Sustainable Development in the Mediterranean · 2020. 11. 11. · 3. Six Transformations to achieve the SDGs and challenges 14 3.1 Transformation 1. Education, gender and inequality

SustainableDevelopmentintheMediterraneanReport2020

Transforma*onstoachievethe SustainableDevelopmentGoals

SustainableDevelopmentintheMediterraneanReport2020

Transformationstoachievethe SustainableDevelopmentGoals

2

September2020

©SustainableDevelopmentSolutionsNetworkMediterranean

ThisreporthasbeenpreparedbytheteamofindependentexpertsatSDSNMediterranean,hostedbytheUniversityofSiena–SantaChiaraLab.AsadedicatededitionfocusedonMediterraneancountries,itisbasedondataandelaborationsoftheSustainableDevelopmentReport2020,preparedbytheBertelsmannStiftungandtheSustainableDevelopmentSolutionNetwork(SDSN)andpublishedbyCambridgeUniversityPress.

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Acknowledgements

The2020ReportonSustainableDevelopment intheMediterraneanpresentsanoverviewofresultsachievedfor24Mediterranean countries extracted from the Sustainable Development Report 2020. It was prepared by a team ofexperts of the University of Siena – Santa Chiara Lab, as the hosting institution of the Sustainable DevelopmentSolutionsNetwork for theMediterraneanArea (SDSN-Mediterranean). The reportwas coordinated by RiccardoM.Pulselliunder thedirectionofAngeloRiccaboni (SDSNMediterranean)and the supervisionof JeffreySachs (SDSN).LeadwritersareRiccardoM.Pulselli,MassimoGigliotti,SimoneCresti,AngeloRiccaboni (SDSNMediterranean)andJeffreySachs(SDSN).

TheMediterranean Countries Edition is based on indices and indicators presented in the Sustainable DevelopmentReport 2020 (Sachs et al. 2020) and partially replicates tables and figures with a specific focus onMediterraneancountries.Compared to theoriginaldocument, itprovides substantial integrations concerning the interpretationofresults in theMedArea, theirvisualisation in the formofmaps,andspecific recommendationsandpolicies for theimplementationofSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)referringtotheSixTransformationsFrameworkbySachsetal.(2019).

Scope of the report is to facilitate the reading of the Sustainable Development Report 2020 through the optic ofMediterraneancountriesinordertoshareknowledgeoncurrenttrendstowardsSDGsanddrivecommonaction.

Tocitethisreport,pleasementionthefollowingreference:

Riccaboni,A.,Sachs,J.,Cresti,S.,Gigliotti,M.,Pulselli,R.M.(2020):SustainableDevelopmentintheMediterranean.Report2020.TransformationstoachievetheSustainableDevelopmentGoals.Siena:SustainableDevelopmentSolutionsNetworkMediterranean(SDSNMediterranean).

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TableofContents

Foreword 5

ExecutiveSummary 6

1.OverviewoftheMediterraneancontext 8

2.TheSDGIndexandDashboards 102.1TheSDGDashboards 11

3.SixTransformationstoachievetheSDGsandchallenges 143.1Transformation1.Education,genderandinequality 16

3.2TransformationHealth,WellbeingandDemography 27

3.3TransformationEnergy,DecarbonisationandSustainableIndustry 38

3.4TransformationSustainableFood,Land,WaterandSea 48

3.5TransformationSustainableCitiesandCommunities 61

3.6TransformationDigitalRevolutionforSustainableDevelopment 71

4.RecommendedpoliciestoachievetheSDGs 754.1Transformation1.PoliciesforEducation,genderandinequality 76

4.2Transformation2.PoliciesforHealth,WellbeingandDemography 79

4.3Transformation3.PoliciesforEnergy,DecarbonisationandSustainableIndustry 83

4.4Transformation4.PoliciesforSustainableFood,Land,WaterandSea 89

4.5Transformation5.PoliciesforSustainableCitiesandCommunities 95

4.6Transformation6.PoliciesforDigitalRevolutionforSustainableDevelopment 101

5.Conclusion 103

References 104

SustainableDevelopmentintheMediterranean–Report2020 5

ForewordWearepleased to launch thesecondeditionof the reporton theSustainableDevelopment in theMediterranean -TransformationstoachievetheSustainableDevelopmentGoals. It focuseson24Mediterraneancountrieshostingapopulationofover520millionpeople to show thecurrent levelof achievementof theSDGs in theMediterraneanregion.

ThereportbuildsontheSustainableDevelopmentReport2020,preparedjointlybytheBertelsmannStiftungandtheSustainableDevelopmentSolutionsNetwork(SDSN).

TheSDGindex,theindicespereachSDGandtheentiresetofindicatorsaretakenfromtheSustainableDevelopmentReport2020.Maps(onepereachindicator)andadditionalrawdata(whenrelevant)havebeenspecificallyproducedtofacilitatetheunderstandingofcurrenttrendsanddrivecommonactionintheMediterraneanarea.This initiativehasbeenundertakenby theUniversityof Siena - SantaChiara Lab, hosting institutionof theSDSNMediterranean,togetherwithSDSN,toraiseawarenessontheSDGsandfostertheimplementationoftransformationstrategies.

In particular, these strategies should follow the Six Transformations Framework presented by Sachs et al. (2019).Statisticaldatahasbeenthereforeaggregatedandinterpretedwiththeaimofshowingthecurrentstateandprogressper each transformation: 1. Education, Gender and Inequality; 2. Health, Wellbeing and Demography; 3. EnergyDecarbonisation and Sustainable Industry; 4. Sustainable Food, Land,Water andOceans; 5. “SustainableCities andCommunities”; 6. Harnessing the Digital Revolution for Sustainable Development. Given the complexity and widerange of topics, highly interconnected to each other, the report proposes an innovative operationalmethodology,startingfromtheaggregationandvisualrepresentationofindicators,totheidentificationofmainchallengesandthedefinitionofpoliciestoinformactionaddressedtogovernments,businessesandotherstakeholders.

In the forewordof previousedition, co-authoredwith Jeffrey Sachs,weanticipated that the reviewprocesswouldhave possibly becomemore systematic and been further improved by engaging thematic experts from centres ofexcellence in Southern Europe,Middle East andNorthAfrica, to identify and share possible solutions according totheirexpertise.Inlinewithit,inthe2020edition,westartedacooperativeworkwith6Mediterraneanhubs,onepereachtransformation,calledtoproposesuitablepoliciesfortheaccomplishmentofthesixtransformations.

This method makes the Mediterranean edition of the SDSN report more than a monitoring report, but rather adecision-support tool dealing with the six transformations and four geographical areas: Europe west, Europe east(SouthernEurope),MiddleEastandNorthAfrica(MENA).

TheSDSNSustainableDevelopmentReport2020dedicatesaconsistentsectiontothesanitaryemergencyinducedbytheCOVID19.Sachsandco-authorsanalysetherealandpotentialnegativeimpactstotheSDGs,besidesitsdramaticeffectsintermsofliveslost.TheapproachfollowedintheSDSNReportissuitablealsototheMediterraneancontext.Relevantdamagescanbeexpectedinmanyofthemonitoredindicatorsandincreasinglydifficultchallengeswillrelatewith poverty rates, social and gender inequalities, educational systems, community building and internationalpartnerships.Besidessocialandeconomicimpacts,despiteoftemporarygoodeffectsontheenvironmentrecordedduring the lock-down, a decreased attention to climate and environmental issues can be also expected. ThesealarmingscenariosmustbeavoidedandurgentlyhandledbypromotingtheSDGsasthemostpromisingwayouttorebuildasustainableandhealthysociety,theonlyavailableplan.

The Mediterranean region in general presents high environmental, social and cultural challenges. Transnationalpartnerships, although complicated, are key to deal with them. To this aims, the SDGs analysis can be useful toidentify commonstrategiesandsharebestpracticesandpolicies, keeping inmind thatgradualprogressandpolicychangesarenotenoughanddeeptransformationsareurgent.Wehaveaverylongwaytogo.Proactivebehavioursby governments, businesses, citizens and all the stakeholders in theMediterranean region to finally close the gapbetweenrhetoricandactionareneeded.Wehopethatourfocusontransformationssupportssuchcollectiveefforts.

AngeloRiccaboni

DirectorMediterraneanSustainableDevelopmentSolutionsNetwork

JeffreySachs

DirectorSustainableDevelopmentSolutionsNetwork


ExecutiveSummaryThe2020Report,SustainableDevelopmentintheMediterranean,presentstheSDGIndexandDashboardsforthe24countriesoftheMediterraneanarea,acomplexenvironment,sharedbythreecontinents,seriouslyaffectedbyglobalwarming,beingthemostvulnerabletoclimatechangeintheworld,aftertheArtic(section1).Thescores,meantasgeneralmeasuresofthedistancetoSDGtargets,havebeenreportedpercountryandassessedinthefouraggregatedregions(valuesweightedbypopulation)andintheallMediterraneanarea(section2).

As a result, given a general score of 73.5 of theMediterranean area (meaning that SDG targets are achieved by73.5%),theSDGindexshowsbetterperformanceinEuropeWest(78.5)andlowervaluesinEuropeEast(74.8),NorthAfrica(70.2)andMiddleEast(70.2).Nevertheless,thespillover indexlooks inverselyproportionaltotheSDGindex,sincebetterperformingcountries tendtonegatively impactonothercountries (e.g. financial, trade,environmentalissues),oftencompromisingtheireffortsforimprovements.

InordertounpacktheSDGindicesandproperlyunderstandresults,thisreportpresentsasystematicmethodologytorepresentandinterpretanysingleindicatorandprovideacomprehensivecurrentstatepictureoftheMediterraneanarea (section 3). To this regard, the Six Transformations proposed by Sachs et al. (2019) have been taken as thereferenceoperativeframeworkto informanddriveaction. Inparticular,theSDSNindicators,madespatiallyexplicitthroughdedicatedmaps,havebeengatheredbasedontheirrelevanceforthemonitoringandassessmentofthesixtransformationsandusedtodeterminethemainchallengestobefacedpereachtransformation.

Once identified and briefly described, challenges became the basic reference for determining sets of policiesaddressed tovariousstakeholders to implementactions for improvementand increase thecapacityofcountries toaccomplish the six transformations (section 4). At this stage, the SDSNMediterranean has selected six referenceinstitutionsbasedon theirexpertise,onepereach transformation.ThesixMediterraneanhubs shared informationandcooperatedtoassemblethebasicguidelinestofosterconcretechangestowardstheSDGs.

AsfortheMediterraneanoverview,indicesanddisaggregatedindicatorsprovideacomprehensiveinformationonthecurrentstateandtrendstowardstheSDGs.Ingeneral,allthe24MediterraneancountriesarefarfromachievingtheSDGsandmustimprovetheirperformance.

Consideringaverageincomes,almost50millionpeople(12%)intheMedareaareat risk of #poverty, including 27 million Europeans. This picture refers to theperiod before the pandemic crisis and can be supposed to dramatically worsenafterthelockdownandthesubsequenteconomicscrisis.

#woman rightsandopportunities for#womanemancipationmustbe improved,especiallyconsideringratesofscholarship,participationinlabourforceandpolicy(e.g.seatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments:37%inEurope;18%inMENA).

The#jobmarket looksstagnant.Unemploymentratesarearound11%inaverageinMED,withhomogeneityinthefourregions.ThenumberofNEET(youthnotinemployment, education or training) is increasing in OECD countries involvingalmost20%ofyoungpeople.

Wrong#foodhabits impactonhealthandthehealthcaresystem.Obesityaffectsfrom 18 to 35% of the Mediterranean population (almost 95 million in total),namely34millionpeopleinEuropewest,34millioninNorthAfricaand24millionintheMiddleEast.#sustainableagricultureisamongthemostdesirablepracticestodeploywithpositiveeffectsonsocialhealthinessandtheenvironment.

#watermanagement isacrucial issue,alsodependingonthe relevanteffectsofclimate change in the Mediterranean area. Especially MENA countries, poor inwater,risktofurthercompromisetheaccesstobasicdrinkingwaterandsanitationservices, besides the risks for agriculture practices being farmersmajor users ofwaterresources.


Regarding#waterquality,basicservicesofwastewatertreatmentareperformedin Europe West at 78%, in Middle East at 36%, in North Africa at 31% and inEasternEuropeonlyat29%.Thishasalsoimpactsonseawaterquality,highlightedas a critical issue in theMediterranean basin that needs to enlarge and enforce#environmentalprotectioninmarineandmaritimeareas.

#airquality inurbanareasneedscarefulmonitoring.Inparticular,thepercentageofmedpopulationexposedtohighratesofPM2.5ishighespeciallyintheMENAcountries.ValuesinEuropearelowerbutnotnegligible.Consideringthehighrateof urbanisation in Med (over 70% population leaves in cities) and the relatedrespiratory diseases (higher vulnerability to the COVID 19), this represents anurgentproblemtohandle.

The share of renewable energy and the quantity of carbon emission per unit ofelectricity are promising factors in Europe, although improvements are stillneeded.Nevertheless,investmentstowards#sustainableenergysystemsinMENAcountriesneedaconsistentacceleration.ThisisevenmoreimportantconsideringthehighvulnerabilityoftheMediterraneanareatoclimatechange.

QualityofHigherEducationUniversityismedium-highinEuropewestandMiddleEast, with lower performance in Europe east and North Africa. Nevertheless,investments in #R&I should consistently increase, especially looking at theexpenditures of countries in research activities: 1.6% in Europe west, 0.3% inEuropeeast,1.9%inMiddleEastand0.5%inNorthAfrica.

Regarding the protection of marine environment, capture #fisheries are oftenbased on unsustainable practices and need more stringent regulations andmonitoring.Moreover,aquaculturecanbeanalternativesolution,providedthatitis sustainably performed. #environmental protection through protected areas(including freshwater and lands) is still insufficient and needs to be furtherenlarged;seawaterqualityalsoneedsconstantmonitoringinallMEDcountries.

Mainlyfocusingonurbanareas,butwithoutneglectingruralareas, #accessibilitytoservicessuchaspublictransportand#wastemanagementmustbeimprovedinalltheMediterraneanregion.#digitalinfrastructuresshouldalsoguaranteehigheraccessibilityratestointernet(80%inEuropeandonly57%inMENA).

Among the forms of #crime, the perception of corruption is high in most ofMediterranean countries and #press freedom should be safeguarded in everycountry as essential factor of fairness and equality. High levels of inequality in#wealthdistribution (family income)arerecorded intheallMediterraneanarea,with highest values in the Middle East. The #weapon market, especiallyconcerning exports of conventional weapons, is prosperous in Europe west andneedspecialattention.

The general overviewon theMediterranean areapresented in this report is basedon SDSN indices and indicatorspublishedintheSustainableDevelopmentReport2020(Sachsetal.2020)and,althoughwideandarticulatedenough,isanyhowpartialandnotexhaustive.Insomecases,indicatorshavebeencoupledwithrawdataallowingforabetterinterpretation of results but many details still miss and, sometimes, due to the complexity of theMediterraneanenvironment, can bring to contradictions and statistical weaknesses. The suggested framework looks useful tounderstandthecurrentsituationsregardingtheSDGtargetsanditdemonstratedtobeaneffectivemethodtoshareinformationandletagroupofMediterraneanhubscooperatefortheidentificationofconcretestrategiesandpoliciestobepromotedamonggovernments, communitiesandother stakeholders.Ageneral roadmapemerging fromthiscooperativeanalysisisfinallyreported(session5).


1.OverviewoftheMediterraneanContextTheMediterranean Sea identifies a unique area shared by three different continents. The 24 countries analysed -dividedintofourmacro-areas:WesternEurope,EasternEurope,MiddleEast,NorthAfrica–showmanydifferencesfrom the cultural, religious, social and economic viewpoints. Countries have various spatial dimensions, their ownhistory, traditions and peculiarities, and also different approaches in the global network; they are deeplyinterconnectedthroughthesea,nowadayssceneofsocio-politicalcompromises,humanmigrations,tradeandenergyexchanges.

Figure1|Mediterraneancountriesaggregatedinthefourregionalareas.

In addition to the21 countriesdirectly facing theMediterraneanSea, Portugal,NorthMacedonia and Jordanhavebeenincludedconsideringtheirgeo-politicalinfluenceintheMediterraneanarea.Thepopulationofthe24countrieshasmorethandoubledsince1960(+114%),andhostnowadaysmorethan500millionpeople,withdifferentgrowthtrendsinthefourmacro-areas:+33%inSouthEuropeand+250%intheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica(MENA).Inthedecade2008-2018 theMediterraneanpopulationhas increasedby11%,with ratesof over 2% inWesternEurope,almost18%inMiddleEastand20%inNorthAfrica,andadecreaseof3%inEasternEurope.Thepopulationcurrentlyliving in urban areas is on average 70%; this follows a growing depopulation of the rural areas. Urbanization hasincreasedby38%since1990,whileemploymentintheagriculturalsectorhasdecreasedby44%(WorldBankdata).

TheMediterraneanareaisaclimatehotspot,wheretemperatureshavealreadyincreasedby1.5C°,whiletheworldaverageincreaseis1.1C°.ThewarmingeffectintheMediterraneanisnowmoreintensethaninmostoftheworld,with increasing risks associated to climate change (Cramer et al. 2018; MedECC 2019). Projections indicate thattemperaturecouldriceupto2.2C°in2040and3.8C°in2100,besidesaprogressivereductioninprecipitation(-10%inEuropeancountriesand-30%intheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica).Atthesametime,extremerainfallevents,heatwavesanddroughtsmaybe10-20%moreintenseandfrequent,thusthreateningwatersupplyofmillionsofpeople.

SLOVENIA

CROATIA

BOSNIA&HERZEGOVINA

MONTENEGRO

ALBANIA

NORTHMACEDONIA

CYPRUS

TURKEY

SYRIA

LEBANONISRAELPALESTINEJORDAN

MOROCCOALGERIA

TUNISIALIBYA

EGYPT

EUROPEEAST

EUROPEWEST

NORTHAFRICA

MIDDLEEAST

MALTA

FRANCE

ITALY

SPAINPORTUGAL

GREECE


Duetoclimatechangeandincreasedconsumption,freshwaterreservesareexpectedtodecreaseby2%to15%intheMediterraneanregion.Theriskofdamagingwaterresourcesisamongthehighestintheworld.ThecurrentsituationoftheMediterraneanpopulationisclassifiedas"poorinwater"withlessthan1,000m3/yearpercapita;nevertheless,wateravailabilityinsomelocations,suchasSouth-easternSpainandNorthAfrica,isfurtherdecreasingandcouldfallinto a condition of “water scarcity” (below 500m3/year per capita), affecting around 250million people in 2040.Wateravailabilityisacrucialissuethatriskstocausepoliticalinstability,newconflicts,increasedmigration,andcrisisintheagriculturalsector(irrigationrepresents50-90%ofthedemandforwaterintheMediterraneancountries).

ThesurfacetemperatureoftheMediterraneanhasbeenincreasingby0.4C°every10yearsbetween1985and2006(+0.3C ° in thewesternpartand+0.5C ° in theeasternpartof thebasin). Projections to2100 indicateapossibleincreasefrom+1.8to+3.5C°inseawatertemperaturecomparedtothe1961-1990average,withaconsequentriseinsea levelwhich isalreadytakingplace inaprogressiveandworryingway: from0.7mm/year in1945-2000,and1.1mm/year in 1970-2006, to 3 mm/year recorded in 2006-2019. This also affects marine currents with ecologicaldecompensation. Risks due to sea level rise include the saline intrusion near the deltas of the most importantMediterraneanriverbasins(Nile,Ebro,RodanoandPo)andthelossofimportantagriculturalareas.

Foodsecurityandtheinternalproductioncapacity,comparedtoimports,aredirectlyinfluencedbyincreasingwaterscarcity and soil degradation, bothmedium-long termeffects of climate change. Saladini et al. (2018) presented acomprehensivediagnosisoftheWater-Energy-FoodNexusintheMediterraneanregionandpointedattentiontothealarmingtrendstowardsfoodimbalance(e.g.importofcereals),scarcityofwaterresources(70%ofwhichisusedforagriculture) and the increased demand for energy for the extraction, treatment and supply ofwater, especially insomeMENAcountries.

TheMediterranean Sea is subject to overfishing. Estimates indicate that only 50%of the current fish-stockwill beavailable by 2050,while fishing activitywill decrease by at least 20%on the southernMediterranean coast in thecomingyears.Aquaculture iscurrently thesourceof50%ofcommercializedfishandplaysan importantrole intheeconomy of some coastal communities, with an increase of 112% by 2030 compared to 2010 values in EuropeanMediterraneancountries.


2.The2020SDGIndexandDashboardsTheSDGIndextrackscountryperformancetowardstheSDGs.All17goalsareweightedequallyintheIndexandthescoresignifiesacountry’spositionbetweentheworst(0)andthebestortarget(100)outcomes.Table1showstheSDGIndexandworldrankfor24Mediterraneancountries,classifiedaccordingtoregionand incomegroup.Asacomprehensivesystem,hosting520millionpeople,theMediterraneanregionhasanaverageindexscoreof73.5,hypotheticallycorrespondingtothe50thpositionoftheworldrank.ThissuggeststhattheMediterraneanregionisonaverageover73%ofthewaytothefullyachievementofthe17SDGscomprehensively.

Among the 24Mediterranean Countries,most of European countries performwell on the Index score. Among the fourMediterraneanregions,valuesofmeanindex(weightedbypopulation)arevariable,being78.5(ideallycorrespondingtotheworldrank18)inEuropeWest,74.8inEuropeEast(worldrank38),70.2inNorthAfricaandtheMiddleEast(worldrank72).

However,evenEuropeancountriesatthetopofthe listperformsignificantlybelowthemaximumscoreof100andneedsignificant improvements. Libya and Palestine are not included in the SDG index list being most of data unavailable;nevertheless,theyarebothincludedinthediscussionconcerningtheindicators.

ValuesoftheSpilloverIndexhavebeenalsoreportedinthetable.Theymeasuretransboundaryimpactsgeneratedbyonecountryonothers,whichmayinturnunderminetheothercountries’capacitiestoachievetheSDGs.Theassessmentreferstostatisticsonfinancialspillovers (e.g., financialsecrecy,profitshifting),environmentalandsocial impactsembodied intotrade and consumption (e.g., imported CO2 emissions, imported biodiversity threats, accidents at work embodied intotrade),andsecurity/developmentcooperation(ODA,weaponsexports).Indexscorerangesfrom0(poorperformance,i.e.,significantnegativespillovers)to100(goodperformance,i.e.,nosignificantnegativespillovers).ItisclearhowthespilloverindexscoresareofteninverselyproportionaltotheSDGindex. Inotherwords, impactsofcountries inEuropeWest,withhigher income and negative spillover effects, are partially imposed upon other countries and risk to compromise theirperformanceandchancesforimprovement.

Table1|SDGIndex,GlobalrankandSpilloverindex(valuesofaggregatedregionsareweightedperpopulation).

Incomegroup

PopulationSDGINDEX

scoreGlobalrank

Spilloverindex

France Ewest HIC 65,273,512 81.1 4 51.1Greece Ewest HIC 10,423,056 74.3 43 69.4Italy Ewest HIC 60,461,828 77.0 30 69.0Malta Ewest HIC 441,539 76.0 32 56.3Portugal Ewest HIC 10,196,707 77.6 25 66.7Spain Ewest HIC 46,754,783 78.1 22 61.3EUROPEWest Ewest _ 193,551,425 78.5 18 61.0Albania Eeast UMIC 2,877,800 70.8 68 94.3BosniaandHerzegovina Eeast UMIC 3,280,815 73.5 50 95.8Croatia Eeast HIC 4,105,268 78.4 19 83.1Cyprus Eeast HIC 1,207,361 75.2 34 59.9Montenegro Eeast UMIC 628,062 70.2 72 68.9NorthMacedonia Eeast UMIC 2,083,380 71.4 62 93.8Slovenia Eeast HIC 2,078,932 79.8 12 66.4EUROPEEast Eeast _ 16,261,618 74.8 38 84.6SOUTHERNEUROPE E _ 209,813,043 78.2 20 62.8Israel ME HIC 8,655,541 74.6 40 66.7Jordan ME UMIC 10,203,140 68.1 89 89.2Lebanon ME UMIC 6,825,442 66.7 95 78.8Palestine ME _ 6,825,442 _ _ _Syria ME LIC _ 59.3 126 98.4Turkey ME UMIC 84,339,067 70.3 70 93.3MIDDLEEAST ME _ 116,848,632 70.2 72 89.9Algeria NA UMIC 43,851,043 72.3 56 97.4Egypt NA LMIC 102,334,403 68.8 83 98.5Libya NA _ _ _ _ _Morocco NA LMIC 36,910,558 71.3 64 98.1Tunisia NA LMIC 11,818,618 71.4 63 94.2NORTHAFRICA NA _ 194,914,622 70.2 72 97.9ME&NA MENA _ 311,763,254 70.2 72 95.0

MEDITERRANEANAREA MED _ 521,576,297 73.5 50 81.9

Countries&regions


2.1TheSDGDashboardsThe SDG dashboards visually highlight strengths and weaknesses of each country on the 17 SDGs. The graphicrepresentationisbasedonafourcoloursscale,fromgreentoyellow,orangeandred.TheSDGindicesarebasedonthesetofindicatorsofeachgoalthatarethesameforallcountries,exceptforafewadditionaldataavailablefortheOECDcountriesonly.Nevertheless,coloursrepresentedindashboardsdonotrefertoanaveragebutdependsonthetwoworstindicatorsundereachgoal(thisisthereasonwhytrafficlightsdonotexactlymatchwithindexvalues).

TheSDGDashboardsfortheMediterraneanregionhavebeencomposedbyassemblingtheresultspereachofthe24countries.Despiteminorchangesoccurredinthesetofindicatorsandassessmentmethodswithrespecttothe2019edition,Figure2and3showboththe2019and2020values,combinedwiththeSDGindexscores.Forcomparison,blackarrowsinthe2020dashboardofFigure2showincreasedordecreasedresultscomparedto2019.

TheSDGindices,displayedindashboards,showthattheroadtoachievethe17goalsofthe2030Agendaisstilllong.In general, the dashboards allow for highlighting the magnitude of the challenges to be faced and help raiseawareness on the urgent need for action. Nevertheless, since indices and dashboards result from aggregatedparameters, they do not provide exhaustive information formaking choices. Hotspots and needs cannot be easilydeterminedbasedonthescoreoftheSDGindexandtheindicespereachgoal.Abackwarddisaggregationintosourcevariables isnecessary foraproperunderstandingof currentdynamics.Moreover, specific thresholds shouldbe setconsidering local instead of global conditions in order to provide more reliable and site-specific evaluations (forexample,thepovertylineshouldrelatetoeachspecificcountryinsteadofsettingaworld-basedthreshold).

