiographic characteristics of the development model of food-secure region (Tanini Village)
Tanini village has higher topography and is included in the boundary area between Barisan Perbukitan Utara
(Northern Range) and Cekungan Tengah (Central Basin). Tanini village, with its hilly topography (Figure 2), is situated in the
area of Batulempung Bersisik Bobonaro (Bobonaro Scaly Clay), a sedimentary melange and deposits (olistostrome) and diapir
formed by the contact between Viqueque formation with gray shale and cobble to boulder-size blocks. The location of the
springs in Tanini is really interesting from geological perspective because most soil in the area is composed of limestone.
When the location of the spring was overlaid with Kupang’s regional geological map with the scale of 1: 250,000 (Figure 3),
it showed that the location of the spring had a lot of intrusion in the form of ultramafic igneous rocks. It could be concluded
that the springs were the result of aquifer flows which hit an impermeable rock layer. However, because it was not major
aquifer and it was only hanging aquifer, the discharges from the springs were very small. The information from the
inhabitants in surrounding area confirmed the fact that in dry season, there is only one spring that emerges, so it is not
advisable to build a wellbore in the location because there is no sufficient discharge. It is also reinforced by the already
existing wellbore near the site of the springs (about 100 m) that has a depth of 150 meters but has no water.
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Figure 2. Morphological Condition of Tanini Village Figure. 3 Tanini’s Map of Geological Regional
The data leads to the prediction that Tanini village does require another water source for drinking and other needs,
so the efforts to dig water sources or wells are necessary. Geo-electrical survey is also needed in advance to locate the
groundwater before drilling a well. The first thing to do is to determine the geo-morphological and geological conditions
(stratigraphy and geological structure), hydro-geological condition (well measurement, shallow groundwater depth, contour,
and shallow groundwater flow). Geo-electrical survey will then generate geo-electrical interpretation in each point of
observation, geological correlation and cross-section, as well as the image of water bearer layer so the location of the drilling
can be found. In addition to the wellbore, the construction of water reservoir can reduce water scarcity. However, the water
source should be checked first if water reservoir should be built.
The analysis of aquifer characteristics and karstic water levels should be considered as a condition of sustainable
water-use (Kresic and Stevanovic, 2010). The effort to assess the characterization of karst aquifers according to Smart and
Hobbs (1986) is to determine the nature of the flow, recharge area, and storage capacity that vary spatially and temporally.
Spatially, the limits of karstic aquifer’s catchment areas are often beyond the topographic limits. It relates to the homogeneous
geological structure (carbonate rock) that receives additional groundwater from other adjacent aquifers. Temporally, the width
of the catchment areas depends on the fluctuations of the water level (Juki D and Jukie, 2009; Kresic and Stevanovic, 2010).
This indicates that it is not easy to make a well in the karst area.
Human resource potential of the development model of food-secure region (Tanini Village)
Tanini village has 2,326 inhabitants with 470 heads of household, and the average household size is 4 persons. The
total area of the village is 120.26 km2 with population density of 19 inhabitants / km
2. The distance between Tanini and the
sub-district’s capital is 37 km, and its distance to the district’s capital is 74 km. It makes Tanini a remote village with little
access to necessities of life. The majority of the inhabitants work as farmers, but the condition of the land is dry, and the agro-
production is hampered. This is a proof why Tanini village is categorized as food-insecure region. People plant different types
of fruits on their yard and grow annual crops such as corn, perennial crops such as cassava, fruit trees like banana, cashew
apple, and mango, and hardwood trees such as teak and mahogany on dry land on the hills. Other than the dry land, the
communities also develop rice fields on the flat river banks or flat narrow valley. The rice field is about 25 hectares in
scattered area that is harvested once a year. It is due to the limited knowledge of the farmers and limited condition of the
means of production. The water needed for the rice field is obtained from the river by building a simple weir system (semi-
permanent irrigation canals) using wood, branches, and tree trunks to deflect the river flow. The water is conveyed by the
canals made with soil and stone walls. People build distribution canals and secondary canals on non-permanent basis in the
form of trenches from the area around the rice field (Figure 4).
