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SUSTAINABLE ENERGY: TRANSPORTATION. UNITED STATES. POPULATION 300 MILLION MOTORIZED VEHICLES ~300 MILLION TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSUMPTION ~32 % OF TOTAL U. S. ENERGY USE, OF WHICH ~98% IS FROM PETROLEUM. UNITED STATES. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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SUSTAINABLEENERGY:
TRANSPORTATION
UNITED STATES
POPULATION 300 MILLION
MOTORIZED VEHICLES~300 MILLION
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSUMPTION ~32 % OF TOTAL U. S. ENERGY USE, OF WHICH ~98% IS FROM PETROLEUM
UNITED STATESLIGHT VEHICLE FLEET~230 MILLION
ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY LIGHT VEHICLE FLEET =~24% OF TOTAL ENERGY USE, OF WHICH ~99+% COMES FROM PETROLEUM
CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM LIGHT VEHICLE FLEET = ~22% OF TOTAL U. S. EMISSIONS
ENERGY ISSUESSHORT TERM:
PRICE OF PETROLEUMPOLLUTION
LONGER TERM:SUPPLY SECURITY SUPPLY SUSTAINABILITYGLOBAL WARMINGPRICE
BASIS FOR AN ENERGY POLICY
1. NON-RENEWABLE (FOSSIL OR NUCLEAR) ENERGY SOURCES ARE FINITE.
2. THEIR USE REDUCESTHE AMOUNT AVAILABLE IN THE
FUTURE.
3. THE LESSEFFICIENTLY A FINITE SOURCE IS USED, THE MORE ITS FUTURE SUPPLY IS REDUCED.
4. THEREFORE, AN ENERGY POLICY SHOULD TEND TOWARD THE MOST EFFICIENT USE OF NON-RENEWABLE SOURCES.
5. USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES DOES NOT REDUCE THE FUTURE AMOUNT OF THE SOURCE.
6. THE ONLY WAY TO REACH A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DOMAIN IN THE LONG TERM IS TO BASE IT ON RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES.
• DOES THIS MEAN THAT EFFICIENCY IS NOT IMPORTANT FOR RENEWABLES?
NO!
BUT, IT IS IMPORTANT IN A DIFFERENT WAY, BECAUSE EFFICIENCY AFFECTS THE COST OF THE SYSTEM AND OF
THE ENERGY.
ILLUSTRATION
2 UNITS ENERGY IN 4 UNITS
ENERGY CONVERSION AND UTILIZATION
25% EFFIC.
ENERGY CONVERSION AND UTILIZATION
50% EFFIC.
1 UNIT ENERGY OUT 1 UNIT
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
• ENERGY EFFICIENCY MUST BE DETERMINED FROM “IN THE GROUND” THROUGH “END USE.”
2. FOR TRANSPORTATION THIS IS CALLED A “WELL TO WHEEL” ANALYSIS.
WELL TO TANK
TO TANK
WELL: FUEL SOURCE IN THE GROUND
PRODUCTIONTRANMISSION
CONVERSIONREFININGDISTRIBUTIONSTORAGEDISPENSING
TANK TO WHEEL
TO TANKFUEL IN THE TANK
ENGINE LOAD FACTORWEIGHT, IDLE
& RECOVERY FACTORTRANSMISSION
TO WHEELS
EFFICIENCY OF MULTISTEP PROCESS
SINGLE STEP:
STEP i, EFFICIENCY=
ηi = Ei / Ei-1
ENERGY IN, Ei-1
ENERGY OUT, Ei
N-STEP, MULTI-STEP OVERALL EFFICIENCY
ηO = EN / E0 = (E1/ E0)* (E2/E1)…*…*(EN/EN-1)
i = N= Π(ηi) i = 0
EXAMPLE:
SUPPOSE THAT THE EFFICIENCY OF EACH STEP IN A 4-STEP PROCESS IS 70 PERCENT, WHAT IS THE OVERALL EFFICIENCY?
ηO = (70)*(70)*(70)*(70) = 24 E 06 ??? Ooops!
η is ratio of energy in to energy out, not 100 times
that!! Therefore,
ηO=(0.7)*(0.7)* (0.7)* (0.7) = 0.2401 = 24%
ENGINE TANK-TO-WHEEL EFF
GASOLINE (SPARK 19%IGNITION--SI)
DIESEL (COMPRES-SION IGNITION--CI) 26%
GASOLINE-ELEC.HYBRID 36%
DIESEL-ELEC.HYBRID 45%
DIESELOTTO
PRESSURE VOLUME
HYBRID ELECTRIC
GASOLINE OR DIESEL ENGINE
BATTERY--DC
INVERTER-- AC DC
DRIVE TRAIN
GENERATOR & MOTOR--AC
WHEELS
ENERGY RECOVERY--AC
ENGINE TANK-TO-WHEEL EFF
GASOLINE 36% (gas)PLUG-IN HYBRID 81% (elec)
57% (combined)
DIESEL 45% (diesel)PLUG-IN HYBRID 81% (elec)
57% (combined)
ALL ELECTRIC 81%
FUEL CELL 44%
EXAMPLE: GASOLINE ELECTRIC HYBRID
EFF., %ENGINE (PEAK) 38
PART-LOAD FACTOR 85
TRANSMISSION 85
WEIGHT,IDLE,RECOVERY 130
η0,TtoW = 36 %
ANNUAL GASOLINE SAVINGS as a fraction of the usage
by an all-gasoline fleet in the same year. Scenario: Starting in year zero, all new vehicles are hybrid or electric.