Aimingatunderstandingthe factors thatcandeterminerealchanges inacountry’sperformance, indicesshouldbeinvestigatedthroughtheircomponentindicatorsandthedatasourcesunderlyingtheindicators.ThedesiredoutcomeofmonitoringtheSDGsistobeabletoindicatetheroadtotake,anticipatingpossibleactuationscenarios,estimatingtheeffectsofaseriesofpossibleactionsandjudgingthedegreeofpenetrationtheseactionsneedtohaveinordertomakeprogresstowardsthegoal,namely,atransitionfromaredlightsituationtoanorange,yellowthengreenlightsituation.

ThefollowingsectionprovidesanewrepresentationoftheSDGdashboardthroughasequenceofmaps,onepereachindicator,of24Mediterraneancountries.Eachindicatorhasbeenanalysedandinterpretedtodeterminethestateoftheart intheMediterraneanregionandtrytoplanpossiblescenariosof improvementtowardstheachievementoftheSDGs.


Figure2|Compared2019-2020SDGDashboardsforMediterraneancountries

Country MED area SDG index World rank Income 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

EUROPEWestFrance EWest 81.5 4 HIC

Greece EWest 71.4 50 HIC

Italy EWest 75.8 30 HIC

Malta EWest 76.1 28 HIC

Portugal EWest 76.4 26 HIC

Spain EWest 77.8 21 HIC

EUROPEEastAlbania EEast 70.3 60 UMIC

BosniaandHerzeg. EEast 69.4 69 UMIC

Croatia EEast 77.8 22 HIC

Cyprus EEast 70.1 61 HIC

Montenegro EEast 67.3 87 UMIC

NorthMacedonia EEast 69.4 70 UMIC

Slovenia EEast 79.4 12 HIC

MIDDLEEASTIsrael ME 71.5 49 HIC

Jordan ME 68.1 81 UMIC

Lebanon ME 65.7 94 UMIC

Palestine ME _ _ UMIC

SyrianArabRep. ME 58.1 123 LIC

Turkey ME 68.5 79 UMIC

NORTHAFRICAAlgeria NA 71.1 53 UMIC

Egypt,ArabRep. NA 66.2 92 LMIC

Libya NA UMIC

Morocco NA 69.1 72 LMIC

Tunisia NA 70.0 63 LMIC

SDGACHIEVEMENT

CHALLENGESREMAIN

SIGNIFICANTCHALLENGES

MAJORCHALLENGES

UNAVAILABLEDATA

2019

Country MED area Income 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

EUROPEWestFrance EWest 81.1 ! 4 " HIC

Greece EWest 74.3 # 43 # HIC

Italy EWest 77.0 # 30 " HIC

Malta EWest 76.0 ! 32 ! HIC

Portugal EWest 77.6 # 25 # HIC

Spain EWest 78.1 # 22 ! HIC

EUROPEEastAlbania EEast 70.8 # 68 ! UMIC

BosniaandHerzeg. EEast 73.5 # 50 # UMIC

Croatia EEast 78.4 # 19 # HIC

Cyprus EEast 75.2 # 34 # HIC

Montenegro EEast 70.2 # 72 # UMIC

NorthMacedonia EEast 71.4 # 62 # UMIC

Slovenia EEast 79.8 # 12 " HIC

MIDDLEEASTIsrael ME 74.6 # 40 # HIC

Jordan ME 68.1 " 89 # UMIC

Lebanon ME 66.7 # 95 ! UMIC

Palestine ME _ _ UMIC

SyrianArabRep. ME 59.3 # 126 ! LIC

Turkey ME 70.3 # 70 # UMIC

NORTHAFRICAAlgeria NA 72.3 # 56 ! UMIC

Egypt,ArabRep. NA 68.8 83 # LMIC

Libya NA _ _ UMIC

Morocco NA 71.3 # 64 # LMIC

Tunisia NA 71.4 # 63 " LMIC

SDG index World rank 2020

SDGACHIEVEMENT

CHALLENGESREMAIN

SIGNIFICANTCHALLENGES

MAJORCHALLENGES

UNAVAILABLEDATA


Figure3|Compared2019-2020SDGTrendDashboardsforMediterraneancountriestowards2030.

Country MED area 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

EUROPEWestFrance EWest ! " ! ! " " " " ! ! " ## $ " " " $

Greece EWest " " " " " " ! " ! $ " ## " " " " %

Italy EWest " " ! " " ! ! " " $ " ## " $ ! ! "

Malta EWest ! " " $ " ! " ! " ## " ## $ " ## $ $

Portugal EWest " " ! $ " " ! ! " $ ! ## % $ " " $

Spain EWest " " ! ! " ! ! ! " $ " ## $ " $ " $

EUROPEEastAlbania EEast ! $ " ! " ! ! $ " ## " ## ! " " " ##

BosniaandHerzeg. EEast ! " " ## $ " " $ $ ## " ## $ ## $ $ ##

Croatia EEast ! " ! $ " ! " ! " ## " ## " " " " ##

Cyprus EEast ! $ ! ## " ! " " " ## " ## " $ ## " %

Montenegro EEast ! $ " " " ! " " " ## $ ## $ % % $ ##

NorthMacedonia EEast " " " ## $ $ " ! " ## " ## ! ## " " ##

Slovenia EEast ! " ! " " " ! " " ! " ## " ## ! ! $

MIDDLEEASTIsrael ME " " ! " $ ! " ! ! $ $ ## $ $ % " "

Jordan ME $ $ " ## $ ! " $ " ## $ ## ! ## ## $ ##

Lebanon ME ! $ " % % ! . $ " ## ## ## ! ## $ $ ##

Palestine ME ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ##

SyrianArabRep. ME ## % $ ## $ $ " ## $ ## ## ## ! $ $ ## ##

Turkey ME " $ " ! $ ## $ " " $ $ ## % $ $ % ##

NORTHAFRICAAlgeria NA ! $ " $ " " " $ ! ## $ ## $ $ $ $ ##

Egypt,ArabRep. NA ! " " $ " " ! " " ## $ ## ! " $ ## ##

Libya NA ## % " ## $ " ## ## ## ## ## ## % $ ## $ ##

Morocco NA ! " " " " " " ## " ## $ ## ! $ $ " ##

Tunisia NA ! $ " ## $ ! " ## " ## $ ## ! $ " ## ##

!

"

#

$

%%

2019

ONTRACK

MODERATELYINCREASING

STAGNATING

DECREASING

UNAVAILABLEDATA

Country MED area 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

EUROPEWestFrance EWest ! " ! " ! " " " ! " " ## $ " " " "

Greece EWest ! $ " " " ! ! ! " " " ## $ $ " " $

Italy EWest " " " " " ! " ! " $ $ ## $ $ ! " !

Malta EWest ! " " ! " " ! ! " ## " ## $ " " " "

Portugal EWest ! " " " ! ! ! ! " $ " ## % $ " " $

Spain EWest " " ! " " ! " ! " $ " ## % " $ ! "

EUROPEEastAlbania EEast ! $ " " " " ! " " ## $ ## ! $ " " "

BosniaandHerzeg. EEast ! " " ## $ " " ! $ ## $ ## " ## " " !

Croatia EEast ! " " % " ! " ! " ## $ ## $ " ! " ##

Cyprus EEast ! " ! ! " " " ! " ## " ## $ " ! " %

Montenegro EEast ! $ " ! " ! " " $ ## $ ## $ $ % " ##

NorthMacedonia EEast " " " ! $ " " ! $ ## $ ## $ ## " " "

Slovenia EEast ! " " " " " " ! " " " ## % $ ! ! "

MIDDLEEASTIsrael ME " " ! $ $ ! " " " " $ ## $ $ $ ! "

Jordan ME " " " $ $ ! ! " ! ## $ ## ! ## $ " %

Lebanon ME ! $ " $ $ " " $ " ## % ## ! $ $ $ %

Palestine ME ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ##

SyrianArabRep. ME ## $ " $ $ " $ " " ## % ## $ $ $ $ ##

Turkey ME " " " " $ " " " " $ $ ## $ $ $ % $

NORTHAFRICAAlgeria NA ! $ " ! $ " ! $ " ## $ ## " % $ $ ##

Egypt,ArabRep. NA ! " " ! $ ! " ! $ ## " ## $ " $ $ ##

Libya NA ## $ $ ## $ ! $ " $ ## % ## " % " $ ##

Morocco NA ! " " $ " ! " " " ## % ## ! $ " $ %

Tunisia NA ! $ " ! $ ! " " $ ## $ ## ! $ $ $ !

2020

!

"

#

$

%%

ONTRACK

MODERATELYINCREASING

STAGNATING

DECREASING

UNAVAILABLEDATA


3.SixTransformationstoachievetheSDGsandchallengesThe2030Agendaiscomposedof17SustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)andrepresentsthecommoninternationalpoliticalprogramthatthe193UNmembercountrieshavesetthemselvestoreachby2030.ItwasofficiallyadoptedonSeptember25,2015,ataUNSummitattendedbyover150headsofstate.The17SDGs(Figure4)aresubdividedandbetterspecifiedby169targetsandtheAgendaalsoincludesrecommendationsonhownationsshouldproceedintheimplementationofthegoals.Itrepresentsaninternationalopportunityoftransformationforhumanity,aglobalvision for prosperity, people and the planet, which considers the three pillars of sustainable development:environmentalprotection,socialinclusionandeconomicdevelopment.

Withthe2030AgendaandtheSustainableDevelopmentGoalscountrieshavecommittedthemselvestotime-boundtargets for Prosperity, People, Planet, Peace, and Partnership (United Nations 2015). They recognize that endingpoverty must go hand-in-hand with strategies that build economicgrowth and address a range of social needsincludingeducation,health,socialprotection,andjobopportunities,whiletacklingclimatechangeandenvironmentalprotection. The Paris Agreement,which is part of the SDG framework, requires every country to achieve net zerogreenhousegasemissionsbymid-century.

Figure4|17SustainableDevelopmentGoals–SDGs.

Aimingat identifyingdrivingprinciplestoshareandmakeaction,anoperativeframeworktomeetthe17SDGsandtheunderlying169targetshasbeenproposedbySachsetal.(2019),organizedintosixbroadTransformations.Theseare intended as sets of potential interventions to accomplish “deep, deliberate, long-term structural changes inresourceuse,infrastructure,institutions,technologiesandsocialrelations”tobeundertakeninashortperiodoftime.Anytransformationwouldrequireguidelinesadaptedtoanyspecificcontext,suchastheMediterraneanregionandits24countries,andinterpretedaccordingtosite-specificsocial,environmentalandeconomicbackgrounds.

Figure5 liststhesixTransformationsandtheirpotential interactionswiththeSDGs,giventhateachtransformationcontributes to several SDGs and, similarly, the outcomes for each SDG require contributions frommore than oneTransformation. The benefit of the Transformations is that they group SDG interventions in ways that promoteeffectiveimplementationstrategiesbygovernments,business,andcivilsociety.

Thissectionofthereportisthereforestructuredinto6paragraphs,onepereachtransformation.Significantindicatorshave been selected and, based on their interpretation, a set of the main challenges has been identified. Eachchallengeisshowninadedicatedrecord,includingvaluesofreferenceindicatorsand,whennecessary,additionalrawdataforaclearerunderstandingoftheobservedphenomena.Moreover,eachindicatorhasbeenrepresentedintheformofmaps,throughthecolourscalefromgreen,toyellow,orangeandred.


Mapsmake theSDG indicators spatiallyexplicitandprovideacomprehensiveat-a-glance viewof thecurrentstateandanyprogressofMediterraneancountriestowardstheSDGs(Mapsmadethroughdatawrapper.de).Theindicatorsmapped are also listed in the tables and grouped by geographic area:Western Europe (WE), Eastern Europe (EE),Middle East (ME) and North Africa (NA). Raw data helps to understand the relevance and magnitude of thephenomenamonitored, for example in terms of the number of people affected. Tables andmaps provide a clearpictureofcurrentstateandallowfordeterminingprioritiesandmosturgentactionstobesharedbythe24countries.

Thissystematicapproachhasadoublerole.FirstitaimsatprocessingindicesanddashboardsandmakethemworkasaneffectivedecisionsupporttooltoachievetheSDGsintheMediterraneanarea.Second,itconstitutesanhexagonaloperational framework to engage six reference institutions in theMediterranean area, namelyMED hubs, and letcooperatetoimplementandmonitorSDGs.

SixMEDhubshavebeenselectedandassignedonepereachtransformation.Theirroleinthereportingprocesswastoevaluate thestateof theartas shown in this sectionandcontribute todeterminepoliciesandbestpractices toaccomplish the six transformations (next session). The six MED hubs are led by six SDSN National and Regionalnetworksoperating in theMediterranean region:SDSNFrancehostedbyCYCergyParisUniversité,KedgeBusinessSchool,andPSLUniversity;SDSNSpainhostedbytheUniversidadAutónomadeMadrid;SDSNGreecehostedbytheInternational Center for Research on the Environment and the Economy and the Political Economy of SustainableDevelopment Lab in Athens; SDSN Mediterranean hosted by the University of Siena; SDSN Turkey hosted by theBoğaziçi University in Istanbul; SDSN Cyprus hosted by The Cyprus Research and Educational Foundation (CREF) inpartnershipwiththeNeapolisUniversityandtheFrederickUniversity.

Thepoliciesareaddressedtogovernmentsandotherstakeholderstodeterminehowtoorganizeinterventions–suchas improved policies, public and private investments, and regulation – and also useful to promote participatorypracticesandperformcooperativedecisionprocesses,inlinewiththeSDSNstatement:“achievingtheSDGsrequiresdeepchangestopolicies,investments,andtechnologies.ButsuccesswillnotbepossiblewithoutsocialactivismthatmobilizesstakeholdersandchangesnormstoenabletheSDGTransformations.Similarly,internationaldiplomacyandinternational collaboration are critical underpinnings of achieving the SDGs, particularly to address internationalspillovereffects,includinginternationaldevelopmentfinancewhereneeded”(Sachsetal2019a).

Figure5|6SDGTransformationsandthereferenceMediterraneanHubs.

EDUCATIONGENDERINEQUALITY

HEALTH,WELLBEINGDEMOGRAPHY

ENERGYDECARBONISATIONSUSTAINABLEINDUSTRY

SUSTAINABLEFOOD,LAND,WATER,OCEANS

SUSTAINABLECITIESandCOMMUNITIES

HARNESSINGtheDIGITALREVOLUTION

SDSNFrance

SDSNSpain

SDSNGreece

SDSNMed(Italy)

SDSNTurkey

SDSNCyprus


3.1Transformation1.Education,genderandinequalityAsetofindicatorshasbeenselectedasthemostrelevanttoreportonthecurrentstate,highlighthotspotsandtracktheprogresstowardstheTransformation1.Thisaimstoexpandandtransformtheeducationalsystemsofcountriesachievinguniversalstandardsoflearningoutcomes,toreduceinequalitiesthroughanti-discriminationmeasuresandsocialsafetynetsandtodefinitelyovercomegenderinequalities(Sachsetal.2019).

Figure3.1|Selectedindicatorsandchallengesinthetransformation1.Education,genderandinequality.

Figure3.1showsthe21representativeindicatorsandthecorrespondingGoals,thatallowedforidentifying10mainchallengestobefacedtoaccomplishthetransformation.Thefollowingrecords,onepereachchallenge,showvaluesoftheindicatorsandtheirspatiallyexplicitrepresentationintomaps.Indicatorsinthetablesareoftencoupledwiththecorrespondingabsolutevalues,suchasthenumberofpeopleinvolved,and,whenuseful,otheradditionaldatafortheirinterpretation.Referencesforallindicatorsandadditionaldata(namely,Add.)arelistedincaptions.

GOALS INDICATORS CHALLENGES

1-Nopoverty Map1.2 Povertyheadcountratioat$3.20/day(%population) Poverty

Map4.1 Netprimaryenrolmentrate(%)

Map4.2 Lowersecondarycompletionrate(%)

Map4.4 OECDonly:Participationrateinpre-primaryorganizedlearning(%ages4-6)

Map4.5 OECDonly:Populationage25-34withtertiaryeducationalattainment(%)

Map4.3 Literacyrateof15-24yearolds,bothsexes(%)

Map4.8 OECDonly:Underachieversinscience(%15yearsold)

Map4.9 OECDonly:Resilientstudentsinscience(%15yearsold)

Map5.1 Demandforfamilyplanningsatisfiedbymodernmethods(%)

Map5.2 Ratiooffemaletomalemeanyearsofeducationreceivedofpopulationage25+

Map5.3 Ratiooffemaletomalelabourforceparticipationrate

Map5.4 Seatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)

Map5.5 OECDonly:Genderwagegap(Total,%malemedianwage)

9-Industry,innovationandinfrastructure

Map9.10 OECDonly:Womeninscienceandengineering(%)

Map8.4 Unemploymentrate(%totallaborforce)

Map8.7 OECDonly:Youthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%)

Map8.2 VictimsofModernSlavery(per1,000population)

Map16.7 Children5–14yearsoldinvolvedinchildlabour(%)

Map16.9 PressFreedomIndex(best0-100worst) PressFreedom

10-Genderequality Map10.1 GiniCoefficientadjustedfortopincome(1-100) Wealthdistribution

17-Parnershipforthegoals

Map17.1 GovernmentspendingonHealthandEducation(%GDP) Domesticpolicy

Literacy

Womenemancipation

16-Peace,Justiceandstronginstitutions

Laborrights

8-Decentworkandeconomicgrowth

Jobmarket

4-Qualityeducation

Scholarship

5-Genderequality

Womenrights

EDUCATIONGENDERINEQUALITY

01


CHALLENGE

POVERTY

Over14millionpeopleintheMENAarealivewithlessthan$3.20perday.Despitealmost0.5millionpeoplecameout of absolute poverty compared to 2019 (from17.4 to 16.9),mainly in theMiddle East, considering themedianincome,therearealmost50millionpeople(12%)intheMedareaatriskofpoverty,including28millionEuropeans.

Datasource:

1.2–Worlddatalab(2019)

1.1Add:Proportionofpeoplelivingbelow50percentofmedianincome(%)

–WorldBank(2019)

% mln % mln

France EWest 0.30 0.20 10.10 6.75Greece EWest 2.42 0.25 14.90 1.60Italy EWest 1.78 1.08 16.00 9.69Malta EWest 0.16 0.00 9.40 0.04Portugal EWest 0.89 0.09 11.00 1.13Spain EWest 1.32 0.62 16.10 7.50

1.15 2.23 13.67 26.72Albania EEast 4.35 0.13 12.00 0.34BosniaandHerzegovina EEast 0.23 0.01 - -Croatia EEast 1.14 0.05 13.20 0.54Cyprus EEast 0.08 0.00 8.50 0.10Montenegro EEast 0.08 0.00 20.50 0.13NorthMacedonia EEast 8.10 0.17 17.70 0.37Slovenia EEast 0.22 0.00 6.40 0.13

2.18 0.35 12.49 1.621.23 2.59 13.59 28.34

Israel ME 0.62 0.05 21.20 1.85Jordan ME 9.19 0.94 - -Lebanon ME 0.06 0.00 - -Palestine ME 9.40 0.64 12.80 0.57SyrianArabRepublic ME - - - -Turkey ME 0.33 0.28 15.60 12.65

1.09 1.92 15.99 15.07Algeria NA 1.97 0.86 - -Egypt,ArabRepublic NA 9.46 9.68 5.20 5.02Libya NA - - - -Morocco NA 4.53 1.67 - -Tunisia NA 2.15 0.25 10.40 1.19

6.40 12.47 5.75 6.204.41 14.39 10.52 21.273.13 16.97 12.08 49.61

CountriesandregionsGoal1

1.2 peoplelivingbelow50%ofmedianincome

MIDDLEEAST&NORTHAFRICA(11)MEDITERRANEANAREA(24)

Units

EUROPEWest(6)

EUROPEEast(7)SOUTHERNEUROPE(13)

MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

SCHOLARSHIP

The primary school enrollment looks similar in the four areas of the Med but the pupil/teacher ratio showsdifferences.MENAcountriesshould improvethe lowersecondarycompletionrate.SomeOECDcountriesneedpre-primaryandtertiaryeducationalimprovements.Trendsarepositivecomparedto2019.

Datasource:

4.1–UNESCO(2020)

4.2–UNESCO(2019)

4.4,4.5–OECD(2019)

4.1Add:Pupil-teacherratio,primary–UNESCO(2020)

4.1 pup./teach.,primary 4.2

% - % % mlnpeopleleft % mlnpeople

left

France EWest 99.75 - 99.75 99.82 0.01 46.94 4.24Greece EWest 97.48 9.38 97.48 92.74 0.04 42.82 0.71Italy EWest 97.62 11.48 97.62 93.90 0.17 27.73 4.76Malta EWest 99.54 12.94 100.44 x x x xPortugal EWest 98.59 12.35 98.59 99.32 0.00 35.08 0.74Spain EWest 97.19 13.13 97.19 93.18 0.17 44.26 2.93

98.29 11.98 93.10 96.24 0.39 39.77 13.38Albania EEast 94.53 17.57 96.34 x x x xBosniaandHerzegovina EEast - 16.93 - x x x xCroatia EEast 88.04 13.51 93.09 x x x xCyprus EEast 97.49 12.04 97.61 x x x xMontenegro EEast 96.55 - 99.40 x x x xNorthMacedonia EEast 94.89 14.91 88.09 x x x xSlovenia EEast 97.96 13.80 97.96 94.08 0.01 40.71 0.15

93.44 15.10 94.50 - - - -97.99 12.32 93.19 - - - -

Israel ME 96.96 12.07 96.96 99.09 0.01 48.03 0.62Jordan ME 80.86 18.54 59.03 x x x xLebanon ME 86.30 12.48 52.41 x x x xPalestine ME 91.70 24.45 78.20 x x x xSyrianArabRepublic ME 67.97 - 53.81 x x x xTurkey ME 99.03 16.98 99.03 67.64 2.18 33.28 8.51

92.42 16.76 86.59 - - - -Algeria NA 97.64 24.32 84.64 x x x xEgypt,ArabRepublic NA 97.03 23.68 84.58 x x x xLibya NA - - - x x x xMorocco NA 99.10 26.80 64.92 x x x xTunisia NA 97.80 16.87 77.38 x x x x

97.61 24.00 80.36 - - - -95.49 21.29 82.91 - - - -96.49 18.38 87.02 - 2.58 - 22.67

4.4 4.5CountriesandregionsGoal4

MIDDLEEAST&NORTHAFRICA(11)

MEDITERRANEANAREA(24)

Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

LITERACY

Almost2.7millionofyouthsinMENAdonotshowgood literacy levels.Scientific skillsofstudentsshouldbemuchimproved also in some OECD countries. Educational opportunities become available also for students from lowincomefamilies.

Datasource:

4.3–UNESCO(2019)

4.8–OECD(2019)

4.9–OECD(2019)

4.8 4.9

% mlnpeopleleft

% %

France EWest - - 20.50 28.93Greece EWest 99.16 0.01 31.74 19.53Italy EWest 99.93 0.00 25.88 27.41Malta EWest 99.30 0.00 x xPortugal EWest 99.66 0.00 19.56 41.12Spain EWest 99.72 0.01 21.28 37.34

99.76 0.03 22.92 30.60Albania EEast 99.33 0.00 x xBosniaandHerzegovina EEast 99.66 0.00 x xCroatia EEast 99.72 0.00 x xCyprus EEast 99.82 0.00 x xMontenegro EEast 99.11 0.00 x xNorthMacedonia EEast 98.60 0.00 x xSlovenia EEast 99.80 0.00 14.56 37.74

99.47 0.01 - -99.72 0.04 - -

Israel ME - - 33.10 15.96Jordan ME 99.34 0.01 x xLebanon ME 99.75 0.00 x xPalestine ME 99.40 0.01 x xSyrianArabRepublic ME 92.45 0.24 x xTurkey ME 99.75 0.03 25.15 48.22

92.66 0.29 - -Algeria NA 97.43 0.16 x xEgypt,ArabRepublic NA 88.19 1.99 x xLibya NA 99.60 0.00 x xMorocco NA 97.73 0.13 x xTunisia NA 96.21 0.06 x x

92.56 2.35 - -92.60 2.64 - -94.12 2.68 - -

4.3CountriesandregionsGoal4


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

WOMANRIGHTS

Womanrightsmustbecarefullymonitorede.g.performanceslookgoodenoughintermsofopportunitiesforfamilyplanning (except for low demands for assistance recorded in Eastern Europe and the Middle East) and rate ofscholarship(withafewcountriesperformingbelow80%).Furtherimprovementsaredesirableanyhow.

Datasource:

5.1–UNDESA(2018)

5.2–UNESCO(2019)

5.1 5.2

% %

France EWest 95.50 96.55

Greece EWest 62.00 95.37

Italy EWest 68.20 95.24

Malta EWest 74.80 94.83

Portugal EWest 79.10 100.00

Spain EWest 84.50 97.00

81.76 96.36Albania EEast 4.90 97.06

BosniaandHerzegovina EEast 21.90 78.90

Croatia EEast 61.50 90.83

Cyprus EEast - 98.36

Montenegro EEast 42.80 88.43

NorthMacedonia EEast 22.30 90.20

Slovenia EEast 78.60 99.19

37.01 90.8578.42 95.93

Israel ME 71.10 100.00

Jordan ME 56.70 95.33

Lebanon ME 63.80 95.51

Palestine ME 64.80 95.70

SyrianArabRepublic ME 53.30 82.14

Turkey ME 59.70 82.14

59.68 85.29Algeria NA 77.20 92.77

Egypt,ArabRepublic NA 80.00 83.75

Libya NA 24.00 111.11

Morocco NA 68.60 71.88

Tunisia NA 73.20 81.01

74.68 84.2568.60 84.6872.11 90.01



Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

WOMANEMANCIPATION

Opportunities forwomenshouldbe furthersupportede.g. in termsofparticipation in labour force (almost78% inEuropevs.34%inMENA)andpolicy(e.g.seatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments:37%inEurope;18%inMENA)andwagegapsinOECDcountries.RatesofwomeninleadingpositionsareverylowinwestEuropeandMENA.