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Figure 4. Non-Permanent Dam
Tanini’s staple food is rice. The villagers cultivate it themselves and purchase it from outside the village. Almost all of the self-
produced rice is used for their own consumption, not for sale. When the rice harvest is not sufficient, people will consume cassava for staple
food. They buy the rice at the rate of 12,000 to 15,000 rupiah per kg. If each household needs about 1 kg of rice per day, Tanini needs
approximately 848,990 kg of rice per year. It means that the inhabitants and farmers in Tanini are not yet able to fulfill their basic needs
related to the production of rice. The public demand for rice is very high but the production is low. The production capacity of the paddy
fields is only between 1.5 to 2.5 tonnes of dry unhusked rice per hectare per planting season. It is due to: (1) the limited area of paddy fields;
(2) the limited availability of subsidized fertilizer; (3) the limited capacity of paddy field that produces only once a year; (4) the low ability of
farmers in terms of farming techniques; (5) the limited supply of seeds in good quality. Tanini village has a great potential in livestock
farming because it has vast grazing land. The majority of the communities raise cattle by rearing them in the wild. Each head of household
has 4 to 100 cows. Most of the types of the cattle are Bali cows, with higher female population than the male (the ratio is 5 females: 1 male).
Cattle-raising is a side job for the villagers, so they do not give special treatment to their cattle. They release the cows to feed themselves and
let them to breed naturally. Livestock ownership is a form of savings for the villagers. If their family needs money, they will sell the cattle.
They do not have a specific benchmark nor perform an accurate assessment in buying and selling cattle. All cows less than one year of age are
sold at the rate of one million rupiah while 2 years old cows had the rate of Rp 3,500,000. When compared to the price of Bali cows of the
same age and the average weight of 200-250 kg, the price is relatively low.
Development program of resource potential for food-secure region
Most rural communities rely on agribusiness. The development of agricultural sector should be directed to the
agribusiness system. This approach will be able to increase the added value of agricultural sector and the income of the
agribusiness community. The economic sector in rural areas has good potential to strengthen people's economy (Syahza,
2013). Based on the mapping of existing natural resources and the needs of food, several programs are needed to develop
Tanini into food-secure village. The programs can be specified as follows: (1) Agriculture and livestock productivity development to improve the income of the villagers and farmers, infrastructure development
such as the construction of dam and primary or tertiary irrigation canals. The improvement of the means of production is also required in
addition to seeds in good quality and subsidized fertilizer. Agricultural production tools like hand tractor, power trasher, and rice milling unit
are necessary to increase agricultural productivity. Semi intensive livestock system can be applied: cows are put into cowshed at night but released to graze at noon for feeding efficiency and utilization of
vacant land. The optimization of land potential can be carried with cassava or local fruit cultivation by improving the
quality of seeds and cultivation techniques to optimize the production.
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(2) The needs of water for agriculture and livestock can be fulfilled by building water reservoirs to collect rain water and
utilizing river water by blocking and accumulating it, then designing its distribution system to the citizens, as well as
planning further studies to utilize the ground water basin.
(3) The improvement of community’s capacity is the key point in the region’s development program. It can be achieved
with many ways, including farmer capacity building to increase their productivity, or capacity building to improve the
knowledge of mothers on the daily consumption of nutritious foods for babies and toddlers to reduce the proportion of
stunted children under 5 years. Community empowerment in improving welfare is the basis of motivation to build a
program needed in upgrading the capacity of communities, ranging from hardskill to softskill.
The intervention programs should run effectively and efficiently in accordance with the plan described by
framework chart based on outputs, outcomes, baseline data, and indicators (Figure 5). The framework map is then used as the
basis of developing the baseline and indicators of food-insecurity (Table 2) as well as program planning (Table 3 on
appendices) as a form of detailed elaboration of intervention programs in Kupang district.