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time, years
Fra
ctio
n
Diesel Hybrid-ElectricVehicles (DHEV), DieselPlug-in Hybrid-Electric (DPHEV20), or All Electric(EV)Plug-in Gasoline Hybrid-Electric Vehicles(PHEV20)
Gasoline Hybrid-Electric Vehicle (HEV)
CUMULATIVE GASOLINE SAVINGS as a fraction
of the cumulative usage by an all-gasoline fleet. Scenario: Starting in year zero, all new vehicles are hybrid or electric.
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time, years
Fra
ctio
n
Diesel Hybrid-Electric (DHEV), Diesel Plug-in Hybrid-Electric(DPHEV20), or All Electric (EV)Plug-in Gasoline Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV20)
Gasoline Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV)
Ratio of NUMBER OF VEHICLES to number at time zero.
Scenario: Starting at time zero, all new vehicles sold are hybrid electric or all electric.
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time, years
Rat
ioTotal Vehicles
Gasoline Vehicles
Hybrid-Electric or All Electric Vehicles
WELL TO TANK
WELL: FUEL SOURCE IN THE GROUND
PRODUCTIONTRANMISSION
CONVERSIONREFININGDISTRIBUTIONSTORAGEDISPENSING
TO TANK
(OR ON)WHAT IS IN^THE GROUND?
NON RENEWABLESPETROLEUM
NATURAL GASCOAL
URANIUM
RENEWABLESSUNSHINEBIOMASS
WINDOCEAN THERMAL, CURRENTS, TIDES
GEOTHERMAL
HOW CAN THESE BE TRANSPORTATION FUELS?
PETROLEUM—REFINE
NATURAL GAS—AS IS, H2 OR LIQUID FUEL
COAL—ELECTRICITY, H2 OR LIQUID FUEL
URANIUM—ELECT., H2
SUNSHINE—ELECT., BIOMASS, SPLIT WATER
BIOMASS—ELECT., LIQUID FUEL
WIND, OCEAN, GEOTHERMAL—ELECT.
CO2
COAL N2
PRODUCTS: HYDROGEN, DIESEL,
GASOLINE, ETHANOL, etc.
GASIFI-CATION
AIRSEPARATION
WATER GAS SHIFT
ACID GASREMOVAL
SYNTHESIS PROCESS
O2
STEAM
AIR
H2SCOH2
METALS
WELL TO TANKFUEL/SOURCE EFF
GASOLINEPETROLEUM 90%COAL 48%
ETHANOLPETROLEUM 55%COAL 50%CORN 125%SWITCH GRASS 400%
DIESELPETROLEUM 90%COAL 51%
WELL TO TANKFUEL/SOURCE EFFELECTRICITY
NG-COMBINED CYCLE 46%COAL-CONVENTIONAL 48%COAL-IGCC 36%NUCLEAR 27%
HYDROGENNG 48%COAL 38%
CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, g/MJin-tank
W-T T-WGASOLINE
PETROLEUM 94 72
ETHANOLNATURAL GAS 116 71CORN 87 71
DIESELCAOL 123 75
CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, g/MJin-tank
W-T T-WELECTRICITY
CONV.COAL 280 0NUCLEAR ~0 0
HYDROGENNATURAL GAS 80 0
TOTAL EMISSIONS PER MJ TO WHEEL=(W-T + T-W)/(T-W EFF.)
TODAY’S ~COSTTO HYBRID USE $/100 MILES
HYDROGEN 12CORN ETHANOL 8GASOLINE 6
DIESEL 4 ELECTRICITY 3
SUMMARARY & CONCLUSIONS1. THERE ARE VECHICLES
AND FUEL TECHNOLOGIES THAT CAN DRASTICALLY REDUCE GASOLINE USAGE AND CO2 EMISSIONS.
2. ALL NEW TECHNOLOGIES HAVE PROBLEMS.
3. WE SHOULD NOT RELY ON ONE APROACH.
4. START NOW! IT WILLTAKE 20+ YEARS TOPHASE-IN NEW TECHNOLOGIES. 5. ETHANOL-FUELEDHYBRIDS AND PLUG-IN HYBRIDS ARE THE MOST ATTRACTIVE OPTIONS NOW. THEY CAN REDUCE GASOLINE USE AND CO2 EMISSIONS BY A FACTOR OF ~4.
6. RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIES, OFFER GREAT POTENTIAL.