Datasource:

5.3–ILO(2019)

5.4–IPU(2019)

5.5–OECD(2020)

9.10–OECD(2018)

5.4Add:Firmswithfemaletopmanager(%offirms)–WorldBank(2020)

Goal95.3 5.4 FirmswithFtop

manager 5.5 9.10

% % % % %

France EWest 84.10 39.51 - 13.00 29.21Greece EWest 74.82 20.67 17.20 4.50 -Italy EWest 68.71 35.71 15.30 5.60 -Malta EWest 65.54 13.43 11.30 x xPortugal EWest 83.98 40.00 14.00 14.80 38.10Spain EWest 81.79 44.00 - 11.50 27.10

78.24 38.34 6.46 9.97 -Albania EEast 72.71 29.51 18.10 x xBosniaandHerzegovina EEast 60.77 21.43 16.60 x xCroatia EEast 78.81 19.21 27.00 x xCyprus EEast 85.50 19.64 8.20 x xMontenegro EEast 75.20 29.63 15.00 x xNorthMacedonia EEast 63.44 40.00 21.30 x xSlovenia EEast 85.30 27.78 18.80 5.00 31.05

73.14 25.58 19.66 - -77.83 37.38 7.50 - -

Israel ME 85.84 25.00 - 21.80 -Jordan ME 22.21 15.38 3.10 x xLebanon ME 33.15 4.69 - x xPalestine ME 27.40 - 0.90 x xSyrianArabRepublic ME 16.83 12.40 - x xTurkey ME 46.22 17.32 3.90 6.90 30.73

41.55 16.37 2.74 - -Algeria NA 22.21 25.76 - x xEgypt,ArabRepublic NA 31.33 15.10 4.90 x xLibya NA 32.60 15.96 - x xMorocco NA 30.41 20.51 5.40 x xTunisia NA 34.33 24.88 - x x

29.42 19.03 3.49 - -34.23 17.98 3.19 - -51.18 25.84 4.87 - -



Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

JOBMARKET

The jobmarket looks stagnant.Unemployment rates are around 11% in average inMED,with alarming values inWestern Europe (13 million) and MENA (24 million) and almost 39 million in total. The NEET phenomenon isincreasinginallOECDcountriesinvolvingalmost8millionyouths.

Datasource:

8.4–ILO(2019)

8.7–OECD(2019)

% mln % mln

France EWest 8.43 3.50 16.10 1.25Greece EWest 17.24 1.19 21.46 0.23Italy EWest 9.89 3.82 23.86 1.39Malta EWest 3.47 0.01 x xPortugal EWest 6.33 0.42 11.58 0.12Spain EWest 13.96 4.31 19.06 0.86

10.61 13.25 18.98 3.85Albania EEast 12.33 0.24 x xBosniaandHerzegovina EEast 18.43 0.42 x xCroatia EEast 6.94 0.18 x xCyprus EEast 7.27 0.06 x xMontenegro EEast 14.88 0.06 x xNorthMacedonia EEast 17.76 0.26 x xSlovenia EEast 4.20 0.06 9.67 0.02

9.51 1.29 - -10.52 14.53 - -

Israel ME 3.86 0.21 13.35 0.18Jordan ME 14.72 0.91 x xLebanon ME 6.23 0.29 x xPalestine ME 26.80 0.71 x xSyrianArabRepublic ME 8.37 0.91 x xTurkey ME 13.49 7.43 26.48 3.55

12.34 10.44 - -Algeria NA 11.70 3.14 x xEgypt,ArabRepublic NA 10.76 6.46 x xLibya NA 18.56 0.83 x xMorocco NA 9.02 2.14 x xTunisia NA 16.02 1.25 x x

11.25 13.82 - -11.69 24.26 - -11.23 38.79 - 7.60

8.4 8.7Goal8

Countriesandregions


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

LABORRIGHTS

Numbersshowanunexpectedscenariowithalmost2millionworkersoverexploitedorunderpaidintheMEDarea,includingEuropeancountries(almost500,000).Theexploitationofchildlaborinvolves340millionchildren,11millionofwhichinEurope.Ratesof“regular”workerswithpropercontractsshouldbeimproved(68%inMENA).

Datasource:

8.2–WalkFreeFoundation(2018)

16.7–UNICEF(2017)

8.2Add:Wageandsalariedworkers,total(%oftotalemployment)–ILO(2020)

Wageandsalariedworkers

n./103 n.people % % mln

France EWest 2.01 134,577 88.36 0.00 0.00Greece EWest 7.91 84,899 66.63 0.00 0.00Italy EWest 2.43 146,908 77.08 0.00 0.00Malta EWest - - 85.96 - -Portugal EWest 2.48 25,540 83.34 3.40 3.41Spain EWest 2.27 105,923 84.08 0.00 0.00

2.55 497,847 82.34 0.16 3.41Albania EEast 6.87 19,695 44.63 5.10 1.80BosniaandHerzegovina EEast 3.42 11,374 78.91 5.30 1.86Croatia EEast 5.99 24,504 88.00 - -Cyprus EEast 4.23 5,025 86.77 - -Montenegro EEast 5.86 3,647 78.41 12.50 0.97NorthMacedonia EEast 8.66 18,040 76.69 12.50 2.89Slovenia EEast 2.17 4,492 85.02 0.00 0.00

5.34 86,778 76.00 6.21 7.532.77 584,625 81.83 0.50 10.93

Israel ME 3.86 34,309 87.64 0.00 0.00Jordan ME 1.80 17,961 84.99 1.70 3.80Lebanon ME 1.72 11,760 63.77 1.90 2.24Palestine ME - - 69.84 5.70 6.17SyrianArabRepublic ME - - 62.94 4.00 14.94Turkey ME 6.50 534,914 68.50 5.90 78.97

5.55 598,943 69.98 4.59 106.13Algeria NA 2.66 112,116 68.39 5.00 35.37Egypt,ArabRepublic NA 5.52 543,200 68.75 7.00 132.08Libya NA - - 93.17 - -Morocco NA 2.45 88,127 49.83 8.30 51.53Tunisia NA 2.18 25,177 72.95 2.10 3.51

4.08 768,621 66.18 6.58 222.494.62 1,367,564 67.73 5.77 328.613.85 1,952,189 73.31 4.30 339.55

16.78.2Goal16Goal8

Countriesandregions


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

PRESSFREEDOM

Based on a survey on thedegree of freedom available to journalists, countries in theMENA area show themostcritical limitations,with an average valueof the indexhigher than50. The average for Europe is almost 23points.Initiativestosafeguardfreedomofpressaswellastoincreaseprofessionalismofjournalistsaredesirable.

Datasource:

16.9–ReporterssansFrontièrs(2019)

Goal1616.9

-

France EWest 22.21

Greece EWest 29.08

Italy EWest 24.98

Malta EWest 29.74

Portugal EWest 12.63

Spain EWest 21.99

22.91Albania EEast 29.84

BosniaandHerzegovina EEast 29.02

Croatia EEast 29.03

Cyprus EEast 21.74

Montenegro EEast 32.74

NorthMacedonia EEast 31.66

Slovenia EEast 22.31

28.2723.34

Israel ME 30.80

Jordan ME 43.11

Lebanon ME 32.44

Palestine ME -

SyrianArabRepublic ME 71.78

Turkey ME 52.81

52.34Algeria NA 45.75

Egypt,ArabRepublic NA 56.47

Libya NA 55.77

Morocco NA 43.98

Tunisia NA 29.61

50.2551.0640.19

Countriesandregions


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

WEALTHDISTRIBUTION

Values are correlated to the GINI index measuring the level of inequality in family incomes. Inhomogeneity isrecordedintheallMEDareawithhighestvaluesintheMiddleEast.ItisanalarmingphenomenonalsoinEuropeandwithconsequentrisksofunfaireconomiesandsocialinstability.

Datasource:

10.1–ChandyL.,SeidelB.(2017)

Goal1010.1

-

France EWest 33.31

Greece EWest 45.14

Italy EWest 38.83

Malta EWest 29.61


Spain EWest 38.55



Croatia EEast 36.58

Cyprus EEast 33.95




36.7137.33

Israel ME 43.21

Jordan ME 41.06

Lebanon ME 36.17

Palestine ME -


Turkey ME 49.04



Libya NA -

Morocco NA 39.75

Tunisia NA 40.00

43.0444.6241.60

Countriesandregions


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

DOMESTICPOLICY

Totalgeneral(local,regionalandcentral)governmentexpenditureonhealthandeducationrangesfrom11%ofGDPinEuropeWesttoaround7%inEuropeEastandMENA.Muchhighereffortisneededtosupportandguaranteetheprovisionofessentialservicesinthisfields.

Datasource:

17.1–UNESCO(2019);WHO(2019)

Goal1717.1

%ofGDP

France EWest 13.25

Greece EWest 8.88

Italy EWest 10.48

Malta EWest 10.88


Spain EWest 10.60


BosniaandHerzegovina EEast -

Croatia EEast 10.10

Cyprus EEast 9.20

Montenegro EEast -



7.6110.31

Israel ME 10.42

Jordan ME 7.30

Lebanon ME 6.27

Palestine ME -


Turkey ME 7.00

6.36Algeria NA 7.36


Libya NA -

Morocco NA 7.78

Tunisia NA 10.59

7.046.516.77

Countriesandregions


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


3.2TransformationHealth,WellbeingandDemographyAsetofindicatorshasbeenselectedasthemostrelevanttoreportonthecurrentstate,highlighthotspotsandtracktheprogresstowardstheTransformation2.Thisaimstopromoteinitiativesandinvestmentsforhealthandwellbeing,startingfromtheprincipaloutputofauniversalhealthcoverageandpubliclyfinancedhealthsystemsthatintegratesprevention, therapeutic and palliative services, disease surveillance and control. Community health programs,includingpoliciestoraisethequalityoflifeandpromotehealthylifestyles,canimprovehealthoutcomessignificantly(Sachsetal.2019).

Figure3.2|Selectedindicatorsandchallengesinthetransformation2.Health,WellbeingandDemography.

Figure 3.2 shows the 21 representative indicators and the corresponding Goals, that allowed for identifying the 9challengestobefacedtoaccomplishthetransformation.Thefollowingrecords,onepereachchallenge,showvaluesoftheindicatorsandtheirspatiallyexplicitrepresentationintomaps.Indicatorsinthetablesareoftencoupledwiththecorrespondingabsolutevalues,suchasthenumberofpeopleinvolved,and,whenuseful,otheradditionaldatafortheirinterpretation.Referencesforallindicatorsandadditionaldata(namely,Add.)arelistedincaptions.

HEALTHWELLBEINGDEMOGRAPHY

02

INDICATORS CHALLENGES

Map2.1 Prevalenceofundernourishment(%population)

Map2.2 Prevalenceofstunting(lowheight-for-age)inchildrenunder5yearsofage(%)

Map2.3 Prevalenceofwastinginchildrenunder5yearsofage(%)

Map2.4 Prevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%adultpopulation) Foodhabits(diet)

Map3.1 Maternalmortalityrate(per100,000livebirths)

Map3.2 Neonatalmortalityrate(per1,000livebirths)

Map3.3 Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)

Map3.11 Birthsattendedbyskilledhealthpersonnel(%)

Map3.12 Percentageofsurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)

Map3.4 Incidenceoftuberculosis(per100,000population)

Map3.5 NewHIVinfections(per1,000)

Map3.6 Age-standardiseddeathrateduetocardiovasculardisease,cancer,diabetes,andchronicrespiratorydiseaseinpopulationsage30–70years

Map3.17 OECDonly:Dailysmokers(%populationage15+)

Map3.9 LifeExpectancyatbirth(years)

Map3.13 UniversalHealthCoverageTracerIndex(0-100)

Map3.14 SubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,0-10)

Map6.1 Populationusingatleastbasicdrinkingwaterservices(%)

Map6.2 Populationusingatleastbasicsanitationservices(%)

Map7.1 Accesstoelectricity(%population) Energysupply

Map11.1 Annualmeanconcentrationofparticulatematteroflessthan2.5microns Airquality

Map16.8 Exportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstantmillionUS$per100,000population)Weaponsmarket

Watermanagement

Malnutrition

Healthcare

Healthyenvironment

Wellbeing


CHALLENGE

MALNUTRITION

PrecariousconditionsofhealthinducedbymalnutritionrequireattentionintheMENAarea:almost12millionpeopleundernourished,2millionchildrenwithwastingandalmost6millionchildrenwithstuntedgrowth.Interventionstoavoidtheinsurgencyoftheseproblemswouldalsoincreasehealthinessofnextgenerationadultpopulation.

Datasource:

2.1–FAO(2019)

2.2–UNICEFetal.(2019)


% mln % mln % mln

France EWest 2.50 1.67 2.58 0.10 0.70 0.03Greece EWest 2.50 0.27 2.58 0.01 0.70 0.00Italy EWest 2.50 1.51 2.58 0.07 0.70 0.02Malta EWest 2.50 0.01 2.58 0.00 0.70 0.00Portugal EWest 2.50 0.26 2.58 0.01 0.70 0.00Spain EWest 2.50 1.16 2.58 0.05 0.70 0.01

2.50 4.89 2.58 0.25 0.70 0.07Albania EEast 6.20 0.18 23.10 0.04 9.40 0.02BosniaandHerzegovina EEast 2.50 0.08 8.90 0.01 2.30 0.00Croatia EEast 2.50 0.10 2.58 0.00 0.70 0.00Cyprus EEast 5.60 0.07 2.58 0.00 0.70 0.00Montenegro EEast 2.50 0.02 9.40 0.00 2.80 0.00NorthMacedonia EEast 3.20 0.07 4.90 0.01 1.80 0.00Slovenia EEast 2.50 0.05 2.58 0.00 0.70 0.00

3.47 0.56 8.59 0.07 3.03 0.032.57 5.45 3.07 0.32 0.89 0.09

Israel ME 2.50 0.22 2.58 0.02 0.70 0.01Jordan ME 12.20 1.19 7.80 0.09 2.40 0.03Lebanon ME 11.00 0.75 16.50 0.10 6.60 0.04Palestine ME - - 7.40 0.05 1.20 0.01SyrianArabRepublic ME - - 27.50 0.53 11.50 0.22Turkey ME 2.50 2.03 9.50 0.65 1.70 0.12

3.27 4.19 11.94 1.44 3.48 0.42Algeria NA 3.90 1.61 11.70 0.55 4.10 0.19Egypt,ArabRepublic NA 4.50 4.34 22.30 2.88 9.50 1.23Libya NA - - 21.00 0.14 6.50 0.04Morocco NA 3.40 1.21 14.90 0.52 2.30 0.08Tunisia NA 4.30 0.49 10.10 0.11 2.80 0.03

4.00 7.66 18.37 4.20 6.88 1.573.71 11.84 16.15 5.64 5.71 1.993.26 17.30 13.15 5.96 4.60 2.09


2.1


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

FOODSHABITS(DIET)

Obesity affects 22% of the population in Europe and 30% inMENA, namely almost 34million people in westernEurope, 34 million in NA and 24 million in ME. Trend are emerging towards high-protein diets and progressiveabandonoftheMediterraneandiet.

Datasource:

2.4–WHO(2019)

% mln

France EWest 21.60 10.93Greece EWest 24.90 2.16Italy EWest 19.90 9.86Malta EWest 28.90 0.11Portugal EWest 20.80 1.74Spain EWest 23.80 8.90

21.75 33.69Albania EEast 21.70 0.46BosniaandHerzegovina EEast 17.90 0.48Croatia EEast 24.40 0.81Cyprus EEast 21.80 0.20Montenegro EEast 23.30 0.11NorthMacedonia EEast 22.40 0.36Slovenia EEast 20.20 0.34

21.57 2.7521.73 36.44

Israel ME 26.10 1.43Jordan ME 35.50 1.85Lebanon ME 32.00 1.37Palestine ME - -SyrianArabRepublic ME 27.80 2.80Turkey ME 32.10 16.97

31.34 24.42Algeria NA 27.40 7.07Egypt,ArabRepublic NA 32.00 17.35Libya NA 32.50 1.33Morocco NA 26.10 5.87Tunisia NA 26.90 2.09

29.47 33.7030.23 58.1326.27 94.57



Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

HEALTHCARE

Relevant improvements are needed in NA countries in terms of equipment and medical assistance at birth andavailabilityofskilledpersonnel(thelackofmedicalstaffisespeciallyrelevantinMoroccoandTunisiawithonly73%ofproperlyassistedbirths).

Datasource:

3.1–WHO(2019)


3.11–UNICEF(2019)

n./105 n.people n./105 n.people %mlnpeople

left

France EWest 8.00 5,349 2.50 1,675 97.40 0.38Greece EWest 3.00 323 2.60 279 - -Italy EWest 2.00 1,211 2.00 1,209 99.90 0.01Malta EWest 6.00 28 4.70 23 99.80 0.00Portugal EWest 8.00 824 2.10 216 98.90 0.03Spain EWest 4.00 1,864 1.70 794 - -

4.91 9,598 2.14 4,195 98.61 0.42Albania EEast 15.00 431 6.50 186 99.80 0.00BosniaandHerzegovina EEast 10.00 335 4.10 136 99.90 0.00Croatia EEast 8.00 330 2.60 106 99.90 0.00Cyprus EEast 6.00 71 1.40 17 97.40 0.01Montenegro EEast 6.00 37 1.70 11 99.00 0.00NorthMacedonia EEast 7.00 146 7.40 154 99.90 0.00Slovenia EEast 7.00 145 1.20 25 99.80 0.00

9.17 1,495 3.91 635 99.63 0.015.24 11,093 2.28 4,830 98.73 0.43

Israel ME 3.00 261 1.90 169 - -Jordan ME 46.00 4,498 9.50 946 99.70 0.01Lebanon ME 29.00 1,975 4.30 295 98.20 0.03Palestine ME 45.00 2,005 11.30 516 99.60 0.00SyrianArabRepublic ME 31.00 5,291 8.80 1,488 96.20 0.18Turkey ME 17.00 13,787 5.50 4,528 97.40 0.55

21.75 27,818 6.13 7,941 97.53 0.77Algeria NA 112.00 46,356 14.60 6,165 96.60 0.37Egypt,ArabRepublic NA 37.00 35,684 11.20 11,023 91.50 2.02Libya NA 72.00 4,738 6.40 427 99.90 0.00Morocco NA 70.00 24,907 13.80 4,972 73.60 2.46Tunisia NA 43.00 4,916 11.50 1,330 73.60 0.80

60.91 116,601 12.27 23,918 88.41 5.6445.22 144,419 9.82 31,859 91.97 6.4229.28 155,512 6.84 36,689 93.98 6.85

3.113.23.1CountriesandregionsGoal3


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

HEALTHCARE

Med childmortality rate (12%) isbelowtheworldoptimal threshold (25%).Basic improvementsareneeded inNA(over 21%)withover 41,000 children affected. Thenational routine immunisation coverageof infants is estimatedgoodinmostoftheMEDareawithdeficitsinsomecountriesofEasternEuropeandMENA.

Datasource:


3.12–WHOandUNICEF(2019)

n./105 n.people %mlnpeople

left

France EWest 4.00 2,679 90.00 0.10Greece EWest 4.50 483 97.00 0.00Italy EWest 3.00 1,813 93.00 0.04Malta EWest 7.00 34 96.00 0.00Portugal EWest 3.70 380 99.00 0.00Spain EWest 3.00 1,402 93.00 0.04

3.47 6,791 92.21 0.18Albania EEast 8.80 252 94.00 0.00BosniaandHerzegovina EEast 5.80 193 68.00 0.01Croatia EEast 4.70 192 93.00 0.00Cyprus EEast 2.40 29 90.00 0.00Montenegro EEast 2.50 16 58.00 0.00NorthMacedonia EEast 9.90 206 83.00 0.00Slovenia EEast 2.10 43 93.00 0.00

5.73 931 85.70 0.033.64 7,722 91.68 0.21

Israel ME 3.70 329 98.00 0.00Jordan ME 16.20 1,613 92.00 0.02Lebanon ME 7.40 507 82.00 0.03Palestine ME 20.90 955 99.00 0.00SyrianArabRepublic ME 16.70 2,823 47.00 0.24Turkey ME 10.60 8,726 96.00 0.07

11.55 14,953 87.78 0.36Algeria NA 23.50 9,924 80.00 0.25Egypt,ArabRepublic NA 21.20 20,866 94.00 0.19Libya NA 12.00 801 97.00 0.00Morocco NA 22.40 8,071 99.00 0.01Tunisia NA 17.00 1,966 96.00 0.01

21.36 41,628 91.91 0.4717.44 56,580 90.51 0.8311.99 64,302 90.77 1.04

3.123.3CountriesandregionsGoal3


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

HEALTHYENVIRONMENT

IngeneraltheMEDareaperformwellintermsofdiseasecontainment.Nevertheless,tuberculosisinMedareaafflictsover 120,000people (83,000 inNA).Highest numbers ofHIV infection andNon-CommunicableDisease aremostlylocatedinwesternEuropeandNA.SmokersarestillaconsistentnumberinOECDcountries.

Datasource:

3.4,3.6–WHO(2016)

3.5–UNAIDS(2018)

3.17–OECD(2020)

n./105 n.people n./103 n.people n./105 n.people % mln

France EWest 8.90 5,962 0.09 6,029 10.60 3,592 22.40 12.22Greece EWest 4.50 483 - - 12.40 727 27.30 2.52Italy EWest 7.00 4,230 0.05 3,022 9.50 3,176 19.90 10.42Malta EWest 14.00 68 - - 10.80 27 x xPortugal EWest 24.00 2,468 0.07 720 11.10 631 16.80 1.49Spain EWest 9.40 4,392 0.07 3,271 9.90 2,589 22.10 8.76

9.00 17,602 0.07 13,041 10.20 10,742 - -Albania EEast 18.00 516 - - 17.00 233 x xBosniaandHerzegovina EEast 25.00 831 0.01 33 17.80 337 x xCroatia EEast 8.40 344 0.02 82 16.70 378 x xCyprus EEast 5.40 64 - - 11.30 66 x xMontenegro EEast 15.00 93 0.08 50 20.60 67 x xNorthMacedonia EEast 13.00 271 0.02 42 20.30 227 x xSlovenia EEast 5.30 110 - - 12.70 148 18.90 0.33

13.72 2,228 0.02 206 16.70 1,456 - -9.36 19,831 0.07 13,247 10.70 12,198 - -

Israel ME 4.00 355 0.05 444 9.60 352 16.90 1.04Jordan ME 5.00 498 0.01 100 19.20 633 x xLebanon ME 11.00 753 0.02 137 17.90 510 x xPalestine ME 1.00 46 - - - - x xSyrianArabRepublic ME 19.00 3,212 0.01 169 21.80 1,381 x xTurkey ME 16.00 13,171 - - 16.10 5,791 26.50 15.80

13.93 18,036 0.02 850 5.52 8,666 - -Algeria NA 69.00 29,138 0.03 1,267 14.20 2,411 x xEgypt,ArabRepublic NA 12.00 11,811 0.04 3,937 27.70 9,707 x xLibya NA 40.00 2,671 0.07 467 20.10 556 x xMorocco NA 99.00 35,669 0.03 1,081 12.40 1,863 x xTunisia NA 35.00 4,048 0.02 231 16.10 867 x x

42.75 83,337 0.04 6,983 20.48 15,403 - -31.25 101,372 0.03 7,833 14.36 24,069 - -22.60 121,203 0.05 21,081 15.03 36,268 - -

3.173.4 3.5 3.6CountriesandregionsGoal3


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

WELLBEING

Western Europe shows the best performances in terms ofhealthiness andwellbeing, that is indirectly correlated,albeit not exclusively, with food, land and water quality. Mediterranean diet can play a relevant role forimprovementsasitdetermineshalftherateofcardiovascularmortalityandthehighestlongevity.

Datasource:

3.9–WHO(2019)

3.13–WHO(2019)

3.14–Gallup(2019)

3.9 3.13 3.14

years - -

France EWest 82.90 78.00 6.69

Greece EWest 81.20 75.00 5.41

Italy EWest 82.80 82.00 6.45

Malta EWest 81.50 82.00 6.73

Portugal EWest 81.50 82.00 6.10

Spain EWest 83.10 83.00 6.46

82.75 80.49 6.45Albania EEast 76.40 59.00 5.00

BosniaandHerzegovina EEast 77.30 61.00 5.89

Croatia EEast 78.30 71.00 5.54

Cyprus EEast 80.70 78.00 6.28

Montenegro EEast 76.80 68.00 5.39

NorthMacedonia EEast 75.90 72.00 5.02

Slovenia EEast 80.90 79.00 6.67

77.90 68.36 5.6482.37 79.55 6.39

Israel ME 82.30 82.00 6.93

Jordan ME 74.30 76.00 4.45

Lebanon ME 76.30 73.00 5.17

Palestine ME - 71.80 4.60

SyrianArabRepublic ME 63.80 60.00 3.46

Turkey ME 76.40 74.00 5.19

74.84 72.70 4.98Algeria NA 76.40 78.00 5.04

Egypt,ArabRepublic NA 70.50 68.00 4.01

Libya NA 71.90 64.00 5.49

Morocco NA 76.00 70.00 5.06

Tunisia NA 76.00 70.00 4.32

73.18 70.52 4.4973.83 71.39 4.6877.30 74.65 5.35



Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

WATERMANAGEMENT

North Africa is theMed area thatmostly suffers from lack of access atbasic drinking water services (8,8millionpeople) and lackof basic sanitation services (15,9million people), but trends are positive compared to the 2019(respectively-2and-2,6millionpeople).

Datasource:

6.1–LMP(2019)

6.2–JMP(2019)

% mlnpeopleleft

% mlnpeopleleft


99.81 0.38 99.06 1.84Albania EEast 91.04 0.26 97.72 0.07BosniaandHerzegovina EEast 96.14 0.13 95.36 0.16Croatia EEast 99.59 0.02 96.54 0.14Cyprus EEast 99.61 0.00 99.15 0.01Montenegro EEast 97.04 0.02 97.77 0.01NorthMacedonia EEast 93.14 0.14 99.13 0.02Slovenia EEast 99.54 0.01 99.11 0.02

96.45 0.58 97.40 0.4299.55 0.96 98.93 2.26

Israel ME 100.00 0.00 100.00 0.00Jordan ME 98.94 0.10 97.34 0.26Lebanon ME 92.60 0.50 98.48 0.10Palestine ME 87.60 0.55 96.00 0.18SyrianArabRepublic ME 97.22 0.48 91.22 1.50Turkey ME 98.88 0.91 97.30 2.19

98.01 2.55 96.69 4.23Algeria NA 93.56 2.67 87.59 5.14Egypt,ArabRepublic NA 99.11 0.86 94.19 5.60Libya NA 98.53 0.10 100.00 0.00Morocco NA 86.78 4.70 88.50 4.09Tunisia NA 96.26 0.43 90.92 1.04

95.42 8.76 91.71 15.8796.46 11.31 93.71 20.1097.69 12.27 95.79 22.36

6.1 6.2Goal6

Countriesandregions


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

ENERGYSUPPLY

AccesstoelectricityisgenerallyguaranteedtoMediterraneanpopulation.Theobjectivetoestablishself-sufficiencyofelectricitysystemsintheMediterraneanisapossiblescenarioconsideringtheavailabilityofrenewableenergysourceswithhighpotentials,suchassunlightandwind.

Datasource:

7.1–SE4All(2019)

% mlnpeopleleft



100.00 0.00100.00 0.00

Israel ME 100.00 0.00Jordan ME 100.00 0.00Lebanon ME 100.00 0.00Palestine ME 100.00 0.00SyrianArabRepublic ME 89.64 1.77Turkey ME 100.00 0.00


98.97 1.9698.83 3.7399.30 3.73

7.1Goal7

Countriesandregions


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

AIRQUALITY

MENAcountriesshowhighlevelsofexpositiontoPM2.5(50µg/m3).ValuesinEuropearelowerbutnotnegligible(13µg/m3)especiallyconsideringspecificsiteswithhighconcentrations.ThepercentageofmedpopulationexposedatPM2.5isabout90%;evenhigherinMENA.