Table 2. Baseline Indicators of Food-Insecurity in Kupang District
Outcomes Indicators Baseline Target To lower the food- Children under five 54.4 % (priority 1) showed very Decrease into 20 % or in a range insecurity level of the years of age with high prevalence between 20 – 30 % (priority 3) which district from priority 3 to stunting issue showed moderate prevalence priority 5 Percentage of people 24.71 % (priority 3) showed Decrease into 10 % or in range
living under poverty moderately high percentage of between 10 – 20 % (priority 5) which line people living under the poverty showed low percentage of population line in poverty
Source: processed data
Figure. 5 Intervention Programme Framework Scheme of Baseline and Indicator Food Vulnerability
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Analysis of intervention program on food-insecurity map’s indicators
If done optimally, the planning program will be able to lower food-insecurity in Kupang district from level 3 to level
5. The analysis was performed by the calculation of nine indicators with a change of 2 priority indicators for intervention
programs, namely the prevalence of toddler stunting and the percentage of people living below the poverty line. The
calculation led to two changes of these indicators with the estimation made on the basis of planning program and the
achievement of outputs and outcomes. The determination of priority based on the composite indicator of food-insecurity is
shown in Table 4. On the basis of composite score in 2015, Kupang was classified at level 3 in food-insecurity. However,
with the estimation of program planning, in 2021 the composite value of Kupang district will be lower, at level 5 in food-
insecurity. The composite table in determining the level of food-insecurity is shown in Table 5.
Table 4. Estimation of Composite Score Before and After Interventioncx Program
N
Val
Indicator Composite score
Indicator Composite
Indicators score
o ue score (2015)
score
(2021)
1 Children under the age of five with stunting issue 0.40 54.4 21.76 20 8.00
2 Normative consumption per capita to net cereal
0.54 0.35 0.19
0.35 0.19
production
3 Population living below poverty line 0.74 24.71 18.29 10 7.40
4 Villages without accessible roads or waterways 0.42 9.46 3.97 9.46 3.97
5 Households without access to clean water 0.23 39.86 9.17 39.86 9.17
6 Percentage of households without access to
0.46 19.79 9.10
19.79 9.10
electricity
7 Life expectancy at birth 0.22 66.94 14.73 66.94 14.73
8 Percentage of village with access to health
0.40 19.69 7.88
19.69 7.88
facilities more than 5 km
9 Percentage of female illiteracy 0.31 19.68 6.10 19.68 6.10
Total Score 91.18 66.54
Priority 3 5
Source: processed data
Tabel 5. Composite Score of Priority FSVA
Priority Composite Score
Priority 1 >= 140
Priority 2 114 - < 140
Priority 3 91 - < 114
Priority 4 68 - < 91
Priority 5 47 - < 68
Priority 6 0 - < 47
Source: Food-Security and Vulnerability Atlas Indonesia 2015 by World Food Programme
4. Conclusion
Kupang district has 3 sub-districts that are most vulnerable to food-insecurity (priority 1): Semau, South Semau, and Takari sub-
district. The determinant key of the food-insecurity and categorization as priority 1 are: (1) the high percentage of people living below the
poverty line, (2) the high underweight rate among children under five. Viewed from the aspect of natural
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resources, Kupang district has great potential for business venture in agriculture and animal husbandry as the pivot of the
community in improving their welfare. The programs to overcome the problem of food-insecurity are: the improvement of
knowledge on the importance of nutrition, especially to reduce the prevalence of stunting infants, and the enhancement of
agricultural production and livestock farms to increase people’s revenue and reduce the percentage of people living in
poverty. The analysis done by estimating the composite value from World Food Programme showed that after the
intervention, the value of Kupang’s original composite turned from 91.18 (priority 3) into 66.54 (priority 5). According to the
analysis to design the effective and efficient programs, the map of food-insecurity from the World Food Programme has a big
role in planning the food-insecurity reduction.
Reference BPS. 2013. Indonesia Population Projection 2010-2035. Nasional Development Planning Agency (BPPN), Central Bureau of
Statistics (BPS) Indonesia. Jakarta. (in Indonesian).
