Estela Bagos Date of Report: September 23Julia Chua Rynel Mejia BAGUIO SEMI-UNDERGROUND HOUSING PLAN Known as the Summer Capital of the Philippines, Baguio has become an attraction to both tourists and locals alike. Boasting of a cool climate, a panoramic view, and refreshing pine forests, people have continually flocked to the summer capital. With the influx of people also comes the influx of businesses- as such, it comes as no surprise that the summer capital is currently faced with issues of urban development. This is especially evident in the case of SM Baguio back in 2012. While mall operators declared that the trees in Baguios Central Business District would be transferred instead of chopped to make way for mall expansion, the initial announcement was that SM City Baguio would be uprooting 182 trees from Luneta Hill in line with the expansion plans. (Rappler) As a result, several locals and multisectoral groups joined together in protest against the expansion plans of SM Development Corporation (SMDC). The protest became a viral, national concern as an online petition was created to stop the Department of Environment and Natural Resources permit that allowed [SMDC] to cut, ball, or prune trees. (Ibid.) Aware of such issues in urban development, the group has raised a concern for the locals of Baguio: With the rapid urban development of Baguio, is it still possible to come up with an appropriate housing plan for the locals of Baguio? Bearing this problem in mind, the group thus decided to find a solution to the problem by coming up with an alternate housing plan for the local residents of Baguio, while making sure that such plan doesnt contribute to Baguios slowly-deteriorating environmental state. CASE STUDIES The group brainstormed and came up with several ideas for housing, from entire underground cities like that of Turkey to homes made of stacked container vans. However, the group found inspiration for their would-be solution through two architectural marvels: the Ifugao Fale in the Philippines and the semi-underground, Setenil de las Bodegas of Spain. The Ifugao Fale (Weebly) Ifugao Fale The Ifugao Fale is almost similar to that of the Bahay Kubo. It has diameters of about a 4 x 4 or a 5 x 4. Just like the bahay Kubo, the Ifugao Fale has four posts. Three joist and two girders also support it. In the exterior part of Ifugao Fale is a roof covering the entire house.The Nurturing Indigenous Knowledge Experts describes the structure of the Ifugao Fale a s follows: On the outside, the Ifugao house seems to be nothing but a windowless pyramidal structure resting on four posts. A thorough examination of the structure, however, reveals a complex technology that renders it a tensile strength capable of withstanding devastating typhoons, torrential rain, and violent earthquakes.It is constructed out of carefully selected indigenous timbers that are sturdily mortised, pegged, and latched to hold the house together. In its entirety, no nails and bolts are used for all connections. The house in itself is considered to be womb because of its ability of being warm, cozy, nurturing and inviting. The concept of it being a womb is driven from the fact that the house is insulated. The place in which this type of house originated is from the mountains where it is cold and shelters must be insulated. There is only one opening to the Ifugao Fale, which the main door. This means, that there are also no windows to be found in order to keep the heat inside the house. Setenil de las Bodegas (Solo Quiero Viajes) Setenil de Las Bodegas Spains Setenil de las Bodegas found in the province of Cadiz is regarded as one of the most unusual villages in the world, famous for its rock overhangs. Constructed with local stone, the quaint houses and establishments of Setenil are built into caves and gorges caused by the river that once occupied the village lot. Moreover, the marvelous thing about the Setenil is how the houses are built into the rocks.The renowned Cadiz poet and writer, Jos Manuel Caballero Bonald describes it as such: One of the most astonishing villages in Andaluca, something like an architectural nightmare, a geological fright, where you come across habitable spaces excavated out of the rock itself, where, like troglodytes or birds, they live beneath immense granite ledges or what seems as an urban labyrinth. (Kramer) This architectural marvel has thus created the illusion of rocks falling unto the houses. While it may not be ideal for those dealing with claustrophobia, the Setenil has never depleted with the passage of time because it was built with