Upload
ishwarya-srikanth
View
215
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
1/51
Structures
Helena Gervásio. .
Aalesund, 18th September 2008
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
2/51
2|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction to Sustainable Construction
Tools for Sustainable Assessment
Case study: Life cycle assessment of a residential house
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
3/51
3|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
THE CONSTRUCTION SECTORTHE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR
in the United States (12%); in developing world it represents 2-3% of GDP
Construction sector provides 7% of world employment (28% of industrial
employment)
Construction sector consumes 50% of all resources taken from earth
Building and construction sector consumes 25-40% of all energy used(OECD countries)
The built environment is the largest source of GHGs in Europe and it
accounts for ≈ 40% of world GHG emissions
generated in higher income countries
Source: UNEP Industry and Environment 2003
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
4/51
4|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
Industrial direct COIndustrial direct CO22 emissions (2004)emissions (2004)
Iron and steelOther Iron & steel industry accounts for
27%28% 27% of direct CO2 emissions from
the industry sector
Chemicals &petrochemicals
16%
≈ 3-4% of global GHG emissions
(IPCC)
Non-metallicminerals
27%
. onnes o 2 s em e or every
tonne of steel produced
Non-ferrousmetals
2%ource: “Tracking Industr ial Energy Effic iency and CO
2
Emissions “ IEA, 2007
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
5/51
5|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
MAIN FACTORS AFFECTING STEEL INDUSTRYMAIN FACTORS AFFECTING STEEL INDUSTRY
1%Chemicals & petrochemicalsIron and steel
30%
2%
1%
1%16%
Non-metallic minerals
Paper, pulp and print
Food and tobacco
4%
4%2%
Non-ferrous metals
Machinery
Textile and leather
Minin and uarr in
19%6%
5%
Construction
Wood
Transport equipment
9% Non-specified
Source: “Tracking Industr ial Energy Effic iency and CO
2
Emissions “ IEA, 2007
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
6/51
6|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
⇒⇒Use of outdated technologies and low quality resourcesUse of outdated technologies and low quality resources
⇒⇒Worldwide variability in energy intensities and COWorldwide variability in energy intensities and CO22emissionsemissions
,,
⇒⇒ Energy efficiencyEnergy efficiency Saving potential in primary energySaving potential in primary energy
about 2.3about 2.3 – – 2.9 EJ/year 2.9 EJ/year
EJ/yearEJ/year
Reduction of COReduction of CO22 emissionsemissions – – 220220 – – 360 Mt CO360 Mt CO22 /year /year
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
Source: “Tracking Industrial Energy Eff iciency and CO
2
Emissions “ IEA, 2007
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
7/51
7|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
“
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs”
SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTIONSUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION
Sustainable Construction results from the application of
the principles of Sustainable Development to the global
cycle of construction, from raw material acquisition,
through planning, design, construction and operation, to
na emo on an was e managemen .
Chrisna du Plessis – Agenda 21 for Sustainable Construction in
Developing Countries
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
8/51
8|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
STRUCTURES TOSTRUCTURES TO SUSTAINABILITYSUSTAINABILITY
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
9/51
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
10/51
10|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
ELECTRIC ARC FURNACEBLAST FURNACE
e.g. Production of 1 kg of steel (sections) (IISI)
Total primary
Energy: 28.97 MJ 9.50 MJ
World production of steel (IISI, 2006)
Ox en – 65.5 % Electric – 32.0 % O en hearth – 2.5%
. .