Donald, R.C., and Schlinders. 1998. Business Research Methods, 6th ed. Illinois: Richard D. Irwin, 1998, handbook. FAO. 1996. Policy Brief Food Security. www. fao.org. (Accessed 05.10.2016). Hadari, Nawawi. 2005. Social Research Methods. Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta. (in Indonesian). Juki D, Denic and Jukie V. 2009. Groundwater balance estimation in karst by using a conceptual rainfall-run model. Journal
of Hydrology 373: 302-315.
Kresic, N. and Stevanovic, z. 2010. Groundwater Hydrology of Springs: Engineering, Theory, Management, and
Sustainanility, Amsterdam, Butterworth-Heinemann (Elsevier).
Smart, P.L., and Hobbs, S.L. 1986. Characterization of carbonate aquifers: A conceptual base. In: Environmental Problems in
Karst Terranes and Their Solutions Conference (Bowling Green, Ky.), Proceedings. National Water Well Association,
Dublin, Ohio. pp. 1-14.
Syahza, Almasdi. 2007. Accelerating the Empowerment of Rural Communities with Palm Oil-Based Agroestate Model.
Economics Journal, Th.XII/02/Juli/2007. Jakarta: PPD and Economics Faculty of Tarumanegara University. (in
Indonesian)
Syahza, Almasdi dan Suarman. 2013. Underdeveloped Regions Developments Strategy in Acceleration Effort Of Rural
Economic Development. Research Institute of Riau University, Pekanbaru. Development Economics Journal Volume
14 Nomor 1, Juny 2013, page. 126-139.
WHO. 2016. Food Security of World Food Summite. http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story028/en. (Accessed 02.10.2016). World Food Programme. 2009. Food Security and Vulnerability Atlas of Nusa Tenggara Timur. (in Indonesian). The Food
Security Council, the Ministry of Agriculture and the World Food Program (WFP).
World Food Programme. 2015. Food Security and Vulnerability Atlas of Indonesia. The Food Security Council, the Ministry
of Agriculture and the World Food Program (WFP). Indonesia.
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Appendices
Table.3 Program Planing Matrix of Food Vulnerability Level Reduction in Kupang District
Indicator Baseline Target Program Input Output
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Kegiatan
Socialization of toddler Funding, Nutrition Socialization for 80 % The mothers with
nutrition importance mothers with toddle toddle understand and
through regular growth apply nutrition
Decreasing of monitoring Knowledge
Stunting Add Nutrition Educator Funding and Nutrition Educator Training Election 3 nutrition
Prevalence Among 51,4 % 45 % 38 % 31 % 26 % 20 % through woman educator agen from
children under 5 organitation residents in every village
years of age Socialization of Serealia Socialization of Food Sources of Energy People are starting to
Diversification Energy add yams, cassava, corn
sources Food and sago as main food of
Energy source
Production technical training (1package) 80 % Farmer group with
Innovations Supply intervention program
understand and
System of Superior Seed
implements cultivation
for farmers
innovations system
Add Paddy Seeds, (total 100kg/group)
construction of Alsintan warehouses
(1unit/group)
Provision of Hand Traktor (5 unit/group)
Increase Means and tool Provision of Power Trasher (3 unit/group)
of agricultural production Provision of Hands Sprayer (7 unit/group)
Decreasing Provision of Rice Miling Unit (1
Population living 20,06 % 18 % 16 % 14 % 12 % 10 % unit/group) Increase Farm
below poverty line
Provision of Harvest Mini (2 unit/group)
Production and
Construction of stables and grazing areas
Livestock Production to
Integration System of (2 unit/group)
Increase Villagers
cattle half intensive Provision Excellence breeders Cattle (20
Income up to 50%
Ekor/group)
Construction small dam and clean water
instalation (5 paket/Village_4mx3mx3m)
fulfillment water to Potential Mapping of Groundwater Basin
(1 package)
production
Make Detail Engineering Design of River
Water Utilization For Water production
with Gravity System (1 Package)
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Authors Index
Agus, A. Agus, C. Almeida, I. Almendra, R. Alvarez, C. Alves, A. Amprazis, P. Andrade, C. Arbona, A. Arenas, L. Arora, D. Avila, I. Azul, I.
