Upload
allyson-pitts
View
217
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Sustainable Sustainable Development in the Development in the Moslem World needs Moslem World needs Excellence in S&T: Excellence in S&T: Iran a case Study Iran a case Study
Reza MansouriReza Mansouri Sharif University of TechnologySharif University of Technology
Tehran, IranTehran, Iran
National Academy of Sciences, Washington, 13th September, 2006National Academy of Sciences, Washington, 13th September, 2006
Moslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006
2
Moslem World
• Population: %20• GDP < that of France• Literacy < %50• Scientific output: < %3• Scientific output of most active Moslem countries/ USA
(same population) ~ %10
Moslem Science, National AcadeMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, Septmy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ember 13th, 2006
33
Moslem Science, National AcadeMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, Septmy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ember 13th, 2006
44
Moslem Science, National AcadeMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, Septmy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ember 13th, 2006
55
Moslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006
6
Population Pyramid 2005/1384
MenWomen
Moslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006
7
پايان Iran’s Population, 2025
پيش بيني جمعيت ايران تا سال 1405
0
50
100
150
1355 1365 1375 1385 1395 1405
سال
ر(نف
ن يو
ميل( داد
تع
فرض حداقل فرض متوسط فرض حداکثر
Moslem Science, National AcadeMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, Septmy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ember 13th, 2006
88
Iran’s scientific contributionIran’s scientific contribution
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
19
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
86
87
88
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
Moslem Science, National AcadeMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, Septmy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ember 13th, 2006
99
Estimation of Iran’s Scientific Output up to Estimation of Iran’s Scientific Output up to 20102010
مرکزتحقيقاتسياستعلمیکشور NRISP
111109258
77156429
5357446437203100
31004030
52396811
8855
11512
14966
19456
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
20% 30%
Moslem Science, National AcadeMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, Septmy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ember 13th, 2006
1010
International publications: Egypt, Iran, International publications: Egypt, Iran,
TurkeyTurkey(ISI, evaluated by NRISP)(ISI, evaluated by NRISP)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Iran Turkey Egypt
Moslem Science, National AcadeMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, Septmy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ember 13th, 2006
1111
Average IF of Iran’s Scientific OutputAverage IF of Iran’s Scientific Output
تحقيقاتسياستعلمیکشور مرکزNRISP
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Iran 2002 Iran 2003 World
Moslem Science, National AcadeMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, Septmy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ember 13th, 2006
1212
Iran’s International Scientific Collaboration Iran’s International Scientific Collaboration 20022002
تحقيقاتسياستعلمیکشور مرکز
NRISP
8983
49
30 2722 21 17
12 11 10 9 7 6 6 5 5 5
117
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Moslem Science, National AcadeMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, Septmy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ember 13th, 2006
1313
Number of countries having scientific Number of countries having scientific
collaboration with Irancollaboration with Iran(ISI; evaluated by NRISP)(ISI; evaluated by NRISP)
31 29
4754
0102030405060
2000 2001 2002 2003
Moslem Science, National AcadeMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, Septmy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ember 13th, 2006
1414
Number of new companies in techno-parks Number of new companies in techno-parks and/or incubatorsand/or incubators
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2002 2003 Nov.2004 Mar.2005
Moslem Science, National AcadeMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, Septmy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ember 13th, 2006
1515
Number of Patents per 100 ISI Papers :Number of Patents per 100 ISI Papers :Iran & World AverageIran & World Average
تحقيقاتسياستعلمیکشور مرکز
NRISP
0.00 0.00 0.00
15
1312
1514 14
16
14
17
1516
15 15
14 14
18 1819 19
0.150.000.100.00 0.000.170.45
0.560.37
0.420.97
1.380.710.81
0.77
0.000.00
0.79
1414
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
19
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
20
00
20
01
Iran
World
Moslem Science, National AcadeMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, Septmy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ember 13th, 2006
1616
Books )separate titles( published in IranBooks )separate titles( published in Iran
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
3500019
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 9920
0020
0120
02
مرکزتحقيقاتسياستعلمیکشور NRISP
Moslem Science, National AcadeMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, Septmy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ember 13th, 2006
1717
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
Iran 2002 USA 2002 Canada 2002 Turkey 1998 Malaysia1998 India 2002
Book titles published: a Book titles published: a comparative diagramcomparative diagram
Moslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006
18
www.cbc.ir
Moslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006
19
Encyclopedia for Young People (EYP)EYP is a general work, containing articles on topics in many different fields with authoritative and precise facts and data presented in simple language accompanied by illustrations, maps, charts and tables for young people of 10 to 16 years of age. What is most important is the Iranian aspect of this monumental effort.
www.cbc.ir
Moslem Science, National Academy of SciMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ences, Washington, September 13th, 2006
2020
Vision, Iran 1404/2025Vision, Iran 1404/2025
Being the first rank in economy, science,
and technology in the region, keeping
pace with the increasingly progressive
growth of science...
