Sustainability,theroleofanimalwelfareandsilvopastoral systems

EmeritusProfessorDonaldM.BroomCentreforAnimalWelfareandAnthrozoologyDepartmentofVeterinaryMedicineUniversityofCambridgeU.K.

dmb16@cam.ac.uk

Planoftalk

Ourobligations

AnimalWelfareScience

Evaluation:positive/negative.Welfareoutcomeindicators.

Three‐levelsilvopastoral systems

Comparisonsofaspectsofsustainability

Sustainability

Ourobligations

Howshouldwedescribewhatshouldorshouldnotbedonetoourenvironmentandtootherindividuals,humanandnon‐human?

We should describe the obligations of the actor rather than the rights of the subject. Assertions of rights and freedoms can cause problems.

We all have obligations not to harm others and hence to preserve key aspects of our environment.

If we keep or otherwise interact with animals, we then have obligations in relation to their welfare.

Killing. Ensuring good welfare. Other obligations, e.g. conservation.

In order to consider welfare, we have to assess it scientifically.

Sustainability

Akeyquestionaboutanyproductionsystemiswhetheritissustainable?

Asystemorprocedureissustainable ifitisacceptablenowandifitsexpectedfutureeffectsareacceptable,inparticularinrelationtoresourceavailability,consequencesoffunctioningandmoralityofaction.

CHANGEFROMAPUSHECONOMYTOAPULLECONOMY

20yearsago,thepublicwantedagricultureproductsbutfarmersdeterminedhowtheywereproduced.

Consumersnowexertcontrolovermoreaspectsoftheproductionsystem.

Thepublichasmoreinformationnowandincreasinglydemandssustainability.QUALITY offoodproducts:nowincludesethicsoftheproductionmethod.

Whatmakesaproductionsystemunsustainableandresultsinproductqualitybeingjudgedaspoor?

Adverseeffectsonhumanwelfare,includinghumanhealth

Poorwelfareofanimals

Unacceptablegeneticmodification

Harmfulenvironmentaleffects

Inefficientusageofworldfoodresources

Not“Fairtrade”– producersinpoorcountriesdonotreceiveafairreward

Notpreservingruralcommunities

AnimalWelfareThetermwelfareisusedforallanimals,notforplantsorinanimateobjects.The welfareofanindividualisitsstateasregardsitsattemptstocopewithitsenvironment.

Thisincludesboththeextentoffailuretocopeandtheeaseordifficultyincoping.Welfarevariesoverarangefromverygoodtoverypoor.O.I.E.(WorldOrganizationforAnimalHealth)usesthisdefinition.

(WordingofOIEstatementunderrevision)

Welfare isacharacteristicofanindividualanimal.Animalprotectionissomethinghumansdo.

Animalprotectionlawsarelimitedtocertainanimals.Whichare sentient?

Protection:anaesthesia/analgesia, useofhumanekilling.

Positive and negative feelings are adaptive biological mechanisms that help individuals to cope with the world in which they live.

Feelings, including suffering, are a key part of welfare.

Healthisthatpartofthestateoftheindividualwhichistodowithpathologyandattemptstocopewithit.Allofthisisencompassedwithinthebroadertermwelfaresohealthisapartofwelfare.

Sentience meanshavingtheawarenessandcognitiveabilitynecessarytohavefeelings.

Humansarenotsentientuntilacertainstageofdevelopment andcanlosesentienceifbrain‐damaged.

Sentientbeingsincludeallvertebrates,Cephalopoda,Decapoda.

Qualityoflifemeanswelfare.Notusedtorefertoashorttimescale.

Wehavehadusableindicatorsofwelfare,especiallyofpoorwelfare,formanyyearsnow.

AftertheworkdoneontheE.U.WelfareQualityproject,identifyingbothpositiveandnegativewelfareindicators,furtherworkhasbeendoneintheE.U.AWINproject,inrelationto:indicatorsofpain,

welfareoutcomeindicatorsprotocolstoassesswelfare.animalwelfareeducation.www.animalwelfarehub.com

Onequestion:howpooriswelfarewhentheanimalhasdifferentlevelsofclinicaldisease?

Howbadisosteoarthritisfordogsorcats,

orsoleulcerforcows?

__________________________

Whatarethebiggestanimalwelfareproblems?ReporttoEuropeanParliament(Broom2017).

Therearechangesinpurchasingbyconsumerstoavoidproductsfrom:

closeconfinementofanimalsinconditionsthatdonotmeettheirneeds,

painfulproceduressuchasslaughterwithoutstunningandhot‐ironbranding.

Poorwelfaremaybearesultofgeneticselectionprocedurese.g.:fast‐growingbroilerchickens,dairycowswithhighmilkyields,dogswithcompressedfaces.

Hencesomewidely‐usedanimalhousingsystems,managementproceduresandbreedingmethodsareunsustainable.

Howcanweidentifyandassesspaininsheep?

Ifaasheepis“standing”likethis,paininthefeetisverylikely.

WorkinCambridge– MurrayCorke,FernandoConstantino Casas,MarkHolmes,KristaMcLennan,CarlosRebelo:indicatorsofpainduringfoot‐rot,mastitis,pregnancytoxaemia.

Indicators:clinicalexaminationwithtissuedamagemeasures.Movementsindicatingabdominalpainoruseagrimacescale.

(McLennanetal2016.Appl.Anim.Behav.Sci.,701.)

Painisanaversivesensationandfeelingassociatedwithactualorpotentialtissuedamage.(Broom2001)

From AWIN guide to scoring facial expression in sheep 

Orbital tighteningNot present

0Partially present

1Present

2

Cheek (masseter muscle) tightening

Not present0

Partially present1

Present2

Abnormal ear position – profile viewNot present

0Partially present

1Present

2

Abnormal lip and jaw profileNot present

0Partially present

1Present

2

CollaborationwithPeterRobinson’sgroupinComputerScience– facialrecognitionsystem.

Wheniswelfaregood?Goodwelfareimplies:eitherthatthereisnopoorwelfare,

orthatthereisanet balanceofpositiveovernegative.

Aswithpoorwelfare,someoftherelevantcopingmechanismsinvolvefeelingsbutnotalldo.

Anindividualcouldhavesomepositivefeelingsbutotheraspectsofwelfarecouldbepoorbecauseofdisease,pain,injury,lackofstimulationorotherneedsnotbeingmetsotheoverallwelfarewillbepoor.

Goodhealthisanimportantcomponentofgoodwelfare.

Other(overlapping)componentssuggestedincludecomfort,pleasure,interestandconfidencebutthisisanincompletelist.

Thetermswelfareandhealthhavethesamemeaningsforhumansasforotherspecies.

Hence the current interest in ‘one health’ and ‘one welfare’.

When the welfare of individuals is poor, there is increased susceptibility to disease, soimproving welfare generally reduces disease.

Preventing anti-microbial resistance is good for animal welfare.Improved welfare is associated with better immune system function so can reduce theneed for use of anti-microbial products.

Care for people and care for animals used by people is generally better if all areconsidered as individuals.

Euthanasia Thisterm means ‘gooddeath ’andshould be used inthesame way forhumans andnon‐humans tomean:killing anindividual forthebenefit ofthat individual andinahumaneway.

Ifthebenefit is forsomeone else,it should be called killing orhumanekilling butnoteuthanasia.

Organic standards are generally good in relation to sustainability but if welfare were not included in the standards, the system would not be sustainable. "No usage of chemicals"

If this includes therapeutic drugs, welfare can be very poor and the system is notsustainable.

Do we need artificial fertilisers? Much less than use now. Needed during transition.

InIndia,cowsarereveredbymanypeople.Buttheyareoftennotcaredforsotheirwelfareisoftenverypoorinthattheymaystarve,eatplasticorbekilledorinjuredonroads.

Whatshouldbedonewitholdanimalsthathavestoppedproducingmilk?Iftheycan’tbesold,ownershavenomoneytoreplacethecowsandcan’tproducemilkatall.Allowolderanimalstobekilledbypeoplewhosereligionpermitsit.ThemoneyobtainedfromthiswouldallowHindufarmerstocontinuetoproducemilk.Atpresentthereisextremecrueltytomanycowsandillegaltradeinwhichanimalsaresentoutofthecountry,ofteninverybadconditions.Ibelievethatneitherofthesepracticesisacceptable,eithertoHindusortootherpeopleinIndia.

Asystemforthefuture?

Whatisthefutureforagricultureintheworld?

Consumers inmoreandmorecountrieshaveconcernsaboutbiodiversityandanimalwelfare.

Shouldconservation bejusttinyislandsofnaturalvegetationinarelativelybarrenworldofagriculture(land‐sparing)?

Alternatively(land‐sharing),canefficientworldfoodproductionoccurinenvironmentsthatalso:‐ supplytheneedsoftheanimals,resultingingoodwelfareforthe

animalproduced,

‐ allowcoexistencewithawidediversityofanimals,plants,microflora andmicrofauna,nativetothearea,and

‐ provideafairlifestyleforthepeoplewhoworkinthatenvironment.(Balmford etal2012,Broometal2013,Galindoetalinprep)

Asystemforthefuture?

Biodiversity onfarmlandintheU.K.andelsewhere‐ bird,butterfly,beeandwildplantpopulationshavedeclinedgreatlyinthelast15years.

Thisisaconsequenceoftheuseofherbicidesandsomepesticides.

NumbersofvulturesinIndiadeclinedby97%becauseoftheuseofdiclofenac.

Dowecare?

Willthepublicforcethesechangestobereversedsothatbirdandbutterflypopulations,biodiversityandvulturepopulationsincrease?

Usageofworldresources1.Eatlessofanimalproducts.2.Whatcanbedoneinanimalproductiontoexploitexistingresourcesbetter?Themostimportantanimalsforfoodproductionarethosethateatfoodwhichhumanscannoteat.

Henceruminantseatingforageplants,notcereals,aremuchmoreimportantthanpigsorpoultrywhichcompetewithhumansforfood.Dairycowsshouldnotbefedgrain.Negativeenergybalanceifmorethan30%.

Sustainableanimalandforageplantsystems

Formanyyearswehavebeentalkingaboutgrazingsystems.Thekeyplantshaveallbeenpastureplants.Treesandshrubshavebeenmainlyconsideredascompetitorsforthepastureplants.

Yetplantproductionfromamixtureofherbs,shrubsandtreesismuchgreaterthanthanfromasinglelevelpasturesystem.

Someshrubsandtreesprovidegoodfoodforruminantsandotheranimals,includingherbivorousfish.

Highprotein,nitrogen‐fixingshrubssuchasLeucaena havebeenusedasforageforruminantsformanyyears.However,mostanimalproductionisstillfrompastureonly.

Why?

SustainableanimalandforageplantsystemsTropicalandsub‐tropical:themajorresearchShrubsandtreesthatareeatenbysheep,goatsandcattleinSouthAmericainclude:

Gliricidia sepium,quick‐stick,mata ratonGuazuma ulmifolia, baycedar,guacimoMorus alba, whitemulberry,moreraLeucaena leucocephala, leucaenaBrosimum alicastrum,Mayanut,ramonTithonia diversifolia, treemarigold,boton deoroTrichanthera gigantea, tricanthera,nacederoErythrina edulis E.poeppigiana,poroto,bucaroBoehmeria nivea, ramie,ramioCratylia argentea, veraneraMalvaviscus penduliflorus,mazapan,resucitado

Someareusedas“livefences”(GrandeandMaldonado2011,Nahed‐Toral etal2013).

SustainableanimalandforageplantsystemsTemperate

Shrubsandtreesthatareusedforforageforruminantsandpigsintemperatecountriesinclude:

Castanea sativasweetchestnutCastanea mollissima ChinesechestnutQuercus pyrenaica PyreneanoakQuercus ilexevergreenoakQuercus suber corkoakOlea europea oliveAlnus nepalensis NepalesealderSesbania sesban sesbanChamaecytisus prolifer tagasasteRobinia pseudoacacia blacklocust/frisiaSambucus canadiensis AmericanelderHelianthustuberosum Jerusalemartichoke(herb)

SustainableanimalandforageplantsystemsWorkinColombia,MexicoandBrazilonsemi‐intensive,three‐level,rotational,silvopastoral systemshasnowreachedapointwhererevolutionisoccurring.

Systemswithgrasses,Leucaenaandtrees,oftenwithedibleleaves,producemoreforageandmoreanimalproductthanpasture‐onlysystems.

Thewelfareoftheanimalsisbetter,includinglowerincidencesofdisease,biodiversityisverymuchgreater,workersatisfactionishigh.

Productionusingpasture‐onlysystemsintropicaland,toalesserextent,temperateareasoftheworldwilldecline.Thepublicwilldemandthischange.(Broom,GalindoandMurgueitio 2013.ProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietyB)

grass

shrubs

trees (and live fences)

Changesinagriculturetoimprovesustainabilityandproductquality.

Three‐levelforageproductionproducesmoreusableplantmaterialthanpastureonly.Pastureplus Leucaena:+29%massand+64%protein.

Nitrogen‐fixingplantsused:artificialfertiliser notneeded– proteinbank.Animalproductioncanbebetter onsilvopastoral systemsthanonmonoculturesystems(Murgueitio etal2011).Insemi‐intensivesilvopastoral systems:Soilstructureismuchbetter.

Waterretentionisbetter.

Soillossisless.

Semi‐intensivesilvopastoral systemsandusageofworldresourcesWhatcanbedoneinanimalproductiontoexploitexistingresourcesbetter?

Shrubsandtreestoohighforanimalstoreachcanbecutandfed:toruminants,ortofish,ortoinsectsormolluscs.

Futureuseofsuchsystems,especiallyforinsectscouldmeanthatfarmlandisforest.

Semi‐intensivesilvopastoral systems:environmentaleffectsThree‐levelsilvopastoral systems(cf monoculture)have:

(i) muchgreaterbiodiversity:birds+200%,ants+30%,butterfliesetc.increased

Silvopastoral systems:jobsatisfaction

Workersonsilvopastoral farmsreportedbetterjobsatisfaction.

(ii) lesspollution run‐offbecauseofwater‐holdingpropertiesofsoil

(iii)lessmethaneproduction30%lessperkgofmeatproduced

(iv) bettercarbonsequestration.

(Galindoetal2013)

Silvopastoral systems:animalwelfare (a)BeneficialeffectsofshadeSkintemperatures<4Clower. Morethermalcomfort. Animalsuselesswaterandenergy.Longerforagingtimes(Améndola etal2013).

Skintemperatureofcattle– showninthermographic images.Silvopastoral system(matchedwith)Pasture‐only,monoculture

Lesssunexposureso:lesssun‐burn,lesscancer,lessphotosensitisation(b)Concealmenteasier:lessfearbehaviourshown, hencebetterhuman‐animalinteractions,easierhandling(Ocampo etal2011,Mancera andGalindo2011).(c)Morechoiceoffood,morecontrolofenvironmentSocialbehaviourmorenormal,(Améndola etal2015).

Silvopastoral systemsandwelfare:(d)increasedbiodiversityreducesnumbersofpathogenvectors

Theincreaseinpredatorslowersthepopulationsofticksandinjuriousinsects,suchashornflies(Hydrotaea),andhence reducestheincidenceofdiseases.Anexamplefromanexperimentalstudyisanaplasmosis,‐ showntodropfrom25%to<5%(Murgueitio andGiraldo 2009).

Animalhealth,andhencewelfare,isbetterbecausenumbersofticksandfliesarereduced.Thismaybethegreatesteffectonanimalwelfare.Mostofthescientificassessmentofsustainabilityisdoneintropicalandsub‐tropicalcountriesbutthereisworkonRobinia intheUSA,tagasaste inAustraliaandseveralMediterraneanwoodlandspeciesinEurope.

Thedataonsilvopastoral systemsarecollectedincollaborationwithEnriqueMurgueitio,Julián Chará andtheCIPAVgroup,Calí,ColombiaandthegroupsofFranciscoGalindo,UNAM,MexicoCityandJuanKuVera,UniversityofYucatán.

Acomparativestudyongreenhousegases,waterusage,NandPpollutionandsoilerosionintropicalbeef,temperatedairy,tropicalriceandtemperatewheatproductionisincollaborationwithAndrewBalmford,RowanEisner,Zoology,Cambridgeand20othersincludingtheColombianandMexicangroups.

Semi‐intensivesilvopastoral systemsandotherbeefproductionsystems:usageofconservedwater

Mostwaterisconservedinfarmreservoirsfromrain/streams.Itismainlycollectedwhenthereismuchwateravailablesodoesnotdepriveotherpeopleortheenvironmentofwater.

*Somemaybe"blue"water(purifiedforhumanuse).

Rainfallingonpastureoronfieldsforcropgrowingisnotincludedinthesecalculationsunlessconservedbypeople.

Somewaterisconsumedbyanimals,usedforcleaning,usedformeatprocessing.

Otherwaterisusedforirrigatingareasorpastureetc.wherethecattlefeed.

Wherefoodforcattleproducedonthesamefarm,orfromanotherfarm,orfromafarminanotherarea,orfromanothercountryissuppliedtotheanimals,watermaybeusedinitsproduction.Themainusageisforfieldirrigation.Thecalculationsassumethatthefoodismaize.

Inordertorelatetobeefproduction,waterusageiscalculatedperkgofcarcass.

Feed‐lotBrazilianColombiaColombia(l.kg.‐1 hotcarcass) pasturefertilised semi‐intensive

pasturesilvopastoralWaterdrunkbyanimals 81*137137 91

Evaporationfromtroughs 10*1010 6.6

Washingtroughsetc. 0.4* <0.1<0.1 <0.1

Lossofpollutedwaterremovedfromtroughs 4*<0.1 <0.1 <0.1

Meatprocessingwater 9*9* 9* 9*

Irrigationofmaizeetcforfeedinfeedlot 415*0 0 0

Irrigationofpasture 154* 0288 0

Total conservedwaterused693*156444107

Semi‐intensivesilvopastoral systemsandotherbeefproductionsystems:usageofconservedwater

FeedlotBrazilianColombiaColombiapasturefertilised semi‐intensive

pasturesilvopastoral(SSP)Animalsperhectareoverall1.50.513infinalsystem1400.513

Landarea(ha)toproduce1tonne ofmeatperannum 5.227102.2excludingmaizeetc

Areaformeatprocessing0.00010.00010.00010.0001Areaofmaizeetc forfeedfor1tonne ofmeat(ha)4.9000

Totallandareatoproduce1tonne ofmeat(ha)10.127102.2

Totallandperkgmeat(ha)0.010.0270.010.002

Semi‐intensivesilvopastoral systems:landuse

Landuseforfeedlotandfertilised pasturearethesame.Brazilianpasture:2.7timesgreater,SSP5timesless.

GeneralConclusions

1.Sentiencemeanshavingtheawarenessandcognitiveabilitynecessarytohavefeelings.

3.Throughouttheworld,therewillbeincreasingdemandfromconsumersforsustainablesystemsandhighqualityproducts.

4.Industryhastorapidlychangepoliciesrelatingtoanimalwelfareandotheraspectsofsustainability.Itshouldbeproactive.

2.Animalwelfarehasbeendevelopingrapidlyasascientificdiscipline.

GeneralConclusions(continued)

6.Summaryofanimalwelfarebenefitsofsilvopastoral systems.

Nutritionalimprovementbecauseofshrubandtreeintake.Thermalcomfortresultingfrommoreshade.Lessfearbecauseofconcealment.Healthbetterbecauseofmorepredatorsofticksandflies.Lessriskofcancersandotherdiseasescausedbytoomuchdirectsunlight.Bodyconditionbetterbecauseofnutrients,shadeandlessdisease.Foodchoice,foodintakeandsocialbehaviourimproved.Betterhuman‐animalinteractions.

5. Fortropicalandtemperatelivestockproduction:considerthree‐levelsilvopastoral systems,withshrubsandtreeswithedibleleaves.

Betterforbiodiversity,lesspollution,lessconservedwaterusage.

Lesslanduseandgreenhousegasproductionthanmonoculture,feed‐lots.

References Broom,D.M.,Galindo,F.A.Murgueitio,E.2013.Sustainable,efficientlivestockproductionwithhighbiodiversityandgoodwelfareforanimals.ProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietyB 280,20132025.

Murgueitio,E.,Cuartas,C.A.andNaranjo,J.F.2008.GanaderíadelFuturo,FundaciónCIPAV,CaliColombia.

Broom,D.M.2017.AnimalWelfareintheEuropeanUnion.Brussels:EuropeanParliamentPolicyDepartment,Citizen’sRightsandConstitutionalAffairs,pp 75.

Broom,D.M.2014.SentienceandAnimalWelfare,pp.200.CABI,Wallingford,U.K.

Broom,D.M.,FraserA.F.2015.DomesticAnimalBehaviourandWelfare, 5th edn,pp.472.CABI,Wallingford,U.K.

Broom,D.M.2003.TheEvolutionofMoralityand

Religion.Cambridge:C.U.P.

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