nature, instead of against it. With the knowledge that destroying the natural landscape might bring consequences, the builders of the Setenil de las Bodegas made the good decision of building into the rock instead, as one with nature. This way, they have been able to come up not just good housing, but also an architectural marvel. Setenil rock overhang (Amusing Planet) Prominent Characteristics Looking into these two locations, the group then decided to take into account the prominent characteristics of these architectural structures. Merging these characteristics with lessons the group had picked up from class, several noteworthy things were pointed out: SetenildelasBodegasisbuiltwiththerock,insteadofagainstit.Insteadofbreakingand goingagainstthenaturalrockformation,thesmallSpanishvillagemanagedtobuilditself conjoinedtotherockyterrain.Assuch,SetenildelasBodegasanditsadaptivearchitecture has turned out to be one of the must-see places in Spain for its semi-underground structure of rock overhangs. Ifugao Fale and its insulation properties.The concept of the house perfect for insulation has inspired the housing project that our group proposes. Similar to the Ifugao Fale, the housing that our group is proposing is a dome-liked shaped setting keeping breeze to not enter. Only, the insulation properties of the proposed housing are taken into consideration. HOUSING PLAN AddressingtheconcernofaslowlydepletingBaguioduetourbandevelopment,thegroup decidedtocomeupwithahousingplanthatutilizesadaptivearchitecture,atypeof architecturethatisdesignedandmodifiedinresponsetoacountrysvulnerabilitytoman-made and natural disasters. While there are many factors to consider in building a housing plan for Baguio city, the group particularlyaddressedwhattheyfoundtobethemosthigh-riskconcernsforitslocals: landslidesandearthquakes.Inanarticledated2006,Baguioisnamedasoneoftheriskiest citiesofthePhilippineswith(accordingtothenMinesandGeosciencesBureau(MGB) CordilleraregionchiefEngr.NeomandelaCruz)sixtytoseventypercentoftheareaas susceptible to landslides. (Alegre) In addition, the memory of the 1990 Luzon earthquake that destroyed several buildings and took the lives of many greatly affected Baguio. Geohazard map showing the landslide hazards around Baguio (Department of Environment and Natural Resources - Mines and Geosciences Bureau) Bearingtheserisksinmind,carefulplanningbecamenecessaryincomingupwiththe solution of the project. Mainly focusing on the problems of landslides and earthquakes, fused withthebuildingmentalityofTurkeysfairychimneysandSpainsSetenildelasBodegas, thegroupcameupwithanadaptivearchitecturalsolutiontailoredtofittheexisting conditions in Baguio that hardly compromises the already-existing environment. Setenil de las Bodegas is referenced in the housing solution because initially the group had devised an idea that involved the idea of underground housing, similar to what was done centuries ago in Cappadocia1.

1 Lying in the central highlands of Anatolia, Turkey, Cappadocia is one of the most fascinating While there is a slight reference to the fairy chimneys2 of Cappadocia, the group found this underground housing solution to be inappropriate because of the common flooding and irrigation problems in the country. As such, the Setenil served as inspiration for the housing plan because of its semi-underground structure, which the group found to be appropriate in the local setting. Cappadocia, Turkey (Cappadocia Tours Guide) Kaymakli Underground City, Cappadocia, Turkey (Ephesus Tours Guide)

2 The fairy chimneys of Cappadocia were formed by three kinds of volcanoes that had erupted millions of years ago: Erciyes, Melendez and Hasan. The volcanic ash that protruded from these volcanoes eventually hardened and became porous tuff, giving levels to the region through fairy chimneys. These are characterized as typically thin, spired, pillar-formed sedimentary rocks. These cone-like structures and bizarre rock formations came into being through the work of nature. Usually, these rock formations would come to life through the erosion of volcanic material from millions of years ago combined with the elements of water and air over time. Other times, fairy chimneys would spurt out from converging waters and lands. As for the slight reference of the fairy chimneys, the way the mountain will be carved out to accommodate the house is similar to the way the fairy chimneys were built. Situated behind the house is the carved part of the mountain. And taking cue from the Setenil, the group came up with a housing plan that is adapted to the mountainsides. While there is a need to