Ballén, S. Barahona, R. Becerra, L. Boada, A. Bohórquez, J. Bondarchik, J. Bonilla Mejia, L. Bos, J. Breda, M. Byrnes, R.
Cadena Monroy, Á. Camacho Otero, J. Camilloni, I. Casagrande, R. Cavelier, I. Celeita, D. Chang, Y. Chaparro, P. Chaves Villegas, M. Chirinda, N. Correa, F. Cubides, A. Cunha, M.
Da Silva, M. Darwin, M. Daza-Beltrán, C. De Jesus Dionisio McHugh, M.
219 Delano Rodrigues, C. 331
208 Duzgun, S. 141
101 Escobar, D. 228
331
228 Fahmi, A. 208
492, 508 Fandiño - Lozano, M. 189
418 Finkbeiner, M. 157
550 Flôxo Sousa, M. 315
381 Franzato, C. 331
228 Galvão, A. 315
228
Garcia, M. 228
228
García-Acosta, G. 366
320
Gimelli, F. 70
262 Giné Garriga, R. 70
228 González Ruiz, J. 246
228 Graterol, E. 228
400 Guziana, B. 521
278, 290 Guzmán, M. 228
126 Higuera-Mendieta, I. 19
19
Hinestrosa, L. 262
70
Hino, M. 508
478
Holguin Gonzalez, J. 86
228
Iglesias, P. 290
246 Ishitani, M. 228
427 Jablonska-Sabuka, M. 126
290
Jacobo, A. 228
492
Jaramillo, S. 228
60
290 Kalaycıoglu, S. 141
157 Katto, M. 228
228 Kauranne, T. 126
167 Kingham, S. 538
228 Lahue, G. 228
228
Linnanen, L. 126
262
Little, M. 442
290
Loaiza, S. 228
228 Loboguerrero, A. 228
219 Lopes, M. 478
366 Lozano, N. 228
538 Luís, S. 134
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Macintyre, T. 167
Mahecha, N. 400
Majewski, D. 305
MARQUES, A. 557
Martinez, D. 228
Martínez Crespo, G. 70
Martínez, J. 290
Mazabel, L. 228
Medina, L. 262
Melo, J. 111, 134, 315, 347
Montejano, S. 400
Mota, P. 111
Mónico, L. 478
Nunez, J. 228
Ocampo, C. 290
Ordoñez, I. 427
Ortega Morales, J. 262
Paprota, M. 305
Park, J. 462
Pertiwiningrum, A. 208, 219
Peters, M. 228
Pinto Brun, A. 228
Piñeros, A. 246
Posada, L. 246
Prior, D. 381
Pérez-Foguet, A. 70
Quijano, N. 290
quintero, a. 86
Ramírez, Á. 246
Rao, I. 228
Requejo Castro, D. 70
Rialp, J. 381
Rijanta, R. 219
Rodrigues, C. 557
Rodríguez Duarte, M. 1
Rodríguez Serrano, A. 70
Rodríguez, J. 246
Rogers, B. 70
Saldarriaga, J. 290
Saravia-Pinilla, M. 366
Serna, L. 228
Setianto, A. 208
Shahbazi, S. 418
Silva, J. 101
Silveira, S. 347
Soeherman, Y. 208
Soltész, P. 354
Souza, B. 198
Sulisz, W. 305
Supriadi, S. 208, 219
Suszka, L. 305
Swatuk, L. 69
Szabó, M. 462
Szmytkiewicz, M. 305
Sánchez, L. 198
Tapasco, J. 228
Trujillo, C. 228
Twyman, J. 228
Veic, D. 305
Velandia, J. 278
Ventura, A. 550
Wills, E. 1
Xing, J. 101
Yamín, L. 278
YAYLACI, E. 141
Zilahy, G. 354, 462
Zuluaga, A. 228
Zúquete, E. 347
571
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