Proclamation of the Vision, Iran 1404/2025 Proclamation of the Vision, Iran 1404/2025
Moslem Science, National Academy of SciMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ences, Washington, September 13th, 2006
2121
Vision, Iran 1404/2025Vision, Iran 1404/2025
Expanded collaborative relations, in all
aspects, with friendly countries, the Islamic
world, and countries of the region; joining
international collaborations towards the
world peace.
Proclamation of the Vision, Iran 1404/2025 Proclamation of the Vision, Iran 1404/2025
Moslem Science, National Academy of SciMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ences, Washington, September 13th, 2006
2222
Vision, Iran 1404/2025Vision, Iran 1404/2025
Having diversified knowledge based economy, human resources, and advanced
technology.
Proclamation of the Vision, Iran 1404/2025 Proclamation of the Vision, Iran 1404/2025
Moslem Science, National Academy of SciMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ences, Washington, September 13th, 2006
2323
Declaration 2001Declaration 2001
Proclamation of Scientific Development of Islamic Proclamation of Scientific Development of Islamic Republic of Iran Republic of Iran
Humanities, social sciences, and arts play an
important and undeniable role in the social,
economic, cultural and political development of the
country. Every effort should be made to compensate
the weaknesses in these areas in our country.
Moslem Science, National Academy of SciMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ences, Washington, September 13th, 2006
2424
UU UUDeclaration 2001Declaration 2001
Precise and unambiguous definitions for terms and concepts related to science and technology, their different manifestations, pertaining to new national and international situations, must be introduced to make a rational planning and its proper execution in science, research, and technology possible.
Promotion of logical, scientific, and analytical thinking and dissemination of culture of dialog in the society are essential to cultural development and the realization of democracy. Thus propagation of science is considered essential for the general culture of the society and for the growth of rationality at all social levels.
Moslem Science, National Academy of SciMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ences, Washington, September 13th, 2006
2525
Declaration 2001Declaration 2001
We believe that scientific and technological development play an important role in the dissemination of peace and dialogue in the world. Hence, we presume that universities and research centers are of prime importance in bringing about international understandings.
We have had a considerable quantitative growth in our higher education during the recent two decades after the Islamic revolution. We are determined to start a new period with emphasis on excellence in all the aspects of science and research.
Moslem Science, National AcadeMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, Septmy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ember 13th, 2006
2626
But Why
is there no university from the Moslem world within the top 500 universities of the world?
is the science production in the Moslem world, except in Iran and Turkey, almost stagnating?
none of the countries in the Moslem world, despite many attempts and legislative actions, could increase its R&D expenditures above 0.7% of its GDP?
Moslem Science, National AcadeMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, Septmy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ember 13th, 2006
2727
Why
are the human development indices in the Moslem world catastrophically low?
is fundamentalism taking root in the poor as well as the rich Moslem countries?
are we facing a clash in the ME after thousands of years of coexistence?
and why does the Moslem world seem so and why does the Moslem world seem so different from the rest of the world?different from the rest of the world?
Moslem Science, National AcadeMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, Septmy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ember 13th, 2006
2828
Modernity and the Modernity and the Science conceptScience concept
The concepts of S&T are social The concepts of S&T are social constructs on which modernity is based;constructs on which modernity is based;
Modern rationality and the social and Modern rationality and the social and cultural values related to it are based cultural values related to it are based heavily on the modern concept of heavily on the modern concept of science;science;
The modern concept of time, so crucial in The modern concept of time, so crucial in modern life, is directly connected to the modern life, is directly connected to the concept of dynamics in the natural concept of dynamics in the natural sciences. sciences.
Moslem Science, National AcadeMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, Septmy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ember 13th, 2006
2929
Science concept in the Science concept in the Moslem worldMoslem world
science is subordinate to theology;science is subordinate to theology;
as a result, rationality in the Moslem world as a result, rationality in the Moslem world is not based on science, but on religion;is not based on science, but on religion;
the cultural and social values of the society the cultural and social values of the society are almost completely determined by are almost completely determined by religion. religion.
Moslem Science, National AcadeMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, Septmy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ember 13th, 2006
3030
House of Translation
Discontinued TraditionDiscontinued Tradition
Jondishapour Medical School/4th Century
Islamic Era
Hospital Observatory Jaame Mosque
Nezamieh
Madraseh
Pre-Islamic Era
Ratio
nalism
:10th-
14th
Sym
bo
lism- A
nti-
Ratio
nalistic
trend
s:15th&
16th
Library
Moslem Science, National AcadeMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, Septmy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ember 13th, 2006
3131
Modern Era-Qajar Dynasty13th/19th Century
Polytechnic of Tehran
School of Medicine
School of Law
School of Agriculture
Seminary
Modern Era-Pahlavi
Tehran Uni.Islamic Revolution
EraShiraz Uni.
Center for graduate Studies in Basic
Sciences-Zanjan
Islamic Azad Uni.KNT Uni.
Ign
oran
ce: 16th – 19th
Su
rprise:
1811- 1925
Self -
realization
: 1925- 1979
Aw
areness:
1979-
TM University
Sharif University of
Technology.
Moslem Science, National AcadeMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, Septmy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ember 13th, 2006
3232
Symbolism; Anti-Symbolism; Anti-rationalistic trends: rationalistic trends:
1515thth & 16 & 16th th
Ghazali & Nezam-ol-molkGhazali & Nezam-ol-molk::
Philosophy reduced to ethics;Philosophy reduced to ethics;
Science only deemed useful as it served a Science only deemed useful as it served a rigid theology;rigid theology;
Beginning of an era where Beginning of an era where science was science was reduced to theology.reduced to theology.
Moslem Science, National AcadeMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, Septmy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ember 13th, 2006
3333
Ignorance: 16Ignorance: 16thth – 19 – 19thth
““..we have, therefore, proved there is no need ..we have, therefore, proved there is no need to teach philosophy except what the “ulama” to teach philosophy except what the “ulama” have decided to include in their sciences. have decided to include in their sciences. Therefore, the Sheikh-ol-islam has to be careful Therefore, the Sheikh-ol-islam has to be careful not to allow anyone to be taught …”not to allow anyone to be taught …”
Solouk-ol-molouk,Solouk-ol-molouk,
Fazl-ol-lah Rouzbehaan,Fazl-ol-lah Rouzbehaan,
Contemporary to GalileoContemporary to Galileo
Moslem Science, National AcadeMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, Septmy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ember 13th, 2006
3434
Surprise: 1811 - 1925
…a large and right building has been constructed in Tehran’s Arg square for the education of all techniques and is named Dar-ol-fonoun and it is the intention of his imperial majesty that the children of his government learn some sciences not prevalent in our country…
Vaghaye-e Ettefaaghiyeh, 1268/1852
Moslem Science, National AcadeMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, Septmy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ember 13th, 2006
3535
Self-realization: 1925 - Self-realization: 1925 - 19791979
……you are requested to study the number you are requested to study the number of teachers and the kind of facilities of teachers and the kind of facilities needed for the establishment of a Dar-ol-needed for the establishment of a Dar-ol-fonoun offering medical pedagogy and fonoun offering medical pedagogy and road building engineering (paved roads road building engineering (paved roads and railways) in Tehran and also to find and railways) in Tehran and also to find out about the approximate costs...out about the approximate costs...
Teimour Taash, Reza Shah’s minister of court, to Issa Sadigh at Teimour Taash, Reza Shah’s minister of court, to Issa Sadigh at Coloumbia university, 1932Coloumbia university, 1932
Moslem Science, National AcadeMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, Septmy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ember 13th, 2006
3636
Research?Research?
During the establishment of the colleges of During the establishment of the colleges of literature and sciences I recognized that the literature and sciences I recognized that the objective was not merely to train a number of objective was not merely to train a number of students in a subject, but research should also students in a subject, but research should also be one of the aims of a university. To achieve be one of the aims of a university. To achieve this goal, first of all, lectures taught by this goal, first of all, lectures taught by professors are to be limited to their specific professors are to be limited to their specific fields. Therefore, a professor of geography can fields. Therefore, a professor of geography can not be assigned to instruct history… and not be assigned to instruct history… and professors should translate important professors should translate important resources they had used for their lectures…resources they had used for their lectures…
Isa Sadigh, Memoires, 1969Isa Sadigh, Memoires, 1969
Moslem Science, National AcadeMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, Septmy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ember 13th, 2006
3737
Awareness: 1979-Awareness: 1979-
Different policy papers;Different policy papers; Four five years economic development Four five years economic development
plans: sections for S&T;plans: sections for S&T; Huge increase in almost any Huge increase in almost any
scientometric parameter. scientometric parameter.
Moslem Science, National AcadeMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, Septmy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ember 13th, 2006
3838
Concepts of ScienceConcepts of Science
1. Theology as science;1. Theology as science; 2. Pre-Galilean natural philosophy as 2. Pre-Galilean natural philosophy as
science;science; 3. Contents of text-books as science;3. Contents of text-books as science; 4. Modern concept of science as a 4. Modern concept of science as a
process of creation of knowledgeprocess of creation of knowledge
Moslem Science, National AcadeMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, Septmy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ember 13th, 2006
3939
Most prevalent concept of Science
Science of religion is the basis, added to it some knowledge (not science, just data): obsolete concept of science
Moslem Science, National AcadeMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, Septmy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ember 13th, 2006
4040
We are facing many challenges in the We are facing many challenges in the Moslem world given the different Moslem world given the different consequences of the obsolete concept of consequences of the obsolete concept of science.science.
Moslem Science, National AcadeMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, Septmy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ember 13th, 2006
4141
Crucial EmphasisCrucial Emphasis Reform yes, but the emphasis Reform yes, but the emphasis
should be on implementing should be on implementing modern concepts of S&T modern concepts of S&T towards establishing a scientific towards establishing a scientific community and a science based community and a science based economy;economy;
This can only be achieved This can only be achieved through through excellence in S&T;excellence in S&T;