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Sustainability Leadership
for Paints: VOCs and Beyond
What is an Environmentally Preferable Paint?
Wednesday, September 16, 2015
Daniel Pedersen, Ph.D.
VP Science & Standards
greenseal.org
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Topics in Sustainable Paints
Green Seal’s Approach – you can too!
Functional Performance
Health and Environment
VOCs in Paints and Coatings
What are VOCs, why should we care?
Landscape of VOC Programs
VOC measurement and calculation
Other Significant Impacts
Chemicals of Concern
Packaging
Consumer Education
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THE ORIGINAL SEAL OF
APPROVAL SINCE 1989
DEVELOP protective and practical
science-based standards
to
IDENTIFY leaders in sustainability
and
EMPOWER purchasers & companies
to create a more sustainable world.
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Leadership Standards
Comparative criteria that
reflect
the selection of products
& services
that are currently
available on the market.
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The Global Ecolabelling Network
26 member programs and 2 associate programs
HOW TO EVALUATE
ENVIRONMENTALLY
PREFERABLE PRODUCTS 1
• Functional Performance - Essential
• How to Evaluate – Methods & Results
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Functional Performance
“Fit for Purpose,” Does it do the job?
If it doesn’t meet expectations,
users won’t buy it!
more frequent repairs
earlier replacement
… waste of money, resources
Not sustainable!
“Remember, even though a paint
might have low or no VOCs, it
doesn’t do you any good if it needs
constant touch-ups or reapplying.”
- Consumer Reports
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Functional Performance
Which functional parameters? Consider:
what must it do to do the job?
customer expectations
marketing claims
How are these tested?
industry standards and practices
ASTM, ISO, trade groups (e.g. ASHRAE)
How do we know if it works well enough?
absolute scores or values on a test (qual or quant)
compare to a benchmark product
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Relative Performance
Wide variety of uses for some product categories
e.g. floor coatings, concrete sealers
For these, no practical single set of
functional parameters
values
Performance criteria designed to be flexible
Testing required only for parameters relevant to a product
In some cases – specific values are set
For most – compare to a benchmark product
Test methods chosen for each parameter
Equivalent methods may be accepted as well
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Performance - Concrete Sealers
o Performance considerations for concrete/masonry sealers
o Water Resistance
o Abrasion Resistance or Hardening of Cured Concrete
o Alkali Resistance
o Acid Resistance
o Fungi Resistance
o Staining Resistance
o UV Light Resistance
o Water Vapor Transmission
o Use the ASTM test/s for each relevant function (marketed claim)
o Compare to a Benchmark Product
CONTRAST WITH
o Performance considerations for basement specialty coatings
o Water Resistance – Resistance to > 10 psi of hydrostatic pressure
o Fungi Resistance – Resistance to microbial growth (rating > 8)
HOW TO EVALUATE
ENVIRONMENTALLY
PREFERABLE PRODUCTS 2
• Multi-Attribute Approach….
• …. across Life-Cycle Stages
• Environmental and Health Aspects
• Put It All Together!
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Multi-Attribute Evaluation
Emissions to air
Global warming
Criteria pollutants
Smog/Ozone
Ozone Depletion
Releases to water, land
Aquatic toxicity
Eutrophication
Acid/base
Human health
Toxicity
Eye Corrosion
Skin Corrosion
Use of energy
Use of water
Waste
Recyclability
Depletion of raw
materials
Sustainable sourcing
Recycled content
Use of HazMat
Radiation, noise
Performance
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Life-Cycle Evaluation
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Put It All Together! EP Coatings
Functional performance requirements – by category
some absolute, some relative
reference to accepted methods, alternatives OK
Chemicals of Concern
carcinogens, mutagens
Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAP)
halogenated solvents
Environmental Concerns
VOCs, solvents
waste and disposal
packaging
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Put It All Together! EP Coatings
Make use of external resources
functional performance standards
lists of chemicals of concern: e.g. carcinogens, HAP
Recognize need for exceptions to prohibitions
necessary for function
no alternatives readily available
too rare in the market
VOCs: Volatile Organic Compounds
• What are they?
• Why should we care?
• Why are they in paints and coatings?
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Introduction to VOCs
Volatile Organic Compounds - molecules that contain
carbon atoms and evaporate into the air
Found in many consumer products – e.g., coatings
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VOCs: Why Should We Care?
Health and Environmental damage
Contribute to smog – ground level ozone
Cause airborne particle pollution
Contribute to indoor air pollution
Contain harmful chemicals
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VOCs – Ambient Air Quality
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VOCs – Ambient Air Quality
VOC & NOx react, leading to O3 buildup
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VOCs – Ambient Air Quality
VOCs react to form airborne particles
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VOCs – Indoor Air Quality
That solvent smell from paints, glues,
varnishes…
VOCs can cause
irritation: nose, throat, eye
headache, nausea
skin reactions
damage internal organs
cancer
VOC limits protect users,
occupants
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VOCs in Paints and Coatings
Functional ingredients
1. Solvent to carry monomers, pigments
2. Active ingredient in multi-component resins
Low VOC solvents make it challenging to keep
ingredients in solution
may compromise performance, durability, quality
VOC LIMITS IN COATINGS
• Regulations and Voluntary Programs
• Methods for Measuring VOCs in Products
• Definitions of VOCs
• Calculations of VOCs
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VOC Regulations & Limits
Primarily (almost exclusively) aimed at Ground Level Ozone
Non-photoactive VOCs are exempted
These limits are also used to reduce direct human
exposure to VOCs, mainly IAQ (Indoor Air Quality)
Scientifically, this is a surrogate at best
Total VOC levels & exposure not directly related to toxicity
Bottom line – useful data that is available & close enough
Units: grams of VOC per liter of product (g/L)
EPA | CARB | SCAQMD | OTC | States
LEED | ULE | MPI | GS
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Ozone Pollution in U.S.
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VOC regulations - Landscape
National levels set by EPA – all must meet
40 CFR Part 59 Subpart D (§59.400-413):
National Volatile Organic Compound Emission Standards for
Architectural Coatings http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title40/40cfr59_main_02.tpl
Many states have set their own limits
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VOC regulations - Landscape
California is a national leader
Establishing limits, regulatory system, enforcement
Methods of analysis
In general, more stringent limits than the rest of country
California Air Resources Board (CARB or ARB) http://www.arb.ca.gov/consprod/consprod.htm
Sets overall regime but does not
set actual limits
deal with enforcement
those are left for the districts
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VOC regulations – CA Landscape
Architectural Coatings have a separate system
http://www.arb.ca.gov/coatings/coatings.htm
CARB Suggested Control Measures (SCM) 2007
http://www.arb.ca.gov/coatings/arch/docs.htm
Model rule for 58 CA districts
to implement
Districts have different
Climates
Air pollution problems
Rules
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Ozone Pollution in U.S.
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http://www.arb.ca.gov/coatings/arch/DISMAP.GIF
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South Coast - SCAQMD
District containing Los Angeles
Some of the greatest ozone challenges in US & the world
Typified by
Mild weather, abundant sunshine
benign conditions for coatings performance (except UV)
Abundant emissions of VOCs and car exhaust
Contained air mass within mountain ranges
Ideal conditions for Ground Level Ozone
Not surprisingly, forefront of VOC regulation
Most advanced methods
In general, strictest limits on VOC
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VOC landscape – other orgs
Ozone Transport Commission (OTC)
Writes model rules for states to adopt (& adapt)
www.otcair.org
Model rules for consumer products, 2014:
http://www.otcair.org/upload/Interest/StationaryArea%20Sources/OTC%
20State%202001%20Rule%20adoption%20090519%20NY_1.pdf
USGBC/LEED: must meet CARB (SCM 2007) or
SCAQMD (Rule 1113) VOC limits
MPI: Values presented in MPI standards
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VOC – Measurement Methods
What do regulators accept for VOC content?
Product Formulation
List of ingredients
Weighing of Product: Mass Difference
Δ before & after
EPA 24, SCAQMD 304, ISO 11890-1, ASTM D2369-10
Analytical Chemistry of Product: GC/MS
ASTM D6886, SCAQMD 313, ISO 11890-2
Direct measurement: Chamber Emissions Testing
CDPH Standard Method V1.1 (CA Section 01350)
Required by LEED/USGBC
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Definitions of VOCs
U.S. EPA: 40 CFR §51.100 (s)
“Volatile organic compounds (VOC) means any
compound of carbon,
excluding carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonic
acid, metallic carbides or carbonates, and ammonium
carbonate,
which participates in atmospheric photochemical
reactions. ”
List of exempt compounds shown not to affect ozone
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Calculations & Exemptions
Water content is subtracted from weight of product
Creates problems for low VOC products
Colorants added at point of sale are excluded
EPA list of volatile compounds shown not to participate in Ozone chemistry (but may be hazardous)
Products in small containers (<1 Liter) are exempt from limits
Rationale: small containers contribute less VOC
But actually shown to have significant VOC emissions
Low Solids Coatings, Industrial Maintenance Coatings
SUSTAINABLE COATINGS:
BEYOND VOCS
• Issues/Chemicals of Concern
• Packaging
• Labels & Consumer Education
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Issues/Chemicals of Concern
Toxic ingredients – prohibition on HAPs
Hazardous Air Pollutants
Clean Air Act, Section 112(b) (1)
Halogenated organic solvents - prohibited
potential exemption for PCBTF in metal lacquers
Phthalates – prohibited
some are functional ingredients in some coatings
focus: 5 specific chemicals vs. broad prohibition
Heavy metals, Alkylphenol ethoxylates
Ozone depleters, Formaldehyde releasers
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Issues/Chemicals of Concern
Carcinogens, Mutagens, Reproductive toxins
Functional exemptions – carcinogens (inhalation)
titanium dioxide
carbon black
crystalline silica
Exposure during Manufacturing phase
very limited exposure during Use phase
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Issues/Chemicals of Concern
Nanomaterials (particles below 100 nm)
+ exciting technical advances
+ bring environmental improvements
- environmental concerns and potential health hazards
Very complex issue with many unknowns
Unable to address during revision
Decided to exclude engineered nanomaterials from scope of standard (precautionary)
materials milled <100 nm not excluded
possible to consider in a future revision
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Packaging
Raw Materials, Manufacturing, Disposal phases
Function, legal requirements
e.g., transport of hazardous materials
Recycled content – metal, plastic
exemptions for HazMat containers
Prohibition: heavy metals, phthalates
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Labeling & Consumer Education
In-use & Disposal phases have huge impacts
beyond control of manufacturers
Instructions for proper use, amounts, ventilation
ensures durability, function
prevents over-purchasing
reduces leftovers
Instructions for proper disposal
improves waste management
reduces environmental impacts
Encouraging recycling programs
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Functional Product Evaluation
Formulation
Reformulation WORKS?
DONE
Y
N
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Environmental Product Evaluation
Formulation
Reformulation SAFE?
DONE
Y
N
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Sustainable Product Evaluation
Formulation
Reformulation
PASS
H&E?
DONE Y
N
WORKS?
Y
N
Daniel Pedersen, Ph.D.
VP Science & Standards
greenseal.org
Sustainability Leadership
for Paints: VOCs & Beyond
What is an Environmentally Preferable Paint?
greenseal.org/gs11