consult with a geohazard map and an expert on the site itself, the group still looked into the idea of constructing housing on the mountainside, after seeing that several vistas and resorts in Baguio have done this. In addition, the housing plan will be accessible by road and will be equipped with utilities. As for the house itself, the Ifugao Fale solves the problem in insulating the House that the grouped has proposed to build in Baguio. The Fale, with its pyramidal roof shape, is covered entirely with cogon3. The purpose of insulating the house is protecting it from the heat of the sun and from torrential rain which is very much rampant in the City of Baguio. The thatched roofing keeps the interior of the house warm at night and cool during the day. Cogon Roofing Source: Living With Nature In the context that Baguio is susceptible to earthquakes and landslides, it was crucial to come upwithanarchitecturaldesignthatis(1)aload-bearingdesignthatadaptstothegrounds movement;and(2)adaptsacross-bracingsystemtothewalls,roofandcolumns,providing better strength towards lateral forces. (Felino) Such measures must be taken in order to ensure that the structure will not collapse sideways. Beginning with the exterior of the housing plan, the structural design the side that will be exposed to the side of the mountain will be made to divert the falling debris during landslides. By not going against the shape of the natural rock formation, similar to the Setenil and the fairy chimneys, the outside part of the house will be constructed in such a way that it will minimize impact. Reminiscent of the corredor of the bahay na bato at kahoy, the design will be two perpendicular metal beams embedded into the ground for stability. This will be used together with a cement lining reinforced by steel rods as a second roof for a compound of houses, spreading wide enough to protect residents from falling debris in case of a landslide. Space below this will allow air to flow through and provide ventilation inside the high ceiling space. Moreover, it will also serve as a sun-shading device resembling an overhang.

3 a perennial, rhizomatous grass of Asian origin, used for thatching and as a packing material; identified as a noxious weed in much of the southeastern US. The semi-underground houses will thus mimic the concept of the Ifugao fale in order to add culturalvalueandwillbeshapedintoasquareorcompactrectangletomakethestructure more stable. The houses are made to be compact, avoiding any projecting parts so that it will seemlikeonesingleunit.Furthermore,structuringthehousesassuchwillminimizethe damagedonetotheintegrityoftheoverallstructureofthehouse,intheeventofan earthquake.Itwillalsohaveminimalopeningsrangingfrom1to3,whichwillbethedoor and 2 windows that can be opened to equalize the pressure inside and outside the house. This willalsoallowairflowduringthewarmerseasons.Thewindowmayalsobeclosed, depending on the weather, in order to insulate heat for the colder seasons. The inside of these houses on the other hand will be a series of domes like the ceilings of old cathedrals. The group came up with using the dome shape as an interior since it is one of the strongest and most stable structures, since adding more weight on top increases the structures overall strength due to the downward compression. As such, in the event of a disaster, it will be less likely to cave in. Illustration depicting the dome-like structure and its reaction to seismic waves during earthquakes Asforthehouseitself,thehouseisbuiltsimilartotheconceptoftheFale.WithBaguios coldclimate,itsnecessarytohaveahousethatiswellinsulated.Asmentionedearlier,the IfugaoFale,beingtheperfectexampleofinsulation,istakenintoconsideration.Themain purpose of this is to prevent the cold breeze to enter at night and the streaks of the sun to enter during the day. Thus, proposing a dome like structure that is made up rocks put together. The overall structure will be a compact square. It will be divided into three parts: 1.) the first floor, 2.) an auxiliary which is in between the first and second floors, and 3.) and the second floor. The first and last part will be the primary spaces of the house while the second part will be an auxiliary part of the house which will provide additional help and support. There will be a winding stairs on one part of the structure in order to go from one level to the other. A winding stairs is more suitable for this kind of house since it is more compact and will use less space compared to other types of stairs. The first floor will be the first space that a person will see after entering the house. It will have 2 multi-use spaces. Three quarters of the house will be the Common Area and/or the Living Room. This is somewhat the most public space of the house since this is where they can entertain guests. This also serves as their living room where the family can bond and do leisurely things like reading books, watching the television, etc., this is also the place where they eat. A quarter of the first floor will be dedicated for the kitchen and/or the storage area. This is where the family can cook their meals. It may also serve as storage area when not in use. There will be an exhaust connected to the kitchen and passes through the auxiliary part of the house to let the smoke out when cooking. The kitchen can also be used to heat the house which will further be explained in the auxiliary part of the structure. Beside the kitchen and part of the common area and/or living room will be the stairs that leads to the second floor of the house. The first floor of the house can also provide additional sleeping space for guests. The Auxiliary part of the house will not provide space for people but instead provide additional help or support to the structure. This is the part where the exhaust and heating system of the house be located. It will be made of steel or metal tubes or pipes. As said earlier, this is the part where the smoke when cooking passes through and let it out of the house. This tube can also be used as a heating system for the house where the tube will be sealed from the outside and hot steam, from the kitchen by boiling water from a pot connected to this tube, can flow and provide added warmth to the house. The tube is made of steel or metal so that it can conduct heat and let it radiate through the floors of the second floor and the ceiling of the first floor. The Second Floor of the house will be the most private space of the house. This is where the primary living or sleeping quarters of the house, characterized as a multi-use space where the family may spend time together and do leisurely activities. It is also the warmest part of the house due to the heating system below and the windows that can either be opened or closed depending on the temperature. It also follows the concept of the Ifugao Fale of the house as a womb since it is warm in this part of the house and it houses the main living space.

Cross Section of Entire House Due to costs, the group tried finding other ways of cutting down expenses in building the house. We tried to be more resourceful and borrowed ideas from already existing designs in architecture. In general, the house will be built down going up like most buildings starting on the first floor and going up depending on the familys budget or needs. It will follow the methods used in building the Bahay na bato at kahoy mainly its method of making the first floor of posts and a series of linings of walls, the Ifugao Fale in its method of the 3-2-4 building method, and the Setenil de las Bodegas as inspiration. As for the building procedure, please refer to the diagram below: FIRST FLOOR. As previously mentioned, first thing to do in building the house is to carve from the mountainside the back of the house, or if not find a suitable place on the mountains that has an overhang. After digging, a metal sheet lining will be put in the shape of a compact square or rectangle, old cargo containers to cut the cost. Next, is to put the dome inside the hollowed space. The done can either be made of cement strengthened by steel rods, or stacking rocks dug out from the site and again braced by steel or metal rods. This is followed by putting 4 posts on all four corners of the structure that are made of cement or stacked rocks, again strengthened / lined / braced with steel or metal rods. Last is to fill the whole box /square / cube with cement leaving an opening at the front for the door or entrance and the stairs if there is one. This constitutes the first floor of the house and can already, as it is, provide shelter. AUXILIARY. This also begins with making a metal brace made of metal sheets or a brace of metal rods. Second, is to put 2 horizontal beams made of cement strengthened by metal rods or rocks braced by metal rods. This is the primary function of the Auxiliary part because it is where the 2 crucial beams of the house is located which adds support to the structure. Third is to put the metal or steel tubes for the exhaust and heating systems. They are made in a way that they will avoid the 2 beams but at one part drilled to make the tube have an opening to the outside. Fourth is and last is again to fill this whole part of the house with cement only leaving an opening for the exhaust / heating system or tubes and the winding stairs. SECOND FLOOR. A frame made of steel sheets / rods or old cargo containers will be used as support. Second is to put the 3 horizontal beams made of cement strengthened by metal rods or rocks braced by metal rods. This completes the 3-2-4 design borrowed from the Ifugao Fale. For added protection, 4 posts will be put again on all corners of the structure. The last part is the dome which is like the dome on the first floor which is made of cement strengthened by steel rods or stacked stones braced / lined with steel rods. Finally, fill the whole port with cement only leaving an opening for the windows and the winding stairs going down. CONCLUSION With all these elements together, the group has thus come to the conclusion that it is possible tocomeupwithafeasibleadaptivehousingsolution.Althoughmatterssuchasutilities, transportation and the like werent discussed, the group believes that there will be means for thesedifferentaspectsincreatingsuchhousingplan,sinceurbandevelopmenthasallowed Baguio access to different utilities. Ultimately, this housing plan should be able to maximize thegeographyinBaguiowhilecateringtothehousingneedsoflocalswiththerapid expansion and development of the summer capital of the Philippines. AFTERWORD Given these circumstances in the development of the housing solution, the group is aware that somewhere along the way, errors may have occurred due to lack of expert knowledge on the field.However,itcanbesaidthatthegrouphastakenawayavaluablelessonincomingup withsuchhousingsolution:Urbandevelopmentdoesnthavetocomeatthecostofthe environment. With the advent of industrialization and fast-paced technology, it becomes easy for people to getlostinallthefrenzyandforgetaboutthebasics.Assuch,thereisaneedforpeopleto becomemoreawareoftheenvironment,especiallytothoseworkingintheconstructionof homes and buildings. While remaining open-minded to new types of technology and housing solutions,attheendofthedayitiscrucialforpeopletolooktotheirownbackyardtosee what they need in terms of housing. Going back to the basics of adaptive and organic architecture, there is a crucial need for us to givebacktotheenvironment.Asittakescareofusbyprovidingourfoodandshelter,it becomes necessary for us to give back as much by taking care of the environment- and this is bestseenthroughthelensoforganicarchitecture.Goingbacktothebasicthen,doesnt necessarilymeanhavingtobanallformsofnewtechnologythatwillcomeourway;rather, goingbacktothebasicsmeansrememberingthefundamentalsoforganicarchitectureand integratingthemwithnewtechnologytocomeupwithbetter,moreeco-friendlyhomes.In takingcareoftheenvironment,wegetthesameasanenvironmentwelltakencareofwill continually provide us with what we need. BIBLIOGRAPHY 7 Architecturally Surprising Destinations for the Wandering Traveler. Tourism on the Edge.2013. Web. Rock Overhangs Integrated in Local Architecture: The Town Under Rocks in Spain. Freshome: Interior Design & Architecture Magazine. n.d. Web. Kramer, John. Setenil de las Bodegas, Cadiz. Spain Holiday. 2012. Web. Baguio City: Ruined by Pinoy Mentality. Get Real Philippines. 2012. Web. Agreda, JM. Resolving land issues key to redeveloping Baguio. News9.Published 6 September 2013. Web. About Baguio City. City Government of Baguio. 2006. Web. Bainbridge, James. Cappadocia: Turkeys land of fairy chimneys. Lonely Planet. 2011. Web. Alegre, Ace. Baguio is the Riskiest City in RP, Govt Geologists Say. Bulatlat. 2006. Web. Make your home earthquake proof. GharExpert. 2007. Web. Harris, William. How Earthquake-resistant Buildings Work. How Stuff Works. n.d. Web. SM uproots trees in Baguio, triggers protests. Rappler. Published 10 April 2012. Web. dela Cruz, Gwen. Remembering the 1990 Luzon Earthquake. Rappler. Published 16 July 2014. Web. Cappadocia Academy For Art and Culture. "Cappadocia, the land of rock cut churches.Published by www.mediacultura.de & the Cappadocia Academy. 2004. Web. Palafrox, Felino. Adaptive Architecture Pushed. Manila Standard Today. Published 18 July 2014. Web. Detailed landslide hazard map of Baguio City, Benguet Province, Philippines. Department of Environment and Natural Resources - Mines and Geosciences Bureau. 2008. Web. Setenil de las Bodegas. Solo quiero viajes. 2012. JPEG File. Setenil de las Bodegas - the City Built Into the Rocks. Amusing Planet. 2012. JPEG File. Kamaymakli Underground City. JPEG file. The Ifugao Fale. JPEG File. Fairy Chimneys, Cappadocia. JPEG File. Rotor, Cecille. Cogon Roofing. JPEG File Class notes.