Datasource:

11.1–IHME(2017)

11.1Add:PM2.5airpollution,populationexposedtolevelsexceedingWHO

guidelinevalue(%oftotal)–Brauer,M.etal.(2017)

μg/m3%popexposed



21.84 99.8713.34 74.58

Israel ME 21.38 100.00Jordan ME 33.01 100.00Lebanon ME 30.62 100.00Palestine ME - 100.00SyrianArabRepublic ME 43.76 100.00Turkey ME 44.31 100.00


51.44 100.0050.04 100.0042.45 89.86

11.1Goal11

Countriesandregions


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

WEAPONMARKET

Thevolumeofmajorconventionalweaponsexported,expressedinconstant1990US$millionsper100000people,isrelevant inmostOECDcountries.Considering thedelicate roleof thiseconomy that risks tonurture instabilityandwars,thissectorrequiresaspecialattentionandacomprehensiverethinkingatinternationallevel.

Datasource:

16.8–StockholmPeaceResearchInstitute(2019)

Goal1616.8

$/105

France EWest 3.55Greece EWest 0.29Italy EWest 1.04Malta EWest 1.14Portugal EWest 0.47Spain EWest 1.94

2.03Albania EEast 0.00BosniaandHerzegovina EEast 0.00Croatia EEast 0.07Cyprus EEast 0.00Montenegro EEast 0.00NorthMacedonia EEast 0.00Slovenia EEast 0.00

0.021.87

Israel ME 10.17Jordan ME 0.40Lebanon ME 0.00Palestine ME -SyrianArabRepublic ME 0.00Turkey ME 0.28

0.91Algeria NA 0.00Egypt,ArabRepublic NA 0.01Libya NA 0.00Morocco NA 0.00Tunisia NA 0.00

0.010.360.95

Countriesandregions


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


3.3TransformationEnergy,DecarbonisationandSustainableIndustryAsetofindicatorshasbeenselectedasthemostrelevanttoreportonthecurrentstate,highlighthotspotsandtrackthe progress towards the Transformation 3. This aims to ensure universal access to renewable energy sources,decarbonizetheenergysysteminlinewiththeParisagreementandavoidormitigateimpactsofproductionprocessesin air, water and soil. Electricity generation and distribution, thermal energy, mobility and transport, industrialprocessesareamongthetargetedsectors,forexamplethroughlifecycleapproachesandcirculareconomy(Sachsetal.2019).

Figure3.3|Selectedindicatorsandchallengesinthetransformation3.Energy,DecarbonisationandSustainableIndustry.

Figure 3.3 shows the 17 representative indicators and the corresponding Goal, that allowed for identifying the 9challengestobefacedtoaccomplishthetransformation.Thefollowingrecords,onepereachchallenge,showvaluesoftheindicatorsandtheirspatiallyexplicitrepresentationintomaps.Indicatorsinthetablesareoftencoupledwiththecorrespondingabsolutevalues,suchasthenumberofpeopleinvolved,and,whenuseful,otheradditionaldatafortheirinterpretation.Referencesforallindicatorsandadditionaldata(namely,Add.)arelistedincaptions.

ENERGYDECARBONISATIONSUSTAINABLEINDUSTRY

03


Map6.4 Anthropogenicwastewaterthatreceivestreatment(%) WaterQuality

Map7.3CO₂emissionsfromfuelcombustionforelectricityandheatingpertotalelectricityoutput(MtCO₂/TWh)

Map7.4 OECDonly:Shareofrenewableenergyintotalfinalenergysupply(%)

Map8.1 AdjustedGDPGrowth(%) Jobmarket

Map8.5 Fatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(deathsper100,000) Laborrights

Map9.3Logisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructures

Physicalinfrastructures

Map9.4TheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities

Map9.5 Numberofscientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)

Map9.6 Expenditureonresearchanddevelopment(%GDP)

Map9.7 OECDonly:Researchers(per1,000employed)

Map12.3 Production-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)

Map12.5 Production-basednitrogenemissions(kg/capita)

Map13.1 Energy-relatedCO2emissionspercapita(tCO2/capita)

Map13.2 CO₂emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)

Map13.3 CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)

Map13.4 OECDonly:EffectiveCarbonRate

Map15.4 PermanentDeforestation(5yearaverageannual%) Environmentalprotection

Sustainableenergy

Carbonemission

R&I

Environmentalimpact


CHALLENGE

WATERQUALITY

Wastewatertreatmentisnotapracticedeployedenough.BesidesEW(78%),MENAcountriesneedconsistentimprovements(33%only).SomecountriesinparticularinEEandMENAshowunsatisfactoryperformancesandcallforinvestmentsinwastewaterinfrastructuresandmanagement.

Datasource:

6.4–EPI(2018)

6.4

%

France EWest 88.00

Greece EWest 81.66

Italy EWest 58.75

Malta EWest 100.00


Spain EWest 91.51



Croatia EEast 51.71

Cyprus EEast 50.00




29.1674.03

Israel ME 81.70

Jordan ME 18.63

Lebanon ME 38.16

Palestine ME -


Turkey ME 30.40



Libya NA 9.60

Morocco NA 5.40

Tunisia NA 43.04

32.2433.6849.76

Countriesandregions


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

SUSTAINABLEENERGY

CO2 emissions from fossil combustion per electricity output are lower in European countries, depending on goodenergypoliciesand,insomecases(France),onnuclearpowerplants(highrisksforhumansandecosystems).EuropeEastleadsintermsofshareofrenewableenergy.ImprovementsareneededinMENAcountries.

Datasource:

7.3–IEA(2016)

7.4–WorldBank(2019)

7.3 7.4MtCO2/TWh

%







0.90 14.63Albania EEast 0.97 38.62



Cyprus EEast 1.35 9.94




1.25 31.120.93 15.89

Israel ME 1.00 2.61

Jordan ME 1.30 3.23


Palestine ME - 10.47


Turkey ME 1.34 13.08

1.27 9.37Algeria NA 1.83 0.06


Libya NA 1.20 1.97



1.42 5.801.36 7.231.20 10.65

Goal7Countriesandregions


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

JOBMARKET

In relation tonational income levels, thegrowth rate of GDPdoesnot showany improvement, except forEuropeEast. The decreasing trends of national economies call for a consistent rethinking of the economic system at theinternationallevel.

Datasource:


Goal88.1

%

France EWest -0.34Greece EWest -1.29Italy EWest 0.22Malta EWest 1.49Portugal EWest -0.33Spain EWest 0.26

-0.07Albania EEast -1.13BosniaandHerzegovina EEast 1.04Croatia EEast 1.47Cyprus EEast 2.19Montenegro EEast 2.92NorthMacedonia EEast 0.24Slovenia EEast 2.07

0.950.01

Israel ME -0.06Jordan ME -4.74Lebanon ME -4.64Palestine ME -6.70SyrianArabRepublic ME -Turkey ME -1.51

-2.08Algeria NA -3.71Egypt,ArabRepublic NA -1.57Libya NA 5.11Morocco NA -3.22Tunisia NA -3.25

-2.21-2.16-1.28

Countriesandregions


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

LABORRIGHT

Thenumberoffatalwork-relatedaccidents,associatedwithimportedgoods,isstillhighinEuropeWest,accountingfor3millionworkers.Thisindicatorreferstothespillovereffectduetoimportsofgoodsproducedinplaceswithlowersafetystandardsatwork.DirectlyassessedaccidentsatworkinEuropeancountriesare1.67millionwithlowratesoffatalaccidents.

Datasource:

8.5–Alsamawietal.(2017)

8.5Add1:Nonfatalwork-relatedaccidentsinthecountry(Eurostat2017)

8.5Add2:Fatalwork-relatedaccidentsinthecountry(Eurostat2017)

Indoornonfatal

IndoorFatal

n./105 mln n. n.

France EWest 2.03 1.32 753,156 585Greece EWest 1.27 0.14 4,223 32Italy EWest 0.99 0.59 294,161 484Malta EWest 1.44 0.01 1,846 1Portugal EWest 1.06 0.11 135,488 140Spain EWest 1.79 0.83 453,437 317

1.55 3.00 1,642,311 1,559Albania EEast 0.22 0.01 - -BosniaandHerzegovinaEEast 0.14 0.01 - -Croatia EEast 0.55 0.02 14,164 37Cyprus EEast 1.32 0.01 2,068 2Montenegro EEast 1.52 0.01 - -NorthMacedoniaEEast 0.20 0.00 - -Slovenia EEast 1.05 0.02 13,288 16

0.47 0.08 29,520 551.47 3.08 1,671,831 1,614

Israel ME 0.67 0.05Jordan ME 0.43 0.03Lebanon ME 0.74 0.04Palestine ME - -SyrianArabRepublicME 0.08 0.02Turkey ME 0.22 0.16

0.26 0.29Algeria NA 0.14 0.05Egypt,ArabRepublicNA 0.10 0.08Libya NA 0.14 0.01Morocco NA 0.08 0.03Tunisia NA 0.31 0.03

0.12 0.200.17 0.490.73 3.57

NORTHAFRICA(5)MIDDLEEAST&NORTHAFRICA(11)MEDITERRANEANAREA(24)

Goal8

Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

Countriesandregions 8.5


CHALLENGE

PHYSICALINFRASTRUCTURES

Qualityassessmentsofpublictransportshowhighestlevels(over3)inEuropeWestandME.Numbersonpassengersby train and plain confirm this result in EW andME. Levels in EE and NA aremuch lower and need to bemuchimproved.

Datasource:


9.3Add1:Airtransport,passengerscarried–ICAO(2020)

9.3Add2:Railways,passengerscarried(2018)

9.3Air

passengers

Railwaypassenger

s

- mln n.people

France EWest 4.00 70.19 -Greece EWest 3.17 15.13 -Italy EWest 3.85 27.63 39,449Malta EWest 2.90 2.58 -Portugal EWest 3.25 17.37 -Spain EWest 3.84 80.67 27,903

3.83 53.52 -Albania EEast 2.29 0.30 -BosniaandHerzegovina EEast 2.42 - 30Croatia EEast 3.01 2.09 756Cyprus EEast 2.89 0.40 -Montenegro EEast 2.58 0.57 67NorthMacedonia EEast 2.47 - 63Slovenia EEast 3.26 1.09 656

2.70 1.15 -3.74 50.73 -

Israel ME 3.33 7.40 -Jordan ME 2.72 3.38 -Lebanon ME 2.64 2.98 -Palestine ME - - -SyrianArabRepublic ME 2.51 0.02 -Turkey ME 3.21 115.60 5,560

3.05 77.39 -Algeria NA 2.42 6.44 -Egypt,ArabRepublic NA 2.82 12.34 -Libya NA 2.25 0.93 -Morocco NA 2.44 8.13 4,475Tunisia NA 2.10 4.27 -

2.60 9.43 -2.78 35.74 -3.16 41.49 -

Goal9Countriesandregions


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

R&I

QualityofHigherEducationUniversityismedium-highinEWandME,withlowerperformancesinEEandNA.NationalexpenditureinR&DandnumberofresearchersarecrucialfactorsthatneedimprovementsinmostofMediterraneancountries.

Datasource:

9.4–TimeHigherEducation(2020)

9.5–NationalScienceFoundation(2019)

9.6–UNESCO(2019)

9.7–OECD(2019)

9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7

- ratio % n./103

France EWest 66.57 1.02 2.19 10.88Greece EWest 37.38 1.04 1.14 8.61Italy EWest 56.83 1.18 1.36 5.52Malta EWest 31.75 0.96 0.55 xPortugal EWest 40.32 1.39 1.33 9.47Spain EWest 55.53 1.17 1.21 7.04

48.06 1.12 1.66 -Albania EEast 0.00 0.06 0.15 xBosniaandHerzegovina EEast 7.00 0.21 0.20 xCroatia EEast 24.08 1.03 0.87 xCyprus EEast 43.10 1.05 0.57 xMontenegro EEast 16.40 0.40 0.33 xNorthMacedonia EEast 0.00 0.24 0.35 xSlovenia EEast 28.48 1.54 1.85 9.89

17.01 0.63 0.33 -31.34 1.09 1.23 -

Israel ME 48.92 1.46 4.58 -Jordan ME 31.27 0.26 0.72 xLebanon ME 31.27 0.26 - xPalestine ME - - 0.50 xSyrianArabRepublic ME 0.00 0.02 0.01 xTurkey ME 39.37 0.41 0.96 4.02

30.16 0.41 1.90 -Algeria NA 24.45 0.12 0.53 xEgypt,ArabRepublic NA 39.37 0.14 0.61 xLibya NA 0.00 0.02 - xMorocco NA 21.52 0.14 0.72 xTunisia NA 16.40 0.48 0.60 x

20.35 0.15 0.55 -25.26 0.25 0.78 -28.70 0.59 0.87 -

Countriesandregions


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT

Environmental impacts of industrial production are higher in more industrialised countries, also depending onpopulationdensity,butcanalsorevealinsufficientmeasuresofimpactmitigation.Valueswouldbemuchimprovedbasedonstrategiesofenergysaving,renewabilityandcirculareconomy.

Datasource:

12.3–Lenzenetal.(2020)

12.5–Oitaetal.(2020)

kg/capitatot

Mt/yearkg/capita

totMt/year



87.65 1.46 20.58 0.3543.52 9.17 39.77 8.34

Israel ME 113.78 0.90 60.50 0.46Jordan ME 29.09 0.24 10.01 0.07Lebanon ME 55.53 0.31 15.08 0.07Palestine ME - - - -SyrianArabRepublic ME 24.90 0.51 10.40 0.22Turkey ME 28.72 2.14 25.49 1.84


10.80 1.88 11.06 1.8620.55 5.98 16.10 4.5330.20 15.14 26.21 12.87

12.512.3Goal12

Countriesandregions


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

CARBONEMISSIONS

CO2emissionspercapitadependingonenergyuseandimportsarehighestinEWmirroringcarbonintensivelifestylesof citizens. Emissions associated to export of fossil fuels refer to intensive exploitation of non renewable energysourcesforeconomicreturn.EmissionsrelatedtolocaleconomiesshowlowefficienciesinOECDcountries.

Datasource:

13.1–Gutshowetal.(2016)

13.2–Lenzenetal.(2020)

13.3–UNComtrade(2018)

13.4–OECD(2018)

13.4

tCO2/cap mlntCO2 tCO2/cap mlntCO2 kg/captot

Mt/year€/tCO2

France EWest 4.77 318.61 1.86 123.73 0.75 0.05 11.78Greece EWest 6.07 65.32 1.60 17.36 5.06 0.05 22.59Italy EWest 5.39 326.23 1.33 81.01 8.18 0.49 20.46Malta EWest 6.28 2.94 2.78 1.24 0.00 0.00 xPortugal EWest 4.84 49.85 1.56 16.17 0.00 0.00 9.00Spain EWest 5.32 247.69 1.34 62.33 22.73 1.06 12.47

5.17 1,010.65 1.54 301.84 8.49 1.66 -Albania EEast 1.49 4.27 0.45 1.28 0.00 0.00 xBosniaandHerzegovina EEast 6.65 22.30 0.40 1.37 90.07 0.30 xCroatia EEast 4.21 17.36 1.38 5.82 115.75 0.47 xCyprus EEast 5.48 6.46 2.51 2.92 0.00 0.00 xMontenegro EEast 4.11 2.56 0.79 0.49 131.09 0.08 xNorthMacedonia EEast 3.47 7.23 0.55 1.15 2.25 0.00 xSlovenia EEast 6.36 13.14 2.64 5.44 54.83 0.11 23.30

4.50 73.32 1.05 18.46 59.58 0.97 -5.12 1,084 1.51 320.30 12.40 2.63 -

Israel ME 8.16 71.14 1.36 11.38 17.55 0.16 28.77Jordan ME 1.83 17.89 0.61 5.64 0.00 0.00 xLebanon ME 2.14 14.58 0.89 5.82 0.00 0.00 xPalestine ME - - 0.50 2.14 - - xSyrianArabRepublic ME 2.56 43.63 0.19 3.46 - - xTurkey ME 4.41 357.90 0.47 37.22 2.97 0.24 8.05

4.09 505.13 0.53 65.66 3.71 0.40 -Algeria NA 3.36 138.98 0.24 9.49 918.78 38.80 xEgypt,ArabRepublic NA 2.00 192.98 0.13 11.56 13.19 1.30 xLibya NA 7.86 51.70 0.37 2.38 - - xMorocco NA 1.55 55.29 0.20 7.07 0.00 0.00 xTunisia NA 1.83 20.90 0.46 5.13 0.00 0.00 x

2.40 459.86 0.19 35.63 213.00 40.10 -3.06 964.99 0.33 101.29 136.70 40.50 -3.89 2,049 0.81 421.59 84.88 43.13 -

13.1 13.2 13.3Goal13

Countriesandregions


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION

Tree cover removal for urbanization, commodity production and small-scale agriculture (not including temporaryforestlossduetotheforestrysectororwildfires)tendstomoderatelyincrease.DifferencesintermsofforestareapercountryarerelevantintheMediterraneanareaduetoclimatezones.

Datasource:

15.4–Curtisetal.(2018)

15.4Add1:Forestarea(%oflandarea)–FAO(2019)

15.4Add2:Deforestation,ha–Ourelaboration

%Forestarea,%

Deforestation,ha

France EWest 0.008 31.23 1,371.98Greece EWest 0.001 31.69 41.81Italy EWest 0.005 31.79 478.98Malta EWest - 1.09 -Portugal EWest 0.019 34.61 606.49Spain EWest 0.007 36.94 1,308.11

0.007 33.39 3,807.38Albania EEast 0.001 28.12 8.09BosniaandHerzegovina EEast 0.001 42.68 21.85Croatia EEast 0.001 34.35 19.44Cyprus EEast 0.131 18.69 226.44Montenegro EEast 0.000 61.49 0.00NorthMacedonia EEast 0.000 39.57 0.00Slovenia EEast 0.000 61.97 0.00

0.007 40.09 275.820.007 34.17 4,083.20

Israel ME 0.005 7.73 8.53Jordan ME - 1.10 -Lebanon ME 0.063 13.43 88.41Palestine ME - 1.52 -SyrianArabRepublic ME 0.156 2.67 772.43Turkey ME 0.035 15.35 4,220.57

0.057 11.81 5,089.93Algeria NA 0.783 0.82 15,374.99Egypt,ArabRepublic NA 0.005 0.07 3.70Libya NA - 0.12 -Morocco NA 0.157 12.60 8,834.63Tunisia NA 0.545 6.77 6,033.27

0.508 1.56 30,246.580.418 3.21 35,336.520.309 9.61 39,419.72

15.4Goal15

Countriesandregions


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


3.4TransformationSustainableFood,Land,WaterandSeaAsetofindicatorshasbeenselectedasthemostrelevanttoreportonthecurrentstate,highlighthotspotsandtracktheprogresstowardstheTransformation4.Thisaimstomakefoodsystems,landuseandseasustainableandhealthyforpeople,safeguardingtheintegrityofecosystemsandbiodiversity.Changesareparticularlychallengingconsideringthatcurrent landuseand foodsystems lead topersistenthunger,malnutritionandobesity,provideenvironmentalimpacts in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, nutrient overload and eutrophication, water scarcity, overfishing,pollutionand,moreover,arevulnerabletoclimatechangeandlanddegradation(Sachsetal.2019).

Figure3.4|Selectedindicatorsandchallengesinthetransformation4.SustainableFood,Land,WaterandSea.

Figure 3.4 shows the 21 representative indicators and the correspondingGoal, that allowed for identifying the 11challengestobefacedtoaccomplishthetransformation.Thefollowingrecords,onepereachchallenge,showvaluesoftheindicatorsandtheirspatiallyexplicitrepresentationintomaps.Indicatorsinthetablesareoftencoupledwiththecorrespondingabsolutevalues,suchasthenumberofpeopleinvolved,and,whenuseful,otheradditionaldatafortheirinterpretation.Referencesforallindicatorsandadditionaldata(namely,Add.)arelistedincaptions.

SUSTAINABLEFOODLANDWATEROCEANS

04


Map2.1 Prevalenceofundernourishment(%population)

Map2.2 Prevalenceofstunting(lowheight-for-age)inchildrenunder5yearsofage(%)

Map2.3 Prevalenceofwastinginchildrenunder5yearsofage(%)

Map2.4 Prevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%adultpopulation)

Map2.5 HumanTrophicLevel(best2-3worst)

Map2.6 Cerealyield(t/ha)

Map2.7 SustainableNitrogenManagementIndex

Map3.6Age-standardiseddeathrateduetocardiovasculardisease,cancer,diabetes,andchronicrespiratorydiseaseinpopulationsage30–70years

Healthyenvironment

Map3.9 LifeExpectancyatbirth(years)

Map3.14 SubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,0-10)


Map6.3 Freshwaterwithdrawalas%totalrenewablewaterresources

Map6.4 Anthropogenicwastewaterthatreceivestreatment(%) WaterQuality

Map12.5 Production-basednitrogenemissions(kg/capita) Environmentalimpact

Map13.1 Energy-relatedCO2emissionspercapita(tCO2/capita) Carbonemission

Map14.4 Fishcaughtbytrawling(%) Fisheries

Map14.1 Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)

Map14.2 OceanHealthIndexGoal-CleanWaters(0-100)

Map15.1 Meanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)

Map15.2 Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)

Map15.4 PermanentDeforestation(5yearaverageannual%)

Malnutrition

Foodhabits(diet)

Sustainableagriculture

Wellbeing

Environmentalprotection

Watermanagement


CHALLENGE

MALNUTRITION

PrecariousconditionsofhealthinducedbymalnutritionrequireattentionintheMENAarea:almost12millionpeopleundernourished,2millionchildrenwithwastingandalmost6millionchildrenwithstuntedgrowth.Interventionstoavoidtheinsurgencyoftheseproblemswouldalsoincreasehealthinessofnextgenerationadultpopulation.

Datasource:

2.1–FAO(2019)



% mln % mln % mln

France EWest 2.50 1.67 2.58 0.10 0.70 0.03Greece EWest 2.50 0.27 2.58 0.01 0.70 0.00Italy EWest 2.50 1.51 2.58 0.07 0.70 0.02Malta EWest 2.50 0.01 2.58 0.00 0.70 0.00Portugal EWest 2.50 0.26 2.58 0.01 0.70 0.00Spain EWest 2.50 1.16 2.58 0.05 0.70 0.01

2.50 4.89 2.58 0.25 0.70 0.07Albania EEast 6.20 0.18 23.10 0.04 9.40 0.02BosniaandHerzegovina EEast 2.50 0.08 8.90 0.01 2.30 0.00Croatia EEast 2.50 0.10 2.58 0.00 0.70 0.00Cyprus EEast 5.60 0.07 2.58 0.00 0.70 0.00Montenegro EEast 2.50 0.02 9.40 0.00 2.80 0.00NorthMacedonia EEast 3.20 0.07 4.90 0.01 1.80 0.00Slovenia EEast 2.50 0.05 2.58 0.00 0.70 0.00

3.47 0.56 8.59 0.07 3.03 0.032.57 5.45 3.07 0.32 0.89 0.09

Israel ME 2.50 0.22 2.58 0.02 0.70 0.01Jordan ME 12.20 1.19 7.80 0.09 2.40 0.03Lebanon ME 11.00 0.75 16.50 0.10 6.60 0.04Palestine ME - - 7.40 0.05 1.20 0.01SyrianArabRepublic ME - - 27.50 0.53 11.50 0.22Turkey ME 2.50 2.03 9.50 0.65 1.70 0.12

3.27 4.19 11.94 1.44 3.48 0.42Algeria NA 3.90 1.61 11.70 0.55 4.10 0.19Egypt,ArabRepublic NA 4.50 4.34 22.30 2.88 9.50 1.23Libya NA - - 21.00 0.14 6.50 0.04Morocco NA 3.40 1.21 14.90 0.52 2.30 0.08Tunisia NA 4.30 0.49 10.10 0.11 2.80 0.03

4.00 7.66 18.37 4.20 6.88 1.573.71 11.84 16.15 5.64 5.71 1.993.26 17.30 13.15 5.96 4.60 2.09


2.1


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

FOODHABITS(DIETS)

Obesity affects 22% of the population in Europe and 30% inMENA, namely almost 34million people in westernEurope,34million inNAand24million inME.Trendsareemerging towardshigh-proteindiets (highlightedby thehumantrophiclevel)andprogressiveabandonoftheMediterraneandiet.

Datasource:

2.4–WHO(2020)

2.5–Bonhommeauetal.(2013)

2.5

% mln -

France EWest 21.60 10.93 2.48

Greece EWest 24.90 2.16 2.38

Italy EWest 19.90 9.86 2.42

Malta EWest 28.90 0.11 2.31


Spain EWest 23.80 8.90 2.42

21.75 33.69 2.44Albania EEast 21.70 0.46 2.38



Cyprus EEast 21.80 0.20 2.38




21.57 2.75 2.3421.73 36.44 2.43

Israel ME 26.10 1.43 2.41

Jordan ME 35.50 1.85 2.20

Lebanon ME 32.00 1.37 2.18

Palestine ME - - -


Turkey ME 32.10 16.97 2.25

31.34 24.42 2.25Algeria NA 27.40 7.07 2.20


Libya NA 32.50 1.33 2.19

Morocco NA 26.10 5.87 2.19

Tunisia NA 26.90 2.09 2.21

29.47 33.70 2.1830.23 58.13 2.2126.27 94.57 2.30



Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

SUSTAINABLEAGRICULTURE

Indicatorsgiveageneralinformationonself-sufficiencyofnationalfoodsystems,comparedwithfoodrequirementsof the population, and on the type of agricultural production (intensive vs. extensive; conventional vs. organic).CerealproductionyieldislowerintheMEdespitetheuseofchemicalfertilizersperhectare,muchhigherinWE.

Datasource:

2.6–FAO(2020)

2.7–ZhangandDavidson(2019)

2.6Add1:Landundercerealproduction(hectares)–FAO(2019)

2.6Add2:Tonnesofcerealspercapita–Ourelaboration

2.7Add1:Fertilizerconsumptionperhectare.FAO(2020)

t/ha mlnha t/cap - kg/ha

France EWest 6.88 9.38 0.96 0.39 163.10Greece EWest 3.76 0.84 0.29 0.64 123.00Italy EWest 5.17 3.14 0.27 0.59 129.80Malta EWest 4.80 0.00 0.03 0.89 264.60Portugal EWest 4.73 0.24 0.11 1.07 199.40Spain EWest 2.77 6.02 0.36 0.83 144.00

5.81 19.61 0.52 0.60 149.69Albania EEast 4.81 0.15 0.24 0.83 126.10BosniaandHerzegovina EEast 3.73 0.31 0.35 1.00 131.80Croatia EEast 5.72 0.46 0.64 0.49 119.30Cyprus EEast 2.01 0.02 0.04 1.07 196.70Montenegro EEast 3.32 0.00 0.01 1.06 285.20NorthMacedonia EEast 3.86 0.17 0.31 0.75 79.30Slovenia EEast 5.54 0.10 0.27 0.73 258.90

4.95 1.22 0.35 0.78 136.325.76 20.83 0.51 0.62 148.55

Israel ME 3.57 0.06 0.03 0.87 280.70Jordan ME 1.60 0.06 0.01 0.65 112.00Lebanon ME 3.05 0.05 0.02 0.92 330.80Palestine ME 1.80 0.02 0.01 - -SyrianArabRepublic ME 1.62 1.96 0.19 0.71 7.60Turkey ME 3.26 11.09 0.45 0.62 137.70

3.12 13.25 0.31 0.67 107.70Algeria NA 0.99 3.51 0.08 0.71 22.30Egypt,ArabRepublic NA 7.31 3.18 0.24 0.64 649.20Libya NA 0.77 0.23 0.03 0.88 11.70Morocco NA 1.76 5.57 0.28 0.80 71.10Tunisia NA 1.53 1.07 0.14 0.99 59.30

5.04 13.56 0.20 0.71 62.294.06 26.81 0.24 0.69 78.195.05 47.64 0.35 0.66 102.98



Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

HEALTHYENVIRONMENT

Somediseasessuchascardiovascular,diabetesandrespiratory,areindirectlycorrelated,albeitnotexclusively,withfood,landandwaterquality.ThesemoreaffectEEandNA.Ifproperlypromoted,theMediterraneandietcanplayarelevantroleforimprovementsasitdetermineshalftherateofcardiovascularmortalityandthehighestlongevity.

Datasource:

3.6–WHO(2018)

n./105 n.people

France EWest 10.60 3,592Greece EWest 12.40 727Italy EWest 9.50 3,176Malta EWest 10.80 27Portugal EWest 11.10 631Spain EWest 9.90 2,589

10.20 10,742Albania EEast 17.00 233BosniaandHerzegovina EEast 17.80 337Croatia EEast 16.70 378Cyprus EEast 11.30 66Montenegro EEast 20.60 67NorthMacedonia EEast 20.30 227Slovenia EEast 12.70 148

16.70 1,45610.70 12,198

Israel ME 9.60 352Jordan ME 19.20 633Lebanon ME 17.90 510Palestine ME - -SyrianArabRepublic ME 21.80 1,381Turkey ME 16.10 5,791

5.52 8,666Algeria NA 14.20 2,411Egypt,ArabRepublic NA 27.70 9,707Libya NA 20.10 556Morocco NA 12.40 1,863Tunisia NA 16.10 867

20.48 15,40314.36 24,06915.03 36,268



Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

WELLBEING

Western Europe shows the best performances in terms ofhealthiness andwellbeing, that is indirectly correlated,albeit not exclusively, with food, land and water quality. A general improvement in environmental and socialsustainabilityofnationaleconomieswouldcontributetoincreaselongevityratesandtheperceptionofwellbeing.

Datasource:

3.9–WHO(2019)

3.14–Gallup(2019)

3.9 3.14

years -







82.75 6.45Albania EEast 76.40 5.00



Cyprus EEast 80.70 6.28




77.90 5.6482.37 6.39

Israel ME 82.30 6.93

Jordan ME 74.30 4.45


Palestine ME - 4.60


Turkey ME 76.40 5.19

74.84 4.98Algeria NA 76.40 5.04


Libya NA 71.90 5.49



73.18 4.4973.83 4.6877.30 5.35



Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

WATERMANAGEMENT

Critical issuesintheMediterranean,especiallyinMENA,arerelatedtotheconditionofwaterscarcityandnegativetrendsduetotheeffectsofclimatechange.Over11millionpeopleinNAareleftoutofbasicservicesfortheprovisionofdrinkingwaterandrenewabilityofwatersourceslookstobeahotspot.

Datasource:

6.1–JMP(2020)

6.3–FAO(2020)

% mlnpeopleleft

% billionm3


99.81 0.38 30.27 139.07Albania EEast 91.04 0.26 7.90 1.31BosniaandHerzegovina EEast 96.14 0.13 2.70 0.33Croatia EEast 99.59 0.02 1.50 0.63Cyprus EEast 99.61 0.00 29.80 0.22Montenegro EEast 97.04 0.02 - 0.16NorthMacedonia EEast 93.14 0.14 13.30 0.55Slovenia EEast 99.54 0.01 0.60 1.16

96.45 0.58 6.38 4.3699.55 0.96 29.57 143.43

Israel ME 100.00 0.00 122.40 -Jordan ME 98.94 0.10 100.10 1.10Lebanon ME 92.60 0.50 57.30 1.10Palestine ME 87.60 0.55 48.80 0.41SyrianArabRepublic ME 97.22 0.48 126.00 14.14Turkey ME 98.88 0.91 42.90 41.96


95.42 8.76 152.73 100.9496.46 11.31 120.21 159.6597.69 12.27 77.34 303.08

6.1 6.3Goal6

Countriesandregions


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

WATERQUALITY

Wastewatertreatmentisnotapracticedeployedenough.BesidesEW(78%),MENAcountriesneedconsistentimprovements(33%only).SomecountriesinparticularinEEandMENAshowunsatisfactoryperformancesandcallforinvestmentsinwastewaterinfrastructuresandmanagement.

Datasource:

6.4–EPI(2018)

6.4

%

France EWest 88.00

Greece EWest 81.66

Italy EWest 58.75

Malta EWest 100.00


Spain EWest 91.51



Croatia EEast 51.71

Cyprus EEast 50.00




29.1674.03

Israel ME 81.70

Jordan ME 18.63

Lebanon ME 38.16

Palestine ME -


Turkey ME 30.40



Libya NA 9.60

Morocco NA 5.40

Tunisia NA 43.04

32.2433.6849.76

Countriesandregions


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT

Environmental impacts of industrial production are higher in more industrialised countries, also depending onpopulationdensity,butcanalsorevealinsufficientmeasuresofimpactmitigation.Valueswouldbemuchimprovedbasedonstrategiesofenergysaving,renewabilityandcirculareconomy.

Datasource:

12.5–Oitaetal.(2016)

kg/capitatot

Mt/year



20.58 0.3539.77 8.34



11.06 1.8616.10 4.5326.21 12.87

CountriesandregionsGoal1212.5

Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)



CHALLENGE

CARBONEMISSIONS

CO2 emissions per capita depending on energy use aremore located in EW, responsible for half of the total CO2emissionsinMED(tot2000milliontonsperyear).GiventhehighimpactofclimatechangeintheMEDarea,policiesofcarbonmitigationmustbeurgentlyimplementedinallcountries.

Datasource:

13.1–Gutschowetal.(2016)

tCO2/cap mlntCO2


5.17 1,010.65Albania EEast 1.49 4.27BosniaandHerzegovina EEast 6.65 22.30Croatia EEast 4.21 17.36Cyprus EEast 5.48 6.46Montenegro EEast 4.11 2.56NorthMacedonia EEast 3.47 7.23Slovenia EEast 6.36 13.14

4.50 73.325.12 1,084



2.40 459.863.06 964.993.89 2,049

CountriesandregionsGoal1313.1

Units

MEDITERRANEANAREA(24)

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)MIDDLEEAST&NORTHAFRICA(11)


CHALLENGE

FISHERIES

Fisheryisstillbasedonunsustainablepracticesandneedspecialattentioninordertostoptheincreasinglossoffishstocksandbiodiversity.Solutionssuchastheemergingactivitiesofsustainableaquaculturearepromising.

Datasource:

14.4–Seaaroundus(2018)

14.4Add1:Capturefisheriesproduction(metrictons)–FAO(2019)

14.4Add2:Totalfisheriesfromaquaculture–FAO(2019)

% ttotcapturettot

aquaculture

France EWest 27.79 555,607 180,790Greece EWest 21.75 60,173 104,663Italy EWest 51.78 183,846 148,730Malta EWest 93.64 2,405 4,917Portugal EWest 11.26 183,664 11,339Spain EWest 33.62 1,063,653 282,242

31.39 2,049,348 732,681Albania EEast 86.27 9,053 2,424BosniaandHerzegovina EEast - 305 3,397Croatia EEast 17.89 79,353 13,149Cyprus EEast - 1,279 4,835Montenegro EEast 52.81 1,556 859NorthMacedonia EEast - 282 1,214Slovenia EEast 89.72 411 1,396

25.67 92,238 27,27531.15 2,141,586 759,956

Israel ME 52.26 2,042 20,166Jordan ME - 873 885Lebanon ME 9.95 2,998 1,125Palestine ME - 2,854 240SyrianArabRepublic ME 22.02 4,400 3,000Turkey ME 33.76 302,214 234,302

33.49 315,381 259,718Algeria NA 29.62 97,828 2,411Egypt,ArabRepublic NA 34.53 344,792 1,137,091Libya NA 19.85 25,003 10Morocco NA 62.00 1,367,948 1,189Tunisia NA 28.11 111,326 11,279

53.03 1,946,897 1,151,98050.33 2,262,278 1,411,69841.00 4,403,864 2,171,654

14.4Goal14

Countriesandregions


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE


SeawaterqualityisacriticalissueandmustbeimprovedinallMEDcountries(seetheOceanHealthIndex);Protectedareas(includingfreshwaterandlands)areinsufficientandneedtobefurtherenlarged.AcomprehensiveoverviewoncurrentstateofprotectedareashasbeenprovidedbyClaudetetal.(2020).

Datasource:

14.1–BirdlifeInternationaletal.(2020)



14.2–OceanHeathIndex(2019)

14.1 14.2 15.1 15.2

% - % %

France EWest 79.44 49.08 80.91 78.00Greece EWest 86.43 58.54 85.80 87.24Italy EWest 73.76 49.98 77.85 84.69Malta EWest 98.92 41.11 99.28 -Portugal EWest 65.65 52.30 74.05 63.99Spain EWest 85.60 48.64 56.61 46.06

80.11 49.95 72.56 69.00Albania EEast 60.07 56.66 76.11 99.01BosniaandHerzegovina EEast - 40.59 18.18 66.67Croatia EEast 75.20 64.56 74.14 86.77Cyprus EEast 39.22 58.63 66.07 -Montenegro EEast 0.00 61.31 12.49 -NorthMacedonia EEast - - 23.55 93.64Slovenia EEast 88.56 28.35 85.10 77.49

63.34 51.33 50.80 82.9878.85 50.05 70.05 70.45

Israel ME - 30.22 20.89 26.13Jordan ME - 47.16 8.72 9.77Lebanon ME 5.13 33.00 13.35 21.06Palestine ME - - 2.50 -SyrianArabRepublic ME 0.00 37.63 0.88 3.16Turkey ME 4.14 50.47 2.47 4.39

3.37 46.11 3.19 5.22Algeria NA 29.97 41.44 40.18 52.53Egypt,ArabRepublic NA 66.19 50.43 40.34 28.49Libya NA 0.31 56.44 4.60 -Morocco NA 38.70 55.28 51.88 82.58Tunisia NA 31.12 49.05 40.15 43.40

27.91 49.51 30.23 49.4924.34 48.19 25.90 39.9835.38 48.91 35.03 47.83

CountriesandregionsGoal14 Goal15

Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)



CHALLENGE


Tree cover removal for urbanization, commodity production and small-scale agriculture (not including temporaryforestlossduetotheforestrysectororwildfires)tendstomoderatelyincrease.DifferencesintermsofforestareapercountryarerelevantintheMediterraneanareaduetoclimatezones.

Datasource:

15.4–Curtisetal.(2018)

15.4Add1:Forestarea(%oflandarea)–FAO(2019)

15.4Add2:Deforestation,ha–Ourelaboration

%Forestarea,%

Deforestation,ha

France EWest 0.008 31.23 1,371.98Greece EWest 0.001 31.69 41.81Italy EWest 0.005 31.79 478.98Malta EWest - 1.09 -Portugal EWest 0.019 34.61 606.49Spain EWest 0.007 36.94 1,308.11

0.007 33.39 3,807.38Albania EEast 0.001 28.12 8.09BosniaandHerzegovina EEast 0.001 42.68 21.85Croatia EEast 0.001 34.35 19.44Cyprus EEast 0.131 18.69 226.44Montenegro EEast 0.000 61.49 0.00NorthMacedonia EEast 0.000 39.57 0.00Slovenia EEast 0.000 61.97 0.00

0.007 40.09 275.820.007 34.17 4,083.20

Israel ME 0.005 7.73 8.53Jordan ME - 1.10 -Lebanon ME 0.063 13.43 88.41Palestine ME - 1.52 -SyrianArabRepublic ME 0.156 2.67 772.43Turkey ME 0.035 15.35 4,220.57

0.057 11.81 5,089.93Algeria NA 0.783 0.82 15,374.99Egypt,ArabRepublic NA 0.005 0.07 3.70Libya NA - 0.12 -Morocco NA 0.157 12.60 8,834.63Tunisia NA 0.545 6.77 6,033.27

0.508 1.56 30,246.580.418 3.21 35,336.520.309 9.61 39,419.72

15.4Goal15

Countriesandregions


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


3.5TransformationSustainableCitiesandCommunitiesAsetofindicatorshasbeenselectedasthemostrelevanttoreportonthecurrentstate,highlighthotspotsandtracktheprogress towards theTransformation5.Thisaimstomakecitieseconomicallyproductive, socially inclusiveandenvironmentallysustainable,givewideaccesstobasicservices(suchaswaterandwastemanagement),efficientandsustainable mobility systems and guarantee safe and healthy settlements. Cities also need to increase resilienceagainst climate change and extremeweather events, for example by enforcing the role of ecosystems and naturebasedsolutionsinurbanareas(Sachsetal.2019).

Figure3.5|Selectedindicatorsandchallengesinthetransformation5.SustainableCitiesandCommunities.

Figure 3.5 shows the 18 representative indicators and the corresponding Goal, that allowed for identifying the 9challengestobefacedtoaccomplishthetransformation.Thefollowingrecords,onepereachchallenge,showvaluesoftheindicatorsandtheirspatiallyexplicitrepresentationintomaps.Indicatorsinthetablesareoftencoupledwiththecorrespondingabsolutevalues,suchasthenumberofpeopleinvolved,and,whenuseful,otheradditionaldatafortheirinterpretation.Referencesforallindicatorsandadditionaldata(namely,Add.)arelistedincaptions.

SUSTAINABLECITIESandCOMMUNITIES

05


Map3.8 Trafficdeathsrate(per100,000population) Healthyenvironment

Map8.3Adults(15yearsandolder)withanaccountatabankorotherfinancial

institutions

Map8.6 OECDonly:Employment-to-Populationratio(%)

Map9.1 Populationusingtheinternet(%)

Map9.2 Mobilebroadbandsubscriptions(per100inhabitants)


Map6.2 Populationusingatleastbasicsanitationservices(%)

Map6.4 Anthropogenicwastewaterthatreceivestreatment(%)

Map11.2 Accesstoimprovedwatersource,piped(%urbanpopulation)

Map11.1 Annualmeanconcentrationofparticulatematteroflessthan2.5microns Airquality

Map11.3 Satisfactionwithpublictransport(%)

Map11.4 OECDonly:Rentoverburdenrate(%)

Map12.1 MunicipalSolidWaste(kg/day/capita)

Map12.2 Electronicwaste(kg/capita)

Map12.7 OECDonly:Non-RecycledMunicipalSolidWaste(kg/day/capita)

Map16.1 Homicides(per100,000population)

Map16.3 Percentageofthepopulationwhofeelsafewalkingaloneatnightinthecity

Map16.6 CorruptionPerceptionIndex(0-100)

Digitalinfrastructures

Jobmarket

Waterquality

Watermanagement

Crime

Waste

Accessibility


CHALLENGE

HEALTHYENVIRONMENT

Thetrafficdeathsrateinvolvesover60,000peopleintheMEDarea,including12,000inEuropeand48,000inMENA,thelatterdependingoninvestmentsinsecureinfrastructuresandeconomiccapacityoffamiliescomparedtoEurope.

Datasource:

3.8–WHO(2019)

n./105 n.people

France EWest 5.50 3,677Greece EWest 9.20 991Italy EWest 5.60 3,395Malta EWest 6.10 28Portugal EWest 7.40 764Spain EWest 4.10 1,906

5.50 10,762Albania EEast 13.60 391BosniaandHerzegovina EEast 15.70 532Croatia EEast 8.10 338Cyprus EEast 5.10 60Montenegro EEast 10.70 67NorthMacedonia EEast 6.40 133Slovenia EEast 6.40 132

10.09 1,6535.86 12,414

Israel ME 4.20 359Jordan ME 24.40 2,331Lebanon ME 18.10 1,215Palestine ME 5.40 236SyrianArabRepublic ME 26.50 4,625Turkey ME 12.30 9,818

14.70 18,583Algeria NA 23.80 9,651Egypt,ArabRepublic NA 9.70 9,161Libya NA 26.10 1,694Morocco NA 19.60 6,885Tunisia NA 22.80 2,577

15.95 29,96915.44 48,55211.58 60,967



Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

JOBMARKET

Accesstobasic financialservices,suchasabankaccount,iswidelyguaranteedbutstill122millionpeopleinMENAremainout(only36%inNAaccesstheseservices).Theratioofemployeesperpopulation inOECDcountriesshowsconsistentgaps(e.g.GreeceandItaly).

Datasource:

8.3–Demirguc-Kuntetal.(2019)

8.6–OECD(2019)

8.6

% mlnpeopleleft

%

France EWest 94.00 3.28 65.55

Greece EWest 85.47 1.34 56.50

Italy EWest 93.79 3.26 59.05

Malta EWest 97.36 0.01 x


Spain EWest 93.76 2.48 63.30

93.32 11.05 -Albania EEast 40.02 1.41 x

BosniaandHerzegovina EEast 58.84 1.18 x

Croatia EEast 86.14 0.49 x

Cyprus EEast 88.72 0.11 x

Montenegro EEast 68.36 0.16 x

NorthMacedonia EEast 76.57 0.41 x


72.32 3.80 -91.71 14.85 -

Israel ME 92.82 0.45 68.94

Jordan ME 42.49 3.66 x

Lebanon ME 44.75 2.76 x

Palestine ME 25.00 2.03 x

SyrianArabRepublic ME 23.25 8.93 x

Turkey ME 68.59 19.10 50.30

60.20 36.94 -Algeria NA 42.78 16.66 x

Egypt,ArabRepublic NA 32.78 42.93 x

Libya NA 65.67 1.61 x

Morocco NA 28.64 18.42 x

Tunisia NA 36.91 5.47 x

35.62 85.10 -45.76 122.04 -66.13 136.89 -

8.3Goal8

Countriesandregions


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

DIGITALINFRASTRUCTURES

AccesstoInternetservicesislimitedinNA,withalmost96millionpeopleoffline.43millioninEuropeand43inMEstayoffline.UseofmobiledevicesismoredeployedwithsomeimprovementsstillneededinMENA.

Datasource:

9.1,–ITU(2019)

9.2–ITU(2019)

9.2

%mlnpeople

left n./102

France EWest 82.04 12.03 91.62

Greece EWest 72.95 2.90 81.38

Italy EWest 74.39 15.48 89.89

Malta EWest 81.66 0.09 104.34


Spain EWest 86.11 6.49 98.48

79.76 39.59 91.26Albania EEast 71.85 0.81 62.79



Cyprus EEast 84.43 0.19 111.20




75.22 4.03 71.5579.41 43.62 89.75

Israel ME 83.73 1.45 113.35

Jordan ME 66.79 3.31 87.62

Lebanon ME 78.18 1.49 45.25

Palestine ME 65.20 1.59 -


Turkey ME 71.04 23.84 74.20

66.95 42.79 66.23Algeria NA 49.04 21.52 81.65


Libya NA 21.76 5.23 35.76

Morocco NA 64.80 12.68 59.09

Tunisia NA 64.19 4.14 76.08

50.85 95.81 61.5857.28 138.60 63.4366.02 182.22 73.83

9.1Goal9

Countriesandregions


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

WATERMANAGEMENT

NAistheMedareathatmostlysuffersfromlimitedaccesstobasicdrinkingwaterservices(8,8millionpeople)andbasicsanitationservices(15,9millionpeople).

Datasource:

6.1–JMP(2019)

6.2–JMP(2019)

% mlnpeopleleft

% mlnpeopleleft



96.45 0.58 97.40 0.4299.55 0.96 98.93 2.26

Israel ME 100.00 0.00 100.00 0.00Jordan ME 98.94 0.10 97.34 0.26Lebanon ME 92.60 0.50 98.48 0.10Palestine ME 87.60 0.55 96.00 0.18SyrianArabRepublic ME 97.22 0.48 91.22 1.50Turkey ME 98.88 0.91 97.30 2.19


95.42 8.76 91.71 15.8796.46 11.31 93.71 20.1097.69 12.27 95.79 22.36

6.1 6.2Goal6

Countriesandregions


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

WATERQUALITY

WaternetworkslookwellstructuredinmostoftheMediterraneanarea,includingMENAcountries,despitegapsinaccessingbasicdrinkingwaterandsanitationservicesmostlyaffectingruralareas.

Datasource:

6.4–EPI(2018)

11.2–WHOandUNICEF(2019)

Goal66.4

% %mlnpeople

left

France EWest 88.00 99.00 0.54Greece EWest 81.66 99.00 0.08Italy EWest 58.75 97.49 1.07Malta EWest 100.00 99.00 0.00Portugal EWest 54.98 99.00 0.07Spain EWest 91.51 99.00 0.37

77.75 98.57 2.13Albania EEast 2.67 92.36 0.13BosniaandHerzegovina EEast 1.13 97.65 0.04Croatia EEast 51.71 99.00 0.02Cyprus EEast 50.00 99.00 0.01Montenegro EEast 8.37 94.14 0.02NorthMacedonia EEast 0.94 98.35 0.02Slovenia EEast 89.09 99.00 0.01

29.16 97.22 0.2574.03 98.49 2.39

Israel ME 81.70 99.00 0.08Jordan ME 18.63 88.76 1.00Lebanon ME 38.16 - -Palestine ME - - -SyrianArabRepublic ME 48.00 74.72 2.31Turkey ME 30.40 98.62 0.84

35.92 95.12 4.22Algeria NA 33.12 81.88 5.40Egypt,ArabRepublic NA 41.96 98.58 0.59Libya NA 9.60 - -Morocco NA 5.40 94.10 1.30Tunisia NA 43.04 99.00 0.08

32.24 92.70 7.3733.68 93.82 11.5949.76 95.96 13.98

11.2Goal11

Countriesandregions


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

AIRQUALITY

MENAcountriesshowhighlevelsofexpositiontoPM2.5(50µg/m3).ValuesinEuropearelowerbutnotnegligible(13µg/m3)especiallyconsideringspecificsiteswithhighconcentrations.ThepercentageofmedpopulationexposedatPM2.5isabout90%;evenhigherinMENA.

Datasource:

11.1–IHME(2017)

11.1Add:PM2.5airpollution,populationexposedtolevelsexceedingWHO

guidelinevalue(%oftotal)–Brauer,M.etal.(2017)

μg/m3%popexposed



21.84 99.8713.34 74.58

Israel ME 21.38 100.00Jordan ME 33.01 100.00Lebanon ME 30.62 100.00Palestine ME - 100.00SyrianArabRepublic ME 43.76 100.00Turkey ME 44.31 100.00


51.44 100.0050.04 100.0042.45 89.86

11.1Goal11

Countriesandregions


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)

NORTHAFRICA(5)


CHALLENGE

ACCESSIBILITY

Qualityofpublictransportbasedonsatisfactionratesisaround56%inMedcallingforconsistentimprovements.CostofhouseholdscomparedtofamilyincomeinOECDcountriesisvariableandwouldneedpropermonitoring.

Datasource:

11.3–Gallup(2019)

11.4–OECD(2019)

11.3 11.4

% %

France EWest 67.94 5.23Greece EWest 57.03 19.66Italy EWest 34.44 9.09Malta EWest 60.32 xPortugal EWest 52.18 8.39Spain EWest 63.44 12.93

55.09Albania EEast 50.52 xBosniaandHerzegovina EEast 49.42 xCroatia EEast 47.83 xCyprus EEast 49.77 xMontenegro EEast 46.12 xNorthMacedonia EEast 50.75 xSlovenia EEast 59.69 5.17

50.58 -54.73 -

Israel ME 57.42 -Jordan ME 63.89 xLebanon ME 51.82 xPalestine ME - xSyrianArabRepublic ME 15.28 xTurkey ME 57.81 -

51.74 -Algeria NA 57.66 xEgypt,ArabRepublic NA 70.99 xLibya NA 45.69 xMorocco NA 49.22 xTunisia NA 42.59 x

61.60 -57.77 -56.58 -


Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)



CHALLENGE

WASTE

Wastemanagementshowssomecriticalitiesandwouldrequireimprovementsinsystematicdatamonitoringandintegratedwastemanagementsystemstoavoidlandfillingandincreaseratesofrecycling,besidesreduction.

Datasource:


12.2–UNU-IAS(2017)

12.7–WorldBank(2012);OECD(2018)

12.7

kg/day/captot

Mt/yearkg/capita

totMt/year

kg/day/cap

France EWest 1.74 42.39 21.30 1.42 0.81Greece EWest 1.70 6.73 17.50 0.19 1.14Italy EWest 1.94 42.94 18.90 1.15 0.62Malta EWest 1.80 0.29 15.50 0.01 xPortugal EWest 1.92 7.27 17.30 0.18 0.98Spain EWest 1.48 25.11 20.10 0.93 0.84

1.75 124.73 19.84 3.88 -Albania EEast 1.77 1.86 7.10 0.02 xBosniaandHerzegovina EEast 2.02 2.53 6.50 0.02 xCroatia EEast 1.91 2.93 12.60 0.05 xCyprus EEast 1.87 0.79 19.10 0.02 xMontenegro EEast 2.16 0.49 10.00 0.01 xNorthMacedonia EEast 1.81 1.37 7.20 0.01 xSlovenia EEast 2.24 1.68 16.10 0.03 0.34

1.94 11.66 10.49 0.17 -1.76 136.39 19.11 4.05 -

Israel ME 1.89 5.79 14.10 0.12 1.43Jordan ME 0.77 2.60 5.60 0.05 xLebanon ME 1.04 2.47 11.10 0.07 xPalestine ME - - - - xSyrianArabRepublic ME 1.25 8.18 - - xTurkey ME 1.39 39.90 7.90 0.63 0.99

1.34 58.94 8.40 0.88 -Algeria NA 1.11 16.12 6.20 0.25 xEgypt,ArabRepublic NA 1.36 45.75 5.50 0.52 xLibya NA 1.14 2.66 11.00 0.07 xMorocco NA 0.83 10.51 3.70 0.13 xTunisia NA 0.92 3.75 5.60 0.06 x

1.17 78.81 5.51 1.04 -1.24 137.75 6.54 1.91 -1.45 274.13 11.82 5.97 -

Units

EUROPEWest(6)



MIDDLEEAST(6)



CHALLENGE

CRIME

Safety is a priority for dignified standards of life and look depending first on political stability and then on socialwellbeingandequality,aswellaslevelsofcorruptionintheexerciseofpublicfunctions.MENAcountriesshowhighercriticalities.

Datasource:

16.1–UNODC(2018)

16.3–Gallup(2020)

16.6–TransparencyInternational(2019)

16.3 16.6

n./105 n.people % -

France EWest 1.30 869 74.05 69.00

Greece EWest 0.70 75 57.49 48.00

Italy EWest 0.70 424 68.33 53.00

Malta EWest 0.90 4 74.46 54.00

Portugal EWest 0.70 72 83.33 62.00

Spain EWest 0.70 326 77.51 62.00

0.91 1,771 72.67 60.79Albania EEast 2.30 66 62.99 35.00

BosniaandHerzegovina EEast 1.20 40 67.10 36.00

Croatia EEast 1.10 45 75.06 47.00

Cyprus EEast 0.60 7 73.59 58.00

Montenegro EEast 2.40 15 79.25 45.00

NorthMacedonia EEast 1.50 31 68.33 35.00

Slovenia EEast 0.90 19 90.31 60.00

1.37 224 72.36 43.390.94 1,994 72.64 59.41

Israel ME 1.40 122 75.15 60.00

Jordan ME 1.40 137 73.39 48.00

Lebanon ME 4.00 272 55.26 28.00

Palestine ME - - - -

SyrianArabRepublic ME 2.20 375 32.24 13.00

Turkey ME 4.30 3,487 56.84 39.00

3.56 4,394 55.73 36.81Algeria NA 1.40 579 64.26 35.00

Egypt,ArabRepublic NA 2.50 2,411 87.03 35.00

Libya NA 2.50 165 54.08 18.00

Morocco NA 2.10 747 57.37 41.00

Tunisia NA 3.00 343 57.91 43.00

2.22 4,245 73.86 36.022.74 8,639 66.82 36.322.02 10,634 69.10 45.37


16.1

Units

EUROPEWest(6)


MIDDLEEAST(6)



3.6TransformationDigitalRevolutionforSustainableDevelopmentTrackingtheprogresstowardstheTransformation6requiresanindirectapproach.Exceptforafewindicators(e.g.populationusingtheinternet;mobilebroadbandsubscriptions),thetransitiontodigitalservicescanhavemultipleapplicationsinvarioussectors,concerningdifferentgoalsandtargets.

Figure3.6|Selectedindicatorsandchallengesinthetransformation6.DigitalRevolutionforSustainableDevelopment.

DIGITALREVOLUTIONforSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT

06


Map1.2 Povertyheadcountratioat$3.20/day(%population) PovertyMap2.4 Prevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%adultpopulation)

Map2.5 HumanTrophicLevel(best2-3worst)

Map2.6 Cerealyield(t/ha)

Map2.7 SustainableNitrogenManagementIndex

Map3.5 NewHIVinfections(per1,000)

Map3.6Age-standardiseddeathrateduetocardiovasculardisease,cancer,diabetes,and

chronicrespiratorydiseaseinpopulationsage30–70years

Map3.8 Trafficdeathsrate(per100,000population)

Map3.17 OECDonly:Dailysmokers(%populationage15+)

Map4.1 Netprimaryenrolmentrate(%)

Map4.2 Lowersecondarycompletionrate(%)

Map4.4 OECDonly:Participationrateinpre-primaryorganizedlearning(%ages4-6)

Map4.5 OECDonly:Populationage25-34withtertiaryeducationalattainment(%)

Map4.8 OECDonly:Underachieversinscience(%15yearsold)

Map4.9 OECDonly:Resilientstudentsinscience(%15yearsold)

Map5.3 Ratiooffemaletomalelabourforceparticipationrate

Map5.5 OECDonly:Genderwagegap(Total,%malemedianwage)


Map6.3 Freshwaterwithdrawalas%totalrenewablewaterresources

Map6.4 Anthropogenicwastewaterthatreceivestreatment(%) WaterQualityMap7.1 Accesstoelectricity(%population) Energysupply

Map7.3CO₂emissionsfromfuelcombustionforelectricityandheatingpertotal

electricityoutput(MtCO₂/TWh)

Map7.4 OECDonly:Shareofrenewableenergyintotalfinalenergysupply(%)

Map8.1 AdjustedGDPGrowth(%)

Map8.3Adults(15yearsandolder)withanaccountatabankorotherfinancial

institutions

Map8.4 Unemploymentrate(%totallaborforce)

Map8.6 OECDonly:Employment-to-Populationratio(%)

Map8.7 OECDonly:Youthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%)

Map8.2 VictimsofModernSlavery(per1,000population)

Map8.5 Fatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(deathsper100,000)

Map9.1 Populationusingtheinternet(%)

Map9.2 Mobilebroadbandsubscriptions(per100inhabitants)

Map9.3Logisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-related

infrastructuresPhysicalinfrastructures

Map9.4TheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3

universities

Map9.6 Expenditureonresearchanddevelopment(%GDP)

Map10.1 GiniCoefficientadjustedfortopincome(1-100) WealthdistributionMap11.1 Annualmeanconcentrationofparticulatematteroflessthan2.5microns AirqualityMap11.2 Accesstoimprovedwatersource,piped(%urbanpopulation) WaterqualityMap11.3 Satisfactionwithpublictransport(%)

Map11.4 OECDonly:Rentoverburdenrate(%)

Map12.1 MunicipalSolidWaste(kg/day/capita)

Map12.2 Electronicwaste(kg/capita)

Map12.7 OECDonly:Non-RecycledMunicipalSolidWaste(kg/day/capita)

Map12.3 Production-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)

Map12.5 Production-basednitrogenemissions(kg/capita)

Map13.1 Energy-relatedCO2emissionspercapita(tCO2/capita)

Map13.2 CO₂emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)

Map13.3 CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)

Map13.4 OECDonly:EffectiveCarbonRate

Map14.4 Fishcaughtbytrawling(%) FisheriesMap14.1 Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)

Map14.2 OceanHealthIndexGoal-CleanWaters(0-100)

Map15.1 Meanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)

Map15.2 Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)

Map15.4 PermanentDeforestation(5yearaverageannual%)

Map16.3 Percentageofthepopulationwhofeelsafewalkingaloneatnightinthecity

Map16.6 CorruptionPerceptionIndex(0-100)

Map16.9 PressFreedomIndex(best0-100worst) PressFreedom

Map17.1 GovernmentspendingonHealthandEducation(%GDP) Domesticpolicy

Environmentalprotection

Crime

Environmentalimpact

Waste

Carbonemission

Accessibility

Laborrights

R&I

Jobmarket

Sustainableenergy

Digitalinfrastructures

Scholarship

Literacy

Watermanagement

Womenemancipation

Foodhabits(diet)

Sustainableagriculture

Healthyenvironment


This transformation aims to deploy digital technologies disrupting nearly every sector of the economy, includingagriculture (precision agriculture), mining (autonomous vehicles), manufacturing (robotics), retail (e-commerce),finance(e-paymentandtradingstrategies),media(socialnetwork),health(diagnosticsandtelemedicine),education(online learning), public administration (e-governance and e-voting), and science and technology. Main objectivesconcern the universal access to the internet through mobile broadband, digital inclusion and privacy protection.DigitalinnovationisespeciallyexpectedtotackleimplementationchallengestowardssustainabledevelopmentacrossthesixSDGTransformations(Sachsetal.2019).Figure 3.6 shows a selection of indicators and emerging challenges (already mentioned in the previoustransformations)thatcanbe indirectly influencedbytheuseofdigitaltechnologies.Ratherthandirectlymonitoredthroughspecificindicators,theeffectsofthedigitalrevolutionareexpectedtosupportandcontributetoaccomplishtheprevious5transformations.Nevertheless,thestrategicroleofdigitalizationandthedefinitionofproperpoliciesandstrategiesforitsimplementationrequireaspecificfocus(nextsection).


FocusonTheUnionfortheMediterranean:regionalpositiveagendaforimplementingtheSDGsintheMediterranean

Figure:UfMmemberstates–Source:AnnualReportUfM2019

TheUnionfortheMediterranean(UfM),anintergovernmentalinstitutionbringingtogethertheEuropeanUnionMemberStatesandthecountriesfromtheSouthernandEasternshoresoftheMediterranean,promotescooperationaimedattacklingtherootcausesofthechallengesintheEuro-Mediterranean.

The UfM seeks to address global issues such as climate change, environment, water, higher education, and research andinnovation,basedonaninclusiveapproachwhileguaranteeingitscoherencewithanditscontributiontotheimplementationoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)intheEuro-Mediterraneanregion.

The last fewyearshavemarkedaturningpoint forthe institution,bothatapoliticalandoperational level. Indeed,aRoadmapadoptedbyUfMMinistersof ForeignAffairsenabledworking towards the socio-economic root causesof thegrowing regionalchallenges,whilecapitalizingonits immenseuntappedpotential,particularly itsyouth. ItalsopavedthewayforusingtheUfMframework to interlinkMediterranean regional actionwith theglobal SDGs, taking fully intoaccount the contribution that thisworkcanmakeinaddressingthecurrentglobalchallengesfacingtheregion.

The current situation offers an historic opportunity to explore and promote the potential that it entails for the Euro-Mediterraneanregion.TheUfMisdeterminedtoreinforceitsroleasaregionalcooperationplatformtohelptheregionrecoverfromthesocioeconomic implicationsof thepandemic.Since theoutbreakof theCOVID-19,UfMvirtualactivitieshavebroughttogetherawide rangeofexpertsand stakeholders to share ideas,build consensusandcoordinateefforts in keyareas suchasresearch and innovation, water management, job creation, urban development and the promotion of gender equality anddigitalization.Finally,thepandemicisauniquechancetoaddresstheheavyimpactsofclimateandenvironmentalchange.


UNEP/MAPStateoftheEnvironmentandDevelopmentintheMediterranean

IntheframeworkoftheUNEP/MAP-BarcelonaConventionsystemandasmandatedbytheContractingPartiestotheBarcelonaConvention(i.e.21MediterraneancountriesandtheEuropeanUnion),PlanBleuhasorganizedandeditedthereportontheStateoftheEnvironmentandDevelopmentintheMediterranean(SoED),acollectiveeffortinvolvingmorethan150contributors.

SoEDaimsatpresentingacomprehensiveandupdatedassessmentoftheinteractionsbetweenenvironmentanddevelopmentintheMediterraneanregion.Thisassessmentstudyanalysessocio-economicdriversandimpactsofenvironmentaldegradationoftheMediterraneanmarineandcoastalecosystems.Byapplyinganintegratedandsystemicapproach,SoEDisexpectedtoincreaseawarenessandunderstandingofenvironmentalstatusandtrendsintheregion,theirdrivingforcesandimpacts,facilitatingthemeasurementofprogresstowardssustainabledevelopment,providinganup-to-datefoundationforimproveddecision-makingatall levels, and enhancing the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and theMediterraneanStrategyforSustainableDevelopment(MSSD).

Over the last decades, human-induced pressures have increasingly affected theMediterranean region. Population growth andunsustainableproductionandconsumptionpatternshave led toenvironmentaldegradation.Despite someprogress, economicgrowthcontinuestoincreaseresourceconsumptionandcarbonemissions.Land-andsea-usechange,inparticularonthecoast,are detrimental to the environment. Exploitation of resources and organisms, pollution and climate change are projected toexacerbatepre-existing fragilities in theMediterranean, leading to“multiplestressesandsystemic failures”,puttinghealthandlivelihoodsatrisk.

ProgresshasbeenachievedinpolicyresponsesandactionstomanagetheMediterraneanmoresustainably.Resultsarepositivecompared to scenarios with no intervention. However, these results have not been sufficient to reduce the most significantpressures on the environment and to safeguard theMediterranean for present and future generationswhilemeeting humandevelopmentneeds.CurrenttrendsdonotallowachievementofGoodEnvironmentalStatus(GES)oftheMediterraneanSeaby2020.

Urgent and collective efforts for transformative change are required to safeguard the Mediterranean environment, whilesimultaneouslyfosteringhumandevelopment,takingintoaccountdifferencesbetweenMediterraneancountries.MediterraneancountrieshavecommittedtoachieveGESoftheMediterraneanSeaandcoastandmorelargelytheSDGsunderthe2030Agenda.Afundamentalreorganizationofeconomicandsocialsystems,includingchangesinparadigmsandvalues,isrequiredtoachievethesecommitments.

ReferenceUNEP/MAPandPlanBleu(2020).StateoftheEnvironmentandDevelopmentintheMediterranean.NairobiUNEP/MAPandPlanBleu(2020).StateoftheEnvironmentandDevelopmentintheMediterranean.SummaryforDecisionMakers.NairobiUNEP/MAPandPlanBleu(2020).StateoftheEnvironmentandDevelopmentintheMediterranean.KeyMessages.Nairobihttps://planbleu.org/en/soed-2020-state-of-environment-and-development-in-mediterranean/#SustainableMED


4.RecommendedpoliciesThe indicatorsselectedandthecorrespondingmaps,elaboratedand interpretedbyarea, traceageneralpictureofMediterranean countries in relation to the actuation of the six transformations. The emerging picture allows forhighlightingthemainchallengestotackleintheshort,mediumandlongperiod.Thelistofchallengeshasbeentakenas guideline to determine a series of policies and strategies to accomplish each transformation. This is aimed ataddressing theplanningofcoordinatedactions, relating to thecharacteristicsof the fourmacro-regions,and fosterthe interaction between research centres and both the public and the private sectors. In particular, the followingsections have been outlined, one per each transformation, and relevant initiatives or projects selected (withindedicatedboxes)tosupportthetransitionprocessinthecomplexMediterraneancontext.

Ingeneral,recommendedpoliciescanbeclassifiedintothefollowingsevencategories.

Regulation and control protocols to be applied by public authorities at both transnational andnationallevel,aspartofacooperativeactionsharedbyalltheMediterraneancountriesorspecificMediterraneanregions.

Practices of governance aimed at improving performance of public-private facilities and servicesthroughsectorialplanning, includingurbanism, resourceandwastemanagement (e.g.energyandwater supply networks), mobility in all its forms, coastal and marine governance, ecosystemservices,climatechangemitigation.

Incentiveschemesandsupportingprogramsforsustainabledevelopment,aimedatdeployingbestpractices through political agreements, financial support, and public-private initiatives.Governments, international organizations and businesses should coordinate their action andincreasetheirinvestmentsforSDGimplementation.

Informationandeducationalprogramsincludingawarenessraisingcampaigns,knowledgetransfer,capacitybuildingandinnovationdevelopment,especiallytargetingyounggenerations,enterprises,valuechainoperatorsinanyproductivesector.

Stakeholders engagementmechanisms topromotebroadpublic support for each transformation.The scientific community can play an important role to develop tools and methods for multi-stakeholderengagementallowingfortechnicalfeasibilityoflong-termpathways.

Digitalandtechnologicaldevelopmentto implementmonitoringsystemsasdecision-supporttoolsand data sharing systems at transnational level. For example, the development of open accessrepositoriesofsuccessfulexperiencesandsolutionsintheMediterraneanregioncancontributetosupport theSDGsachievementand theemergenceofnew transnationalpartnerships.Thisactionclearly refers to the Transformation 6 that is mentioned among strategic policies for theachievementofallthetransformations.

Economicandmarketdevelopmentbyfosteringinnovationthroughtheengagementofvaluechainactors and providing information directly to consumers thus promoting healthier and moresustainablebehaviours.

In general, the perception of the Mediterranean as a common stage needs to be emphasised and strengthenedthroughamoreintensecooperationandtransnationalcollaborationamongcountries,besidesinteractionsbetweendisciplines,tofacecomplexchallengesandfillthegaptowardstheSDGs.

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4.1Transformation.PoliciesforEducation,GenderandInequalityPoverty - Around 12% of theMediterranean population (almost 50million people) is classified at risk of poverty,including 27million Europeans, and it can expect to get worse due to the COVID 19 crisis (not monitored here).Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.

New legislations at national and regional level to protect minor classes, impose balanced taxes,guarantee fair salaries and redistribute wealth, thus avoiding the concentration of riches in thepocketsofveryfewpeople.

Programs and plans to improve healthiness of poor neighbourhoods and increase accessibility tosafe food and basic public services, including sanitation facilities, public transport and greeninfrastructures,avoidingisolationandexclusionofmarginalareas.

Programs of social assistance to support most vulnerable categories of people and assure theirsubsistence.

Educational programs to facilitate re-integration of unemployed people through alternativeopportunitiesofeducationandtrainingatanystageoftheirlifeandfacilitationsforemployment.

Innovative monitoring systems to have a constant control at national and regional level on thecurrentstateoffamiliesandneighbourhoodsineachcountry.

Scholarship and literacy - The level of scholarship looks good in most of theMediterranean countries as well aseducationaloutcomes in termsofacquiredskillsand literacy rate.Nevertheless, the roleofeducation is crucial forsustainable development and needs continuousmonitoring and improvement. Recommended policies concern thefollowingissues.

Clear legislations and control protocols to guarantee high standards of educational facilities andinfrastructures, in compliance with stringent security criteria, including resistance to extremenaturalevents.

Incentive schemes for supporting most deserving students and their careers as well as studentsfromlowincomefamilies,madeeasilyaccessibleandsuitabletocurrentrequirementsandcostsoflife. Incentives should also support the accessibility to digital infrastructures to all students as anessentialsolutionwidelyusedtofacetheCOVID19crisis.

Programs at national level to give opportunities of professional updating to teachers and skilledpersonnelandconstantreviewingofeducationalprogramsatanylevelineverycountry,inlinewithinternationalstandards.

Innovativemonitoringsystemstohaveaconstantcontrolatnationalandregionallevelonthestateoffacilitiesandinfrastructuresandtheperformanceoftheeducationalsystemsineachcountry.

Women rights and emancipation–Womenrightsarenotequallydeveloped inMediterraneancountriesandneedcarefulmonitoring. In general, all countries shouldpromote significant cultural changes toenhance thepositionofwomen in society. Specific indicatorsonabusesandviolence shouldbe taken intoaccount.Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.

Legislationsatnationalleveltoprotectwomenrights,especiallysafeguardingwomenandgirlsfromabusesandassuringtheirindependentchoices,andtoguaranteegenderequality,suchasthroughfair salaries and minimum female representation in public and private bodies, until it belongs aconsolidatedculturalbackground.

Programs and incentives to foster initiatives and support entrepreneurships and independentbusinesseswithwomeninaleadingposition.

Programsandincentivesincludingdedicatedactionstoincreaseaccessibilityofwomen,atanystageoftheirlife,andgirlstoeducationalandtrainingprograms.

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Innovative solutions to improve services targetingwomen, especially concerning protection fromabusesandsurveillanceaimedatpreventingviolenceinbothdomesticandpublicplaces.

Job market and labour rights – The unemployment rate in the Mediterranean countries is 11% in average andaccounts for 39 million people. Number of NEETs in OECD countries is not reassuring and reveals an alarmingdisenchantmentofyounggenerations.Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.

Legislations at transnational and national level to promote sustainable development such as todiscouragefossilfuelsbasedbusinessesandinvestments,convertindustriesandremoveconstraintstotheexploitationofrenewableenergysourcesandcirculareconomy.

Plansforrenewableenergydeploymentatnational,regionalandmunicipallevel,clearlyaddressingnewurbanandsectorialplanningpracticestoenergytransitionandclimateadaptation,toaddressnextinvestmentsandcreatenewjobopportunitieswitheffectsonlocaleconomiesandwellbeing.

Programs and incentives at national level to support entrepreneurship and job creation withrelevantcontributionsintermsoftaxreduction.Thisshouldparticularlysupportentrepreneursandemployeesinthefieldofresearchandinnovation,newtechnologiesandexpertiseforsustainability.

Programsatnational leveltoguaranteeeducationandtrainingtopeopleatanystageoftheir life,includingapplicantsfornewjobsandentrepreneurslookingfornewsustainablebusinesses.

Business networks,well supported by public institutions, to join efforts to strengthen innovationcapacity and increase job opportunities by training generally skilled personnel and coordinatingactions,suchasthroughtemporaryjobsplanningandmarketorientedinitiatives.

Making digital technologies a leverage for innovation capacity building and sustainabledevelopment.

Press Freedom – The survey on the degree of freedom of press in the Mediterranean shows the need ofimprovementsandconstantsurveillance.Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.

Legislationsatnational leveltoprotectfreedomofpressaswellastoregulatetheuseof internetandsocialmediabyabusersasinstrumentsofdefamation,fakenewsandanonymousintimidation.

Programsatnationalleveltoeducateyoungcitizensatschooltomanagetheiruseoftheinternetbyrespectingfreedomofexpressionaswellastherighttoprivacy,asanecessaryculturalbackgroundinthedigitalera.

Deploymentofmobiledigitaltechnologiestoallowfreeaccesstoinformationandopportunitiesofwebbasednetworkingineverycountryandatthetransnationallevel,avoidinglimitationswithanysocial class distinction and increasing the capacity to limit abuses and guarantee safe and fairbrowsingoninternetforeverybody.

Wealth distribution – Inequalities in family income are recorded in the all Mediterranean area. Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.

Legislations at national and regional level toprotectminor classes, impose right taxes, guaranteefairsalariesandredistributewealth,thusavoidingtheconcentrationofrichesinthepocketsofveryfewpeople.

Programs and plans to improve healthiness of poor neighbourhoods and increase accessibility tosafe food and basic public services, including sanitation facilities, public transport and greeninfrastructures,avoidingisolationandexclusionofmarginalareas.

Programs and incentives to foster entrepreneurial initiatives and support start-up and smallbusinessesaswellastopromotesustainableturn-overpoliciestoguaranteeopportunitiesofcareerimprovementstoemployeesinbothpublicandprivatesectors.

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Programsand incentives includingdedicatedactionsto increaseaccessibilityofstudents fromlowincomefamilies,atanystageoftheirlife,toeducationalandtrainingprograms.

Deploymentofmobiledigitaltechnologiestoallowfreeaccesstoinformationandopportunitiesofwebbasednetworkingwithoutanysocialclassdistinctionineverycountry.

Domesticpolicy–Expendituresonhealthandeducationrangesfrom11%ofGDPinWesternEuropeto7%inEasternEuropeandtheMENAarea.Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.

Legislations to guarantee free access to national healthcare systems to everybody, without anysocial class distinction and nationality, including migrants that need to be rescued and properlyassistedbynationalgovernmentsbasedontransnationalcooperationandagreements.

Improvedinvestments inhealthandeducationtoguaranteetheachievementofhighstandardsofbasicservicesintheallMediterraneanregion.

Programs at national level to guarantee a high level of skilled personnel for healthcare andeducation inevery country, in linewith international standards, andaproper information systemaddressedtocitizenstoguaranteeahighaccessibilitytobasicservices.

Innovativemonitoringsystemstohaveaconstantcontrolatnationalandregionallevelonthestateof facilities and infrastructures and the performance of basic services in each country, alsoimprovingaccessibilitythroughweb-basedapplicationsandremoteservices.

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4.2Transformation.PoliciesforHealth,WellbeingandDemographyMalnutrition - No critical situations are highlighted in the Mediterranean, nevertheless the number of peopleinvolved, especially in MENA, calls for a careful monitoring and action planning. Precarious conditions of healthinduced bymalnutrition can have negative effects in the long run such as, besides healthiness, in terms of socialwellnessandeconomiccosts.Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.

Programsofpreventionandassistancetofamiliesmostexposedtorisk,suchaseconomicbonusesor free access to basic foodstuffs during pregnancy and lactation, to limit problems linked toinsufficientorinadequatefood,especiallyinchildren,andimprovehealthoffuturegenerations.

Foodhabits (diet)-Theincreasingspreadofchildandadultobesityismostlyduetoincorrecteatinghabits.Trendstowardshigh-proteindiets,withhighconsumptionofmeat,cheeseandotherhigh-calorie foods,andaprogressiveabandon of the Mediterranean diet, rich in fruit and vegetables, further contribute to increase the problem.Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.

Newlegislationsaimedatimprovingfoodstandardsandpreventobesityanddiseasesassociatedtoincorrect food habits, especially of young generations, and their negative effects in terms ofhealthinessandsanitarycosts.

Dietaryeducationprogrammesinschoolsandschoolcanteensassuringahealthybalanceddietandinformingonthebenefitsofgoodfoodhabits,suchastheMediterraneandiet,andmoredynamiclifestyles,oftensedentaryandunhealthy.

Innovative solutions to communicate andpromotegoodbehaviours, suchas to informon caloriecontent of packaged foods, for example through smart labelling of products and monitoring ofproductionchains.

Nationalcampaignsaddressedtoconsumerspromotingahealthybalanceddiet,especiallytargetingyounger generations, and consumption of healthy fresh food instead of packaged andoverprocessed.

Healthcare –Medical assistance at birth and availability of skilled personnel is an important requirement not fullycompliedinsomeNorthAfricancountry.Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.

Legislations to guarantee free access to national healthcare systems to everybody, without anysocialclassdistinctionandnationality.

Increasing investments inhealthservices toguaranteetheachievementand improvementofhighstandardsintheallMediterraneanregion.

Informationcampaignsofpreventionaddressedtofamiliesmostexposedtorisktolimitproblemsandassureproperassistancebyskilledpersonnelatbirth.

Healthy environment - Disease containment in theMediterranean area looks under control, with some problemsemerging in North Africa and Eastern Europe. Some diseases such as cardiovascular, diabetes and respiratory, areindirectly correlated, albeit not exclusively,with food, land andwater quality. Recommended policies concern thefollowingissues.



Innovative solutions to communicate andpromotegoodbehaviours, suchas to informon caloriecontent of packaged foods, for example through smart labelling of products and monitoring of

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productionchains.

Nationalcampaignsaddressedtoconsumerspromotingahealthybalanceddiet,especiallytargetingyounger generations, and consumption of healthy fresh food instead of packaged andoverprocessed.Populations that followaMediterraneandiet showhalf the rateof cardiovascularmortalityandthehighestlongevity.

Well-being – Best performances in terms of healthiness and wellbeing are in Western Europe as expected as aconsequenceoftheeconomicwellness.Nevertheless,potentialitiestoimprovearehighinmostoftheMediterraneanareas,consideringforexamplethemeanageofthepopulation(34yearsinMed),muchyoungerinMENA(27years)thaninEurope(40years).Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.

Planningactivitiesoriented tosustainability to improvebothurbanandruralenvironments,avoidpollution, increaseaccessibility tobasic services, including forexamplenaturebased facilitiesandpublic transport, and provide opportunities for assuring healthy and dynamic lives, rather thansedentary.

National and regional programs targeting youths to maximise public and private investments inculturalandsocialdevelopment,especiallyincountrieswiththehighestratesofyoungpopulation,andbuildtheconditionstolivefullandfulfillinglives.

Educationalprogramsteachingsustainabilitytoyoungstudentstoformthenextgenerationcitizensandletthemunderstandtheimplicationsofourcommonlivinginoneplanet.

Stakeholdersengagement, includingcitizens, indecisionmaking topromotedynamicandresilientcommunities, build capacities to accomplish consistent transformations through bottom-upinitiativesincitiesandruralareasandassuredirectinteractionswithlocalauthorities.

Promotion of fair trade to avoid spillover effects of developed countries often compromisingopportunities of developing countries to maintain and improve their economic, social andenvironmentalconditions.

Watermanagement–This isamajor theme in theMediterranean,especially inpartsof theMENAarea,withhighrisksofdroughtduetoclimatechange.Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.

Stringentregulationsatnationalleveltolimitwateruseandprotectwatersourcesasfundamentalcommongoodsforlongtermsurvivalofpopulations,ecosystemsandbiodiversity.

New sectorial plans and control protocols to improve the efficiency of water supply networks(includingEurope)andmanagementofwatersupplyinMENAcountries,includingthedevelopmentof new treatment and distribution technologies and innovative irrigation systems (agriculture isresponsibleforalargepartofthedemandforwater).

Incentives schemes to promote best practices for the containment of the water footprint indifferentsectors,fromagriculturetoindustry,residentialandtourism.

Educationalprogramsteachingcorrectbehavioursanduseofwaterresourcestoyoungstudentstoformthenextgenerationcitizensandletthemunderstandtheimplicationsofourcommonlivinginoneplanet.

Containment of the water footprint of countries and protection of available water resources byengaging stakeholders in participating activities, including public authorities, industry andagriculture,researchcentresandthecivilsociety.

Developing monitoring tools for water availability and quality as decision-support systems toregulatesharingandmanagementofavailableresources.

Energy supply – Access to electricity is guaranteed in most of Mediterranean countries. Recommended policiesconcernthefollowingissues.

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Policiestoimprovesecuritystandardsandsustainabilityofnationalenergygridsandtopromoteaprogressivetransitiontorenewableenergysources,thusassuringahigherresilienceandlongtermenergy supply. Solar and wind potentials are high in theMediterranean area and should be thesubjectfortransnationalagreementsbasedonsharingrenewablesourcesratherthanfossilfuels.

Educationalprogramsteachingcorrectbehavioursanduseofenergytoyoungstudentstoformthenext generation citizens and let them understand the implications of our common living in oneplanet.

Development of smart grids at regional, local and domestic level can highly improve themanagementofdistributiongrid,integratingenergyconsumersandproducersinlocalareas.

Promotion of free competition in the energymarket, provided information and costs are clearlyprovidedtoconsumers.

Airquality–HighlevelsofexpositiontopollutedairaredetectedinmostofMediterraneancountries.Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.

Stringent regulations at national level to identify clear thresholds and limit the exposition topollutedair,especiallyinurbanenvironments.

Programs and plans at national, regional and municipal level to definitely promote integratedmobility systems, with limited use of private cars, and accomplish the transition to sustainablemobility.Similarly,programstomitigateimpactsofindustrialactivities.

Incentive schemes to foster the abandon of private cars, promoting the use of public transports,bicycles,andelectricmobility,and topromoteand financially supportprivate investments innewinfrastructuresandservicesofan integratedmobilitysystem. Incentivesschemestopromotebestpracticesforthecontainmentofpollutantoutflowsfromindustries.

Educationalprograms teachingcorrectbehaviours toyoung students to form thenextgenerationcitizensandletthemunderstandtheimplicationsofourcommonlivinginoneplanet.

Engaging stakeholders in cooperative activities, including public authorities, practitioners andbusinesses,topromotesustainablemobility,suchasthroughtheengagementofemployees.

Development of innovative solutions at national and regional level, such as with a real timemonitoringandcommonticketingsystemforall the integratedtransports,canhighly improvethetransitiontosustainablemobility.

Weaponsmarket –Western Europe is among the exporters ofweapons and regulation and control systems needconstant update andmonitoring to avoid unfair behaviours and allow for full traceability. Recommended policiesconcernthefollowingissues.

More stringent regulations at international and national level and control protocols to assuretransparencyandtraceability,withpubliclyaccessibleinformationontheweaponmarket.

Disincentives through taxes to minimize profit of producers and sellers and limit the number ofsectoroperatorsunderstringentandconstantmonitoringbycontrolauthorities.

Innovative digital technologies to assure traceability of weapons, such as through real time geo-location,andonlyallowaccessibilitytoauthorisedpersons.

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Box4.2.1

UrbanPlanning,EnvironmentandHealthInitiative,BarcelonaInstituteforGlobalHealth

COVID-19hasprofoundly testedcities,whileat thesamehasbroughtopportunities for reflectionandaction inunprecedentedways.Thepandemichasclearlyevidencedtheimportanceofthelinkbetweentheurbanenvironmentandhealthasafoundationforprosperouscities.

The Urban Planning, Environment and Health Initiative (UPEH) combines research, advocacy, policy and capacity building toengagewithkeystakeholdersandthepublicfortransformativeactionandimpactinsociety.Ourresearchshowsthatupto20%ofprematuremortalityinurbanareascouldbepreventedthroughbetterurbanandtransportplanning.Further,COVID-19hashithardest in cities, bringing new urgency and complexity to these issues and the need for flexible and safe public spaces andtransportsystems.Toachievethis,collaborationamongstplanning,transport,environmentandhealthsectorsisessential.Multi-sectoralactionandhealthinallpoliciesareneededtotackleproblemssuchashighairandnoisepollution,heatislandeffects,lackofgreenspace,sedentarybehaviour,poorhousingconditionsandtheabilitytorespondtoclimatechangeandotheremergingthreats.

TheUPEHinitiativebringstogetherexperts,practitionersanddecision-makersacrosssectorstoaddressthechallengesposedbyurbanisation,puttinghealthandwellbeingatthecentreofurbanandtransportplanning.Ourapproachappliesrigorousscientificevidence,toolsandindicatorstopromotesustainableandhealthyurbandevelopment.Ourmainlinesofactionare:

1. Translatingscientificevidencetomakeitaccessibleandrelevantforpolicyanddecisionmaking.

2. Creating communities of practice among urban and transport planners, health professionals, and economic andenvironmentalspecialiststocreatecommonlanguageandindicatorsacrosssectors.

3. Developinginnovativetoolsandapproachesatdifferentscalestoaddresshealthchallengesposedbyurbanisationandmonitortheimpactsofsolutions.

4. Engagingwiththepublicandotherkeystakeholdersinco-creationandcitizenscienceprocessestoenableuptake.

5. Buildingcapacitythrougheducationandtrainingforcurrentandfuturepractitionersandleaders.

Wearesuccessfullyengagingwithdiverseactorsatthetechnicalandpolicylevelstodevelopnewresearchmethodsandsolutionsthatrespondtolocalneeds.Wearealsoworkingwithgovernmentsandcitizenstopromotemonitoringandevaluationofurbaninterventionstounderstandtheirhealthimpactsandpotentialforreplication,ensureequitabledistributionofbenefits,aswellasdetect and mitigate undesired outcomes. Our initial work began at home in Barcelona, and we are expanding our activitiesthrough national initiatives like El Día Después, involving 22 Spanish cities, and the Patios X Clima project, as well as thecollaborativerolesininternationaleventsliketheHealthyCityDesignandUrbanTransitionsconferences.Nowinitsfourthyear,theUPEHhas been steadily growing its reach and partnerships, andwill continue to support cities to amore sustainable andhealthyfuture.


4.3Transformation.PoliciesforEnergyDecarbonisationandSustainableIndustryWater quality – Practicesofwastewater treatment arenotwell developed in theMediterranean (78%ofwater istreated in Europe and only from 36% to 30% in MENA and EE). This has negative effects on the availability offreshwaterandonseawaterquality.Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.







Sustainableenergy–Efficiencyandsustainabilityofnationalenergysystems,suchasintermsofcarbonemissionperunitenergy,andshareofrenewableenergyneedimprovementsinmostofMediterraneancountries.Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.

Policies to improve sustainability of national energy grids in compliance with internationalagreementsandtopromoteaprogressivetransitiontorenewableenergysources,assuringhigherresilience and long term energy supply. Solar andwind potentials are high in theMediterraneanareaandshouldbethesubjectfortransnationalagreementsbasedonsharingrenewablesources,ratherthanfossilfuels.

Integrated energy planning at transnational, national, regional andmunicipal level, including thedevelopmentoflocalsmartgridsconnectedtomultipleenergyproducersandconsumers,includingbothelectricityandheatgrids.

Incentivesschemestopromotebestpracticesforenergysavingindifferentsectorsandtosupportthedeploymentofrenewableenergytechnologies,includingelectricityandheatgeneration.

Educationalprogramsteachingcorrectbehavioursanduseofenergytoyoungstudentstoformthenext generation citizens and let them understand the implications of our common living in oneplanet.Trainingprogramstotransferknowledgeonbestpracticestoentrepreneursandemployeesandsupportawidedeploymentofsustainableenergysystemsandinnovationcapacitybuilding.

Engaging stakeholders in participating activities of energy planning, including public authorities,research centres, enterprises and citizens, to start initiatives of co-ownership and sharing ofrenewableenergytechnologiesthroughsmartgridsandexplorethepotentialitiesoffutureenergycommunities.

Developmentof smartgridsatnational, regional, localanddomestic level canhighly improve themanagementofdistributiongrids,integratingenergyconsumersandproducersinlocalareas.

Making innovation of energy systems an opportunity for the green economy. Promotion of freecompetition in the energy market, assuring that information and costs are clearly provided toconsumers.

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Jobmarketandlabourrights–Thecurrenteconomicsystemdoesnotshowgrowingtrendsandneedstobecarefullyreviewed. The number of fatal accidents at work calls for careful monitoring and solutions for consistentimprovements.Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.

Legislationsattransnationalandnationalleveltopromotesustainabledevelopment,includingmorestringentregulationsregardingsecurityprotocolsatworkinmostofMediterraneancountries.






Physical infrastructures – Quality and use of public transport is a reference indicator to appraise the level ofinfrastructures in Mediterranean countries; consistent improvements are desirable in most of MENA countries.Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.

Stringent regulations at national level to identify clear standards for the provision of high qualitypublictransportservices,especiallyinurbanenvironments.

Programs and plans at national, regional and municipal level to definitely promote integratedmobility systems, with limited use of private cars, and accomplish the transition to sustainablemobility.

Incentive schemes to foster the abandon of private cars, promoting the use of public transports,bicycles,andelectricmobility,and topromoteand financially supportprivate investments innewinfrastructuresandservicesofanintegratedmobilitysystem.



Development of innovative solutions at national and regional level, such as with a real timemonitoringandcommonticketingsystemforalltheintegratedtransports.

R&I – Assessments of High Education Institutions confirm high quality issues, nevertheless higher investments inresearch and innovation, such as for the employment of researchers andproject development, are desirable in allMediterraneancountries.Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.

Legislationstoguaranteehighstandardsofhigheducationalfacilitiesandinfrastructuresandclearlyidentifyresearchandinnovationamongstrategicsolutionsforsustainabledevelopment.

Programs to increase the capacity of educational and research activities to add value throughinnovation to the market, for example interacting with the private sector and also throughincubators and accelerators of entrepreneurial initiatives, such as start-up companies, based onresearchoutcomes.

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IncentiveschemesforsupportingmostdeservingHEstudentsandtheircareersaswellasstudentsfromlowincomefamilies,includinginnovativesolutionstosupportturn-overpoliciesatUniversitiesandresearchcentresandguaranteeopportunitiesofacademiccareertoyoungresearchers.

ClearlyaddressingeducationalprogramsandresearchactivitiestosustainabledevelopmentinanysectortakingtheSDGsasmainreferenceforevaluatinginnovationoutcomes.

Making research centres intensely interact with stakeholders at any level, including publicauthorities,enterprisesandthecivilsocietyinordertopromotesustainabledevelopmentpracticesandpointthewayformosteffectivetransformationstowardstheSDGs.

Exploiting potentialities of digital technologies to increase accessibility to research outcomes andeducational activities, improving the capacity of interaction and the opportunity to avoid part oftravelsthroughremoteworking.

Making research centres interpret market trends and contribute to design newmarket orientedinitiatives inspired by the green economy, through innovation capacity building and directinteractionswiththeprivatesector.

Environmental impact and carbon emission - The impact of industrial production mainly involves industrialisedcountries of Western Europe, but has to be taken into account also for the next development of the otherMediterraneancountries.GreenhousegasemissionspercapitainMediterraneancountriesarehigherinEurope(5.1tCO2eq/cap)andME(4.1tCO2eq/cap), lower inNA(2.4tCO2eq/cap).Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.

Stringentregulationsatnationalleveltoreducethecarbonfootprintaimingatmitigatingtheeffectsofclimatechange,particularlyintenseintheMediterraneanarea.

Planning practices for decarbonisation to determine new pathways towards carbon neutrality ofregions and new patterns of land use to contain the effects of extreme events, reducing thehydrogeological risk inducedbyurbanisationand soil erosion, andassure theprotectionof forestecosystems, including reforestation, also in urban areas, and other nature based solutions tocompensategreenhousegasemissionsbycarbonuptake.

Incentives schemes to promote best practices for the containment of the carbon footprint indifferentsectors,fromagriculturetoindustry,residentialandtourism.

Educational programs teaching correct behaviours and implications of our lifestyles to youngstudents to form the next generation citizens and let them understand the implications of ourcommon living in one planet. Training programs to transfer knowledge on best practices toentrepreneurs and employees, especially in small businesses, and support awide deployment ofsustainablepracticesandinnovationcapacitybuilding.

Containment of the carbon footprint of countries and protection of availablewater resources byengaging stakeholders in participating activities, including public authorities, industry andagriculture,researchcentresandthecivilsociety.

Monitoring production chains to identify and implement impact mitigating strategies, such assolutions of energy saving, renewability, circular economy, and organisational innovation. Thisconcernsthemanufacturingsectorbutalsoengagesoperatorsinagricultureandothersectors.

Making sustainability and environmental protection a leverage for market development, forexamplethroughinnovativeinformationsystemsaddressedtoconsumers.

Environmentalprotection– Indicatorshighlightthecritical issueofseawaterquality inallMediterraneancountries,thelimitedsizeofprotectedareas,includingmarine,freshwatersandland,andthedifficultconservationofforestedareas.Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.

Improved transnational policies to enlarge and properly manage protected areas for theconservation of biodiversity for freshwater systems,marine governance and other natural areas,including more stringent regulations and control on sea outflows from coastal and maritime

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activities.

Clear criteria for the management of protected areas and planning of sustainable activities,providedahighlevelofcompatibilitywiththeenvironmentalprotection,aimedataddingvaluetolocalresources, includingautochthonousandtraditionalfoodandsustainabletourismwithlimitedaccessibility.

Constant and cooperative monitoring systems of seawater quality to decrease the alarmingconcentrationsofpollutantsandmarinelitter.

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Box4.3.1

GlobalRoundtableforSUSTAINABLESHIPPING

TheGlobalRoundtableforSustainableShippingandPortswas launchedattheCOP25 inDecember2019 inMadrid,Spain.Thisinitiative aims at bringing together researchers and technology developers, shipbuilders, shipowners, ports, policymakers andpoliticians, fromaround theglobe, toworkon technologicalandpolicy innovationsseekingnet-zeroemissions in themaritimesectorby2050.

The Initiative will be composed of a monthly participatory workshop, seeking to co-design a sustainable future vision and toidentifytechnologicalsolutionsandfinancingtoolsthatcansupporttheenergytransitionofthemaritimesectorinGreeceandtheimplementationof the identifiedpathways towards the futurevision.Themethodology followedbySDSNGreece,whichhasamorethan10-yearexperienceonLivingLabsandroundtablesorganization,isSystemsInnovationapproach.

The Systems Innovation approach is in the core of the hereby-suggested methodology for solving complex, multi-parameterproblems. Following this approach, emphasis is given on the functions of the ecosystem “as a whole” and on the variety ofservicesthatcanbebeneficialforhumanwell-being,insteadofjustfocusingonspecificfunctionsandrelevantbeneficiaries.Thisenablesusnotonlytobetterunderstandthetotalvalueofanecosystemanditsbenefitsforhumanwelfare,butalsotoidentifythecomplexlinksamongactionsthataffectthefunctionandbalanceoftheecosystem(decidingforexamplewhetherLNGistheoptimalpowersolution),andtheeffectsonvariouseconomicsectorsandstakeholders.

ThisInitiativewillseektoaddressinnovativesolutionsthroughaglobaldialogueon:

• Synergiesbetweenthemaritime,theenergyandthefinancialsector,ports,GovernmentsandUniversitiesandNGOs

• Implementationofexistinginternationalandnationalpolicies&Increaseofpublicpolicysupport

• IncentivesforthelowcarbontransitionsupportingR&Dandinnovation

• Upscalingbestpracticesinmaritimedecarbonizationinternationally

• Availablefinancialtoolsandinvestments


Box4.3.2

BRIGAIDH2020EuropeanCommissionProject

BRIGAIDisa4-yearproject(2016-2020)underEUHorizon2020aimedtoeffectivelybridgethegapbetweeninnovatorsandend-users inresiliencetotheeffectstoclimatechange.TheobjectiveofBRIGAID is toprovide innovatorswithguidancetodeveloptestingplanswhichincreasetheTRLofaninnovationanditspotentialformarketuptake.

BRIGAIDaimstooffer:

•SupporttoInnovators.BRIGAIDclearsthepathtodeliverinnovationsonfloods,droughtsandextremeweathertothemarketthrough the assessment and improvement of Technical, Social and Market Readiness. By advancing these three factorssimultaneously, BRIGAID smoothens the development path, because technical, social and market requirements can beincorporatedinthedesign,businessmodelandmarketapproachearlyon.

• Involvementofend-users.BRIGAIDaimstoengagewithabroadrangeofend-userstofully incorporatetheirrequirements inthe process of guiding innovations fromprototype tomarket-ready products. BRIGAID commits to take into consideration theneedsofalltypesofendusersthrough:

- Involvementofend-usersintheidentificationandtestingofmostpromisinginnovations.

- Creationoflocal‘communitiesofinnovation’(coi’s)wheredifferentuserscansharetheirexperiencesandengagewithothercoi’sandinnovatorstofostermutuallearning.

- Participationinthedesignandimplementationofdemonstrationevents.

• Information for investors. BRIGAID is developing a Public-Private Investment and Financing (PPIF) model for securinginvestments in innovationsduringandbeyondBRIGAID’s lifetimetoproduceanassessmentofthe ‘investmentreadiness’ofaninnovation.

•TheClimateInnovationWindow.TheClimateInnovationWindow(CIW)isaportaltoclimatechangeadaptationcreatedinorderto facilitate themarket uptake of climatic resilience innovations. BRIGAID has developed this platformwhere you can obtaindescriptiveinformationofinnovationsaswellasresultsproducedthroughtheapplicationofBRIGAIDmethods.

• BRIGAID Connect. BRIGAID Connect builds on the EU-funded BRIGAID project. Since 2016, BRIGAID has helped climateinnovatorsturntheir ideas into implementablesolutionsbydevelopingandprovidingafullrangeofsupportservices:accesstotesting facilities forprototypes,guidanceonbusinessstrategydevelopmentandmarketingcommunication,andengagement inCommunitiesofInnovation.


4.4Transformation.PoliciesforSustainableFood,Land,WaterandSeaMalnutrition - No critical situations are highlighted in the Mediterranean, nevertheless the number of peopleinvolved, especially in MENA, calls for a careful monitoring and action planning. Precarious conditions of healthinduced bymalnutrition can have negative effects in the long run such as, besides healthiness, in terms of socialwellnessandeconomiccosts.Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.

Programsofpreventionandassistancetofamiliesmostexposedtorisk,suchaseconomicbonusesor free access to basic foodstuffs during pregnancy and lactation, to limit problems linked toinsufficientorinadequatefood,especiallyinchildren,andimprovehealthoffuturegenerations.

Food habits (diet) andHealthy environment - The increasing spread of child and adult obesity is mostly due toincorrect eatinghabits. Trends towardshigh-proteindiets,withhigh consumptionofmeat, cheeseandotherhigh-caloriefoods,andaprogressiveabandonoftheMediterraneandiet,richinfruitandvegetables,furthercontributetoincreasetheproblem(populationsthatfollowaMediterraneandietshowhalftherateofcardiovascularmortalityandthehighestlongevity).Somediseasessuchascardiovascular,diabetesandrespiratory,areindirectlycorrelated,albeitnotexclusively,withfood,landandwaterquality.Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.



Innovative solutions to communicate andpromotegoodbehaviours, suchas to informon caloriecontent of packaged foods, for example through smart labelling of products and monitoring ofproductionchains.

Nationalcampaignsaddressedtoconsumerspromotingahealthybalanceddiet,especiallytargetingyounger generations, and consumption of healthy fresh food instead of packaged andoverprocessed.

Sustainableagriculture-Indicatorsarefocussedonself-sufficiencyofnationalfoodsystems,comparedwiththefoodrequirementsofthepopulation,andindirectlyonthetypeofagriculturalproduction(e.g.intensivewithhighuseofchemicalproducts,orextensivewithnaturalmethods).Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.

Stringent regulations at national level concerning thresholds for nutrient and chemical input perhectare per crop to avoid excessive use of chemicals and safeguard natural resources andecosystemproductivityinthelongperiod.

Developmental programs targetingprimaryproducers and foodprocessors to transfer knowledgeonbestpractices,buildcapacityandmakesustainableagricultureastandardintheMediterraneanregion.

Incentive schemes to support initiatives of private businesses, including primary producers andother actors of the production chain, to promote sustainable agriculture practices not only as asourceoffinance,butalsothroughinnovationdevelopment.

Programsatnationalandregionalleveltoassureknowledgetransferandtrainingtoentrepreneursand employees, especially in small businesses, and support a wide deployment of sustainablepracticesandinnovationcapacitybuilding.


Integratingdigitaltechnologiesinagriculturalandbreedingfarms,aswellasforfoodprocessing,toimplement sustainable practices and improve environmental performance, such as precisionagriculture through remotely controlled sensors and permanent data monitoring throughout

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productionchains.

Making sustainability a leverage formarket development, for example through smart labelling ofproductsandinnovativeinformationsystemsaddressedtoconsumers.

Well-being – Best performances in terms of healthiness and wellbeing are in Western Europe as expected as aconsequenceoftheeconomicwellness.Nevertheless,potentialitiestoimprovearehighinmostoftheMediterraneanareas,consideringforexamplethemeanageofthepopulation(34yearsinMed),muchyoungerinMENA(27years)thaninEurope(40years).Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.

Planningactivitiesoriented tosustainability to improvebothurbanandruralenvironments,avoidpollution, increaseaccessibility tobasic services, including forexamplenaturebased facilitiesandpublic transport, and provide opportunities for assuring healthy and dynamic lives, rather thansedentary.

National and regional programs targeting youths to maximise public and private investments inculturalandsocialdevelopment,especiallyincountrieswiththehighestratesofyoungpopulation,andbuildtheconditionstolivefullandfulfillinglives.

Educationalprogramsteachingsustainabilitytoyoungstudentstoformthenextgenerationcitizensandletthemunderstandtheimplicationsofourcommonlivinginoneplanet.

Stakeholdersengagement, includingcitizens, indecisionmaking topromotedynamicandresilientcommunities, build capacities to accomplish consistent transformations through bottom-upinitiativesincitiesandruralareasandassuredirectinteractionswithlocalauthorities.

Promotion of fair trade to avoid spillover effects of developed countries often compromisingopportunities of developing countries to maintain and improve their economic, social andenvironmentalconditions.

Watermanagementandquality–ThisisamajorthemeintheMediterranean,especiallyinpartsoftheMENAarea,withhigh risksofdroughtdue toclimatechange.Practicesofwastewater treatmentarenotwelldeveloped in theMediterranean (78%ofwater is treated in Europe andonly from36% to 30% inMENAand EE). This has negativeeffectsontheavailabilityoffreshwaterandonseawaterquality.Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.







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Environmental impact and carbon emission - The impact of industrial production mainly involves industrialisedcountries of Western Europe, but has to be taken into account also for the next development of the otherMediterraneancountries.GreenhousegasemissionspercapitainMediterraneancountriesarehigherinEurope(5.1tCO2eq/cap)andME(4.1tCO2eq/cap), lower inNA(2.4tCO2eq/cap).Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.

Stringentregulationsatnationalleveltoreducethecarbonfootprintaimingatmitigatingtheeffectsofclimatechange,particularlyintenseintheMediterraneanarea.

Planning practices for decarbonisation to determine new pathways towards carbon neutrality ofregions and new patterns of land use to contain the effects of extreme events, reducing thehydrogeological risk inducedbyurbanisationand soil erosion, andassure theprotectionof forestecosystems, including reforestation, also in urban areas, and other nature based solutions tocompensategreenhousegasemissionsbycarbonuptake.

Incentives schemes to promote best practices for the containment of the carbon footprint indifferentsectors,fromagriculturetoindustry,residentialandtourism.

Educational programs teaching correct behaviours and implications of our lifestyles to youngstudents to form the next generation citizens and let them understand the implications of ourcommon living in one planet. Training programs to transfer knowledge on best practices toentrepreneurs and employees, especially in small businesses, and support awide deployment ofsustainablepracticesandinnovationcapacitybuilding.

Containment of the carbon footprint of countries by engaging stakeholders in participatingactivities, including public authorities, industry and agriculture, research centres and the civilsociety.

Monitoring production chains to identify and implement impact mitigating strategies, such assolutions of energy saving, renewability, circular economy, and organisational innovation. Thisconcernsthemanufacturingsectorbutalsoengagesoperatorsinagricultureandothersectors.

Making sustainability and environmental protection a leverage for market development, forexamplethroughinnovativeinformationsystemsaddressedtoconsumers.

Fisheries-Overexploitationhasledtoaprogressivedepletionoffish-stockswithlossofbiodiversityandimpactsonlocaleconomiesofcoastalcommunities.Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.

Improved regulationat transnational level to limit the impactof fisheriesandavoidunfair fishingmethods.

Practicesofcoastalmanagementandmarinegovernanceto identifycriteriaandrequirements forthe development of sustainable aquaculture as complementary activity to fisheries and potentialsolutionforthesustainabledevelopmentoflocalcommunities.

Increased development and innovation of sustainable aquaculture, carefully monitoring andminimising the use of nutrients (for example through the coproduction of algae for energyproductionandotheruses),withstrategiceffectsintermsofjobopportunities.

Training programs to transfer knowledge on best practices to entrepreneurs and employees infisheriesandaquacultureandsupportawidedeploymentof sustainablepracticesand innovationcapacitybuilding.

Stakeholders engagement in participating activities, including public authorities and researchcentrestoimplementvaluechainsbasedonaquaculture.

Innovativemonitoringsystemstohaveaconstantcontrolatnationalandregional levelon fishingactivitiesandtheirsustainabilitycomparedtoavailabilityoffishstockindifferentseasons.

Making sustainability of aquaculture activities a leverage for market development, for examplethroughinnovativeinformationsystemsaddressedtoconsumers.

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Environmentalprotection– Indicatorshighlightthecritical issueofseawaterquality inallMediterraneancountries,thelimitedsizeofprotectedareas,includingmarine,freshwatersandland,andthedifficultconservationofforestedareas.Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.

Improved transnational policies to enlarge and properly manage protected areas for theconservation of biodiversity for freshwater systems,marine governance and other natural areas,including more stringent regulations and control on sea outflows from coastal and maritimeactivities.

Clear criteria for the management of protected areas and planning of sustainable activities,providedahighlevelofcompatibilitywiththeenvironmentalprotection,aimedataddingvaluetolocalresources, includingautochthonousandtraditionalfoodandsustainabletourismwithlimitedaccessibility.

Constant and cooperative monitoring systems of seawater quality to decrease the alarmingconcentrationsofpollutantsandmarinelitter.

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Box4.4.1

PRIMAObservatoryonInnovation

PRIMA(PartnershipforResearchandInnovationintheMediterraneanArea)promotesinternationalpartnershipsinthesectorsofagriculture,foodandwaterresources(watermanagement,farmingsystems,agro-foodvaluechain).Withabout500millioneuro(2018-2024)PRIMAmakes innovationa leverofMediterraneandevelopment,andbyclosepublic-privatecollaboration,aimstoinfluencepoliciesandthemarket.Basedontheequalfootingprincipleamongtheparticipatingstates,itoffersanextraordinaryopportunityforscientificdiplomacyandenterprise.

TheItalianSecretariatofPRIMA(Euro-MediterraneanResearchandInnovationProgrammefundedandmanagedbytheEuropeanCommission through Horizon 2020 and 19 Euro-Mediterranean Countries), in collaboration with MIUR (Italian Minister forEducation, Universities and Research), launched the PRIMA Observatory on Innovation (available at the linkhttps://primaobservatory.unisi.it).

TheObservatoryisadigitalplatformcollectingandsharingbestpracticesinAgri-Foodresearch,innovationandeducationintheMEDarea.ItaimstoanalyseandmonitorbusinessdynamicsandsupplychainsintheItalianandEuro-MediterraneanAgri-Foodsector, paying specific attention to the new entrepreneurship, to promote new concrete solutions for communities andenterprisesandtostimulatesnewpartnershipsamongEuroMediterraneanresearchers,innovators,businessesandstakeholders.Italsodisseminatespositiveandremarkablestoriesofinnovation,usingtraditionalmediaandsocialnetworks,bygatheringthedirectexperiencesofkeyplayerssuchasresearchers,students,professorsandentrepreneurs.

MainGoalsoftheObservatoryare:

- Tosupportnewsolutionsbaseduponresearchandinnovation;- TopromotepartnershipsamongEuroMediterraneanresearchers,innovators,enterprises,stakeholders;- Toattractnewinvestmentsandinterests.

Accordingly,theactionofDigitalDisseminationleveragesonthreeconcepts:

- Sharinggoodresearchandinnovationpractices;- ValorisingsuccessfulstoriesofinnovationinAgri-Foodsystems,makingthemattractiveandeasytounderstand;- Beingpartofalargeopennetworkwithfreelyaccessibledata.

TheObservatoryisaninitiativeimplementedwithinthePRIMAAnnualWorkPlan2018-2019.

TheObservatorywascreatedand is runbySantaChiaraLab (the Interdisciplinary InnovationCenterof theUniversityofSiena)thankstograntbytheItalian"FondoIntegrativoSpecialeperlaRicerca"(FISR).


Box4.4.2

FutureScenariosfortheEuroMedAgrifood.

AnEuroMedSurveyhasbeen launched in the frameofPRIMA (Partnership forResearchand Innovation in theMediterraneanArea)tounderstandthesituationoftheEuroMedagrifoodsysteminlightoftheCOVIDpandemic,theemergingtrends,thenewchallengesaswellasthetransformationstobepositivelyinduced.

Thereportincludedasummaryofthemainfindings,basedonmorethan180answersreceived,andsomeremarks,whichtakeintoaccountthenotes,commentsandanalysessentbytheexperts.Moreover,thedocumentisenrichedwithasummaryoftheonline debate co-organized by PRIMA and the Union for theMediterranean on July 15 2020, as well as additional notes andcontributionsfromPRIMA-partneringinstitutions.

Inparticular, all respondentshavebeenasked to state theiropinionon several statements concerning the futureofEuro-Medscenarioforagrifood.Thestatementshavebeendividedintothreepillars:agrifoodsystemsandsociety,businesses,consumers.

Widelyagreedstatementsconcerningtheagrifoodsystemsandsocietypillar:-Limitationstomobilityoftemporaryagriculturalworkforcewillnegativelyimpactproduction;-Internationaltradewillslowdown;-Internationalpoliciesareneededforabroadergovernanceandmoreeffectivecontrolonsustainableproductionoffood;-Foodsecurityandregional/nationalself-sufficiencywillbecomemoreimportant;-Innovativeapproacheswillbeneededtosecurefoodsuppliestovulnerablegroups;-Pricevolatilityofagriculturalcommoditieswillgrow.Widelyagreedstatementsconcerningthebusinesspillar:- The introduction of technological innovations (Agriculture 4.0, artificial intelligence, digitalization, blockchains, innovativeresearch-based products …) and organisational innovations (new businessmodels, aggregations, partnerships, …) will becomecrucialforagrifoodbusinessestosurvive;-E-commercewillstreamlinevaluechainsanddigitalsaleswillgrow;-MajorfinancialproblemswillaffectsmallholdersandSMEsintheagrifoodsector;-Riskmanagementwillbecomemorerelevant.Widelyagreedstatementsconcerningtheconsumerpillar:-Duetotheeconomiccrisis,consumerswillgiveattentionmainlytothepriceoffood;-Consumerswillgivemoreattentiontorigoroustraceabilityofinputs,productionprocessesandlogistics;-E-commerceanddigitalsaleswillgrow.Results fromthesurveyshowthat,despite thedisruptioncausedby thepandemic toeconomies,emphasis shouldbegiven tocreatemoreresilientagrifoodsystems inconjunctionwithmoresustainablesocialandeconomicsystems.Surveys like thiscanbringusefulinformationtounderstandcurrenttrendsandsupportinitiativestopromotehealthyandsustainablefoodsystems.


4.5Transformation.PoliciesforSustainableCitiesandCommunitiesHealthyenvironment–TrafficdeathsshowmoderatenumbersinEuropeandalarmingresultsinMENA.Investmentsininfrastructuresandpreventionthroughpeoplebehaviouralchangesaredesirable.Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.

Improved regulation tomitigate risk through stringent control protocols, especially addressed toyoungpeople.

Programs and plans at national, regional and municipal level to promote integrated mobilitysystems,withlimiteduseofprivatecars.

Incentive schemes to foster the abandon of private cars, promoting the use of public transports,bicycles and to promote and financially support private investments in new infrastructures andservicesofanintegratedmobilitysystem.

Educationalprograms teachingcorrectbehaviours toyoung students to form thenextgenerationcitizensandletthemunderstandrisksandimplicationsofincorrecthabits.


Development of innovative solutions at national and regional level, such as with a real timemonitoringandcommonticketingsystemforall the integratedtransports,canhighly improvethetransition to sustainable mobility. Innovation can also increase capacity to monitor the mobilitysystem,preventcrisesandfaceemergencies.

Jobmarket–TheunemploymentrateintheMediterraneancountriesis11%inaverageandaccountsfor39millionpeople. Almost 122million people inMENAdo not have access to basic financial services, such as bank accounts.Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.

Legislations at transnational and national level to promote sustainable development such as todiscourage fossil fuels based businesses and investments, convert petrol industries and removeconstraintstotheexploitationofrenewableenergysourcesandcirculareconomy.






Digital infrastructures– Internetservicesshowlimitations inmostofMediterraneancountries,especially inMENA.Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.

Legislationsatnationalleveltoexpandaccessibilitytointernettomostofthepopulation,providedthatdigitalisationmustfacilitateaccessibilitytobasicservices,makingconnecteddatarepositoriesandavoidingproliferationofbureaucracies,aswellastoregulateitsuse,avoidingunfairusessuch

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asfakenewsandanonymouscrimes.

Programsfordigitalisationofpublicfacilitiestoincreaseaccessibilitytobasicservices,determiningunifiedprotocolsandstandards,avoidingproliferationofbureaucraciesandallowinguserstoeasilyuploadandprocessdata.

Programsatnationalleveltoeducateyoungcitizensatschooltomanagetheiruseoftheinternetbyrespectingfreedomofexpressionaswellastherighttoprivacy,asanecessaryculturalbackgroundinthedigitalera.

Creation of web-based facilities and initiatives at transnational, national and regional level tosupport business clustering, expertise matching for project development and job offers throughdigitalisation, including the creation of open access repositories of best practices to supportresearchandinnovationthroughknowledgetransferandcapacitybuilding.

Deploymentofmobiledigitaltechnologiestoallowfreeaccesstoinformationandopportunitiesofwebbasednetworkingineverycountryandatthetransnationallevel,avoidinglimitationswithanysocial class distinction and increasing the capacity to limit abuses and guarantee safe and fairbrowsingoninternetforeverybody.

Development of web-based market facilities to support small producers and increase theiropportunities for business, especially supporting local foodmarketsor sustainableproductionsofgoods.

Watermanagementandquality–ThisisamajorthemeintheMediterranean,especiallyinpartsoftheMENAarea,withhigh risksofdroughtdue toclimatechange.Practicesofwastewater treatmentarenotwelldeveloped in theMediterranean (78%ofwater is treated in Europe andonly from36% to 30% inMENAand EE). This has negativeeffectsontheavailabilityoffreshwaterandonseawaterquality.Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.







Airquality–HighlevelsofexpositiontopollutedairaredetectedinmostofMediterraneancountries.Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.

Stringent regulations at national level to identify clear thresholds and limit the exposition topollutedair,especiallyinurbanenvironments.

Programs and plans at national, regional and municipal level to definitely promote integratedmobility systems, with limited use of private cars, and accomplish the transition to sustainablemobility.Similarly,programstomitigateimpactsofindustrialactivities.

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Incentive schemes to foster the abandon of private cars, promoting the use of public transports,bicycles,andelectricmobility,and topromoteand financially supportprivate investments innewinfrastructuresandservicesofan integratedmobilitysystem. Incentivesschemestopromotebestpracticesforthecontainmentofpollutantoutflowsfromindustries.




Accessibility – Availability of public transport and costs of households show variable values in Mediterraneancountries.Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.

Legislationsatnationalandregionalleveltosupportminorclasses,offerfairconditionsforhousingandpersonalmobilitytoeverybody.

Programs and plans to improve healthiness of poor neighbourhoods and increase accessibility tobasic public services, including housing and public transport, avoiding isolation and exclusion ofmarginalareas.

Programs of social assistance to support most vulnerable categories of people and families andassuredecentandindependentlifestylestoeverybody.

Educationalprogramsteachingcorrectbehaviours,includingsustainablemobility,toyoungstudentstoformthenextgenerationcitizensandletthemunderstandtheimplicationsofourcommonlivinginoneplanet.



Waste - Improvements in data monitoring and integrated waste management systems are desirable in most ofMediterraneancountriestoavoidlandfillingandincreaseratesofrecycling,besidesreduction.Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.

Legislations at national and regional level to avoid landfilling and increase transparency andtraceabilityofcollectedwaste,besidesregulationstolimitpackagingandwaste.

Programsandsectorialplansatregionalandmunicipalleveltodevelopintegratedsystemsofwastemanagementandrecycling.

Incentives to support private businesses to reduce waste through innovative packaging, moreefficientprocessesandcirculareconomy.

Educationalprogramsteachingcorrectbehaviours,includingwastemanagement,toyoungstudentstoformthenextgenerationcitizensandletthemunderstandtheimplicationsofourcommonlivinginoneplanet.

Engaging stakeholders in cooperative activities, including public authorities, practitioners andbusinesses, to promote circular economy with outputs from one process used as input for newprocesses.

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Developmentof innovative solutionsatnationaland regional level, suchas forexample real timemonitoringofwastecollectionandtreatmenttoimproveefficiencyofwastemanagementsystemsandtransparencyandtraceability.

Crime – Among other indicators, corruption is generally perceived as a critical issue in most of Mediterraneancountries,especiallyinMENA.Recommendedpoliciesconcernthefollowingissues.

Legislations at national and regional level to increase transparency and traceability of moneytransfers.


Development of innovative solutions at national and regional level to support public-privateinteractions, such as in tenders, fully trace money transfers, promoting digital transactions,includingtaxpaymentstodefinitelyavoidtaxevasion.


Box4.5.1

ZeroWasteProjectinTurkey

Turkey's zerowaste Project (http://zerowaste.gov.tr/) aims toreduce non-recyclable waste separated at source and evenaims to completely eliminate waste. In this way, the projectpromotestheefficientuseoftheplanet'sfiniteresources.TheprojectisdevelopedundertheauspiciesofMrsEmineErdogan,FirstLadyofTurkey.

The ZeroWaste Project was first initiated in Beştepe Presidential Complex. It was subsequently enacted in variousministriesthroughout2017,thenrolledouttolocalgovernments,theprivatesector,andcertainpublicinstitutions,includingschools.TheSDSDNTurkeyisrepresentedintheAdvisoryCommitteeoftheProject.Thankstotheproject,tonsofplastichavebeenrecoveredandtheseashavebeenmadecleanerwiththousandsofbuildings,residencesandcompaniesthathaverecycled.Bytheendof2019,25,000publicbuildingsswitchedtothezerowastesystem.Itwasannouncedthatsheaimstoimplementtheprojectacrossthecountryby2023.

Inaddition toenvironmentalbenefits, theprojectaims tosaveapproximately20billionTLperyear for thecountryandcreateemployment for 100,000 people by 2023. The country aims to increase the recycling rate from 13% to 35%. Considering theimportanceofeducationforsuccessintheproject,effortsweremadetoraiseawarenessinschoolstocombatthehaphazarduseofdisposablematerialsandthecultureoffoodwaste.

Sincethe launchoftheZeroWasteProject,at least4.5milliontonsofpackaging,over100thousandtonsofe-waste,over100thousandtonsoforganicwasteandnearly400thousandtonsofwastetireswereseparatedattheirsourceandsentforrecycling.In January2019, thebanonplasticbagsusedeverywhere fromsupermarkets todepartment stores reduced theuseofplasticbagsbyapproximately77%.Inthisway,sustainabilitywasachievedwiththeuseofcanvasbags.

ZeroWasteBlue,themaritimewingoftheproject,hasalsoworkedwell,encouragingthepublictokeepthecountry'sseasandotherbodiesofwaterclean.Morethan163,000cubicmetersofwastehavebeenremovedfromtheseassinceZeroWasteBluewaslaunchedinearly2019.Morethan30,000peoplehavebeentrainedonhowtopreventandovercomemarinepollution.760companiesmadeacommitmentnottodischargewasteintotheseas.DiverassociationshavealsocontributedtotheZeroWasteBlueprogramandorganizedpubliceventstocollectwastefromtheseas.Cooperationbetweeninstitutionshasbeensuccessfulinthewasteproject.


Box4.5.2

SustainableCitiesandClimateChangeAction

BoğaziçiUniversityRectorateConferenceHall

SDSNTurkeyhasinitiatedanintensiveactionaboutthelocalizationoftheSDG11andSDG13atthelevelofmunicipalities.On3-5December2019,theNetworkTurkeyorganizeda3-daylongCitiesforClimateWorkshoptoraiseawarenessonclimateactionandbuild capacity of municipalities staff on preparing Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan and taking action for climateadaptationwiththesupportofBoğaziçiUniversity,350TurkeyandtheLocalMonitoringResearchandImplementationAssociation.Atthelastdayoftheworkshop,therepresentativesof24Turkishmunicipalitiesdeclaredtheirintenttohelplimitglobalwarmingto 1.5°C by 2030with the Cities for Climate Action Declaration. The Declaration also highlights that for a fair, equitable, andsustainablefuture,localleadersmusttakeconcretestepsagainsttheclimatecrisis.

The Turkish administrations acknowledge the climate emergency and feel obliged to take concrete actions. Many economic,environmental,andsocialissuesaredeepeninginTurkishcitiesasclimatedisastersareincreasingdaybyday.ThecrisisrateshighamongtheconcernsofTurkey’spopulationwith61%ofthesocietyworriedbytheclimatecrisis.

Themayorsannouncedthattheywould:

•PrepareClimateActionPlanstoreducecarbonemissionsandtakemeasurementstoadapttoclimatechange,usingthe latestscientificinformationandfollowinginternationalstandards,

•Prioritizesustainabletransportation,renewableenergyandsustainableagriculturepracticesincities,

•Worktogetherwith,supportandcollaboratewithlocal,national,andinternational institutions,entrepreneurs,co-opsandcivilsocietyforclimateaction,

• Prioritize readiness and preparedness for locked-in climate change effects in urban planning and zone planning processes toprotecturbanitesandinfrastructures.

Following the Workshop, SDSN Turkey continued to work on a detailed education program for Turkish Municipalities incollaborationwiththeMarmaraMunicipalities,BoğaziçiUniversityLife-LongLearningCenter,350TurkeyandtheLocalMonitoringResearch and Implementation Association. Nevertheless, the uncertain conditions of COVID-19 pandemic compelled us to thechangeoftheformatoftheeducation.Thus,the7weekscertifiedseminarprogramincludingexperimentationworkshophasbeenconverted intoanon-linecourses tomunicipalemployeesand to the stakeholderswhoare ready tocontribute to local climateactionandeffortsofbuilding sustainableand resilientcities.Within this framework, the"SustainableCitiesandClimateChangeOnlineTrainingProgram"encouragesMunicipalitiesinTurkeytoplantheirmitigationandadaptationactivitiesbetweenMay13-June29.


4.6Transformation.PoliciesforharnessingtheDigitalRevolutionPoliciesconcerningthedigitalrevolutionhavebeenincludedinmostofthechallengesabove,alreadymentionedinrelationtoprevioustransformations.Thesecanbeeasilyaccessedbylookingatthespecificactionsconcerningdigitaland technological development, aimed at implementing monitoring systems as decision-support tools and datasharingsystemsattransnationallevel.


Box4.6.1

DigitalTransformation

Asmentioned inChapter3, theDigital transformationaims todeploydigital technologiesdisruptingnearlyevery sectorof theeconomy, including agriculture,mining,manufacturing, retail, finance,media, health, education, public administration, and ofcoursescienceandtechnology.Assuch,theMedHubfortheDigitalTransformation,ledbySDSNCyprus,withthesupportoftheCyprus Institute’s cyberinfrastructure and computational resource in general, will be a horizontal support structure, coveringaspects relevant to all the SDGs, to all the other five transformations, andwith the ambition to ultimately support the entireMediterraneanregion.

Policiesconcerningthedigital revolutionhavebeen included inmostof thechallengesabove,alreadymentioned inrelationtoprevious transformations. These are discussed and obviated in the specific actions concerning digital and technologicaldevelopment.Inthisrespect,themainchallengeistoacceleratedigitalizationinalltherelevantsectorstohelpcreateanenablingenvironmentatthenational,regionalandinternationallevel.Thiswillprovideacriticalenablingtechnologytothewidestnumberofactorstobeinformedabout,andcontributemeaningfullytotheimplementationoftheSDGs.

It is envisioned that the Digital TransformationHubwill provide user-friendly repositories of best practices around theworld,drawingonthemassiveexperienceofthevariousSDSNstakeholdersgloballyandglobalrostersofexpertiserelatingtoeachSDG.It will thus provide open and easily accessible channels of communications between citizens and policy makers to enable aconstantandtransparentpolicydialogueaboutsustainabilityissues,open-accessdigitallibrariesofSDG-relatedliterature,digitaltoolsforthecross-referencingofdatabases,internationaldatasharing,creationofdecision-supporttoolsetc.

SDSNCyprus,andtheCyprusInstitute,onwhosepremisesSDSNishosted,alreadyhaveinplaceapilotmodelwhichisservingtheEasternMediterraneanRegionbutcanbescaleduptocovertheentireMediterraneanRegion.Attheheartofthisis“Cyclone”,thenewHigh-PerformanceComputingfacilityoftheCyprusInstitute.Likeitspredecessor(Cy-TERA),itisoneofthemostpowerfulcivilianHPCinfrastructuresintheEasternMediterranean,anditisnotsimplyanin-housecomputingfacility,norevenaNationalComputing Facility. It is a collaborative facility which provides free access to computing time and storage space to academicpartners throughout the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Given the Big Data approach needed to analyse and sort the hugeamountsofdatarequiredtomeasurethevariousSDGindicators,suchheavyinfrastructureandtheassociatedknowhowtoruniteffectivelyisaprerequisitefortheeffectivelaunchingoftheHub.TheresearchersattheCyprusInstitutehavealongexperienceofusingtheirHPCfacilitytoproducecomplexmodels(andvisualisationtools)forsubjectmattersasvariedasClimatemodelling,3D visualisation of archaeological objects, and epidemiologicalmodelling. If similarmodelling approacheswere applied to theenormouswealthofdataproducedby collecting SDG indicators, for example Structural Equationmodelling,whichwouldhelpuntanglethevarioustrendsinsocietyandthepathsofleastresistancetoachievingtheSDGsinthedifferentnationalcontexts.AtCREF/CyI, the host of SDSN – Cyprus, the computing power and the expertise to enable the SDSN community throughout theMediterraneantoachieveitsgoalsthoughtheDigitalTransformationHub,exists,atleastasastartingpoint.

ArecentexampleofasimilarandrelevantcaseattheEuropeanlevel,istherecentlylaunchedCyIHighPerformanceComputingCompetenceCentre,withintheEuropeanEuroCCproject.TheEuroCCprojectisanetworkofNationalCompetenceCentres(NCCs)co-fundedbytheEuroHPCJointUndertaking,andtheDeputyMinistryofResearch,InnovationandDigitalPolicyandtheResearchandInnovationFoundationofCyprus.ThisNationalCompetenceCentre(NCC)isenvisionedtoactasthefocalpoint,facilitatingaccess of national and international stakeholders to HPC infrastructure, and providing training and skills development (whichcould include the skills required for deep analysis of SDG-related data). Itwill promote the digital transformation not only ofCyprus but of thewider region. Indeed, the establishment of an easily accessible facility such as this is envisioned to act as acatalyst towards awider adoption of advanced computing and data science technologies, including in the field of sustainabledevelopment.

AstheneedfortheDigitalTransformationHubanditsscopeiswellunderstood,adetailedplanningisneeded,startingwiththeengagementofthestakeholdersandtheleadershipoftheMediterraneanSDSNnetwork,giventhehorizontalnatureoftheHub.


5.ConclusionsThepresentreport,SustainableDevelopment intheMediterranean,uses indicatorstakenfromtheworldeditionoftheSustainableDevelopmentReport2020, grouped into six transformationsasproposedbySachset al. (2019). Itsmaingoal is tousetheSDSN indicatorsasadecisionsupport toolaimedatdrivingchoicesandaddressingmultiplestakeholdersactivitiestoachievetheSDGsintheMediterraneanarea.

Afteranalysingselectedindicators,tables,mapsandspecificchallengespereachtransformationwereidentifiedand,asetofpoliciesandinitiativesweredeterminedincludingdifferentlevelsofimplementation,fromthetransnationalscale,tothenationalandlocal.Tothisaim,SDSNMediterraneanelaboratedthefullreport incollaborationwithsixinstitutions,onepereachtransformation,eachofwhichcontributedinthedeterminationofrecommendedpoliciesandtheidentificationofbestpracticesdescribedindedicatedboxes.

Afewmajorfindingsfromthereportcanbesharedbythe24Mediterraneancountries.

-EndorsementsoftheSDGsinofficialstatements,regulations,sectorialplansandprogramsattransnational,nationaland local levelsarehighlydesirable inthenextfuture.The“EuropeanGreenDeal”(EC2019) isa firstexampleofaconsistentoperative frameworksharedbyEuropeancountries; it canbe takenas reference forsimilar initiatives intheMENAareaandfordeterminingacommonstrategyforsustainabilityintheMediterranean.

- Public authorities should act in collaboration with businesses, civil society and other stakeholders by supportinginitiativesandparticipativeapproachesthrougheconomicincentivesandinvestments.TheEuropeanTaxonomy(EU-TEG2020,EU2020)representsafirststepinthisdirectionsinceitlaysthebasisfortracingnewlegalobligationsforfinancial markets, large companies and the member states, by providing detailed technical screening criteria fordeterminingwhenaneconomicactivitycanbeconsideredsustainable.Takinginspirationfromthisinitiative,researchcentres in all theMediterranean countries can play a crucial role to address choices and developmechanisms forstakeholdersengagement,contributingtomakeall themembersofthesocietybepartofwelldesignedandwidelyagreedtransformationprocesses.

- Businesses are expected to change their mission, fully embracing sustainability as a driving principle for theiractivities. Increasing environmental and social performances throughout the production chains becomes acompetitive factor for value chain actors and open opportunities for market development in a new sustainablerationale, with benefits in terms of economic growth, resilience and duration in time. This would progressivelytransformthemarketfromalineartoacirculareconomy.

-Thedigitalrevolutioncanmultiplyopportunitiesforlifeandbusinessassuringwideaccessibilitytobasicservicesandsupportingmarketoriented initiatives, suchas through theemergenceof thematicnetworksand clusters to fosterknowledgetransferand innovationcapacitybuilding.Moreover, increasedtraceabilitysystemsandtransparencyoninformationsourceswouldsupportfairnessandsecuritywithbenefitsforanyuserandconsumer.

- High-income countries often generate high environmental and socio-economic spillover effects. DomesticimplementationoftheSDGsshouldnotundermineothercountries’abilitytoachievethegoals,forexamplethoughthetoleranceforpoorlabourorlowenvironmentalstandardsininternationalsupplychains.ThismakesinternationalpartnershipsimportantelementsforcoordinatingactionsatthetransnationallevelandsharingacommonroadmapforsustainabilityintheMediterraneanregion.

Thisreportprovidesageneralview,notpretendingtobeexhaustive,ontheSDGsachievementintheMediterraneanandproposesasetofpossiblepoliciesandbestpracticesasashareableroadmapforsustainability.Itcanbeusedadecision support tool by taking into account recommendedactions and theirmeasures through specific indicators,allowingformaximisingtheimpactofpoliciesthroughbackcastingandprogressivelymonitoringtheirexposteffects.Scopeofthereportistostartacoherenttransformationprocessand,asstatedintheforeword,contributetoclosethegapbetweenrhetoricandaction.


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ThisreportrepresentstheviewofateamofexpertsoftheSDSNMediterraneanhostedattheSantaChiaraLab,UniversityofSiena(IT).Although ithasbeenwidely shared,at leastamong thesixMediterraneanhubs, itmaynotnecessarily reflect theviewsofSDSNingeneralorrepresenttheindividualviewsofSDSNmemberinstitutions.Theviewsreflectedinthisreportarethoseoftheexpertsonly.

Documents

Sustainable Development in the Mediterranean · 2020. 11. 11. · 3. Six Transformations to achieve the SDGs and challenges 14 3.1 Transformation 1. Education, gender and inequality