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
11/51
11|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
Sustainable countermeasuresSustainable countermeasures
Energy efficiency
Highly energy efficient facilities (e.g. high efficiency combustion burners,
optimization of the reheating of furnaces, etc)
Rec clin of roducts e. . waste lastic waste tires etc
PJ/year Integrated steelworks energy intensity
(GJ/tonne steel)
NIPPON STEEL CORUS
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
Source: Nippon Steel – “ Sustainability Report 2007” Source: Corus Corporate Responsability Report 2007/08
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
12/51
12|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
Sustainable countermeasuresSustainable countermeasures
Reduction of CO emissions
CO2 Million tonnes/year Direct and indirect CO2 emissions from integrated
NIPPON STEEL CORUS
steelmaking (kg)/tonne liquid steel
2012 reduction2012 reduction
target (
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
13/51
13|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
Sustainable countermeasuresSustainable countermeasures
B - roducts1 tonne of iron generates 600 kg of by-
Reutilization of by-product gases (e.g use of coke oven gas and blast furnace gas
as fuel gas for heating furnaces or energy sources for power generation plants, etc)
pro uc s s ag, us an s u ge
Use of by-products as raw materials in the steel works or in other industries (e.g.cement production)
The use of blast furnace and steel slag as a substitute for
clinker in cement roduction could contribute 140 – 185 Mt
CO2 reduction (source: IISI)Example: NIPPON STEEL
-company
use(30%)By-products
Powerplant(40%)
By-product
gases
Cementindustriesand others
68%WasteFuel gas
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural EngineeringSource: Nippon Steel – “ Sustainability Report 2007”
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
14/51
14|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
Sustainable countermeasuresSustainable countermeasures
Research and development (R&D)
e.g. Ultra-Low CO2 Steelmaking (ULCOS) project (http://www.ulcos.org/en/index.php)
,
plants are operating at the limits of what is presently technically possible
uropean pro ec , nvo v ng a ma or s ee compan es, a m ng a a ras c
reduction in CO2 emissions from steel production (50% reduction in comparisonwith todays’ best routes)
Use of High Strength Steel (HSS)
. .
The use of HISTAR for common steels achieves reductions of 32% in steel
columns and 19% in beams, allowing to save in CO2 emissions
(source: ArcelorMittal: Bold Future 2007 – Annual report)
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
15/51
15|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
Steel structures are installed rapidly – the time of construction
can e re uce o a e me nee e or o er ype o
construction; Frame elements are delivered in time for installation minimizing
the area needed for storage and contributing to an efficient
construction site;
The prefabrication of frames provides a safer and cleaner
working environment;
Prefabrication ensures accurate and quality workmanship;
Waste during construction is reduced to a minimum and most
waste is rec clable.
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
16/51
16|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
- -
efficient material;
Steel is 100% recyclable leading to the minimization of natural
resource depletion and environmental impacts;
Steel has a long life span allowing to amortize the
env ronmen a mpac s ue o s pro uc on s age;
Thermal and acoustic insulation ma be ada ted to an local
or functional requirement.
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
17/51
17|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
Steel frames can easily be adapted to new functional
requirements over the building life cycle;
Rehabilitation of existing buildings is easier with steel frames
A steel structure has exceptional durability, with little or no
maintenance, contributing to the safeguard of natural resources.
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
18/51
18|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
END-OF-LIFE
Steel is 100% rec clable and it can be infinitel rec cled
without loss of quality
2emissions (in 2006, about 894 million metric tons of CO2were saved
By improving design, the need for new steel production
without reprocessing
Source: “Steel and you – The l ife of steel ” (IISI)
,
100%
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
19/51
19|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
OF STEEL STRUCTURES ?OF STEEL STRUCTURES ?
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
20/51
20|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
e.g. LEED - voluntary labelling system aiming to assess the global
environmental performance of a building through its life cycle
Process based in a system of 64 credits divided by 5 areas of
environmental impacts:. Sustainable Sites (SS)
. Water Efficiency (WE)
. Energy and Atmosphere (EA)
. a er a s an esources
. Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ)
. Innovation and Design Process (ID)
> 26 credits
Classification:
LEED certification ver
> 39 e < 51 credits Gold
> 52 e < 69 credits Platinum
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
21/51
21|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
Assessment of steel structures according to LEED system
Materials and Resources (MR)
Building reuse – steel buildings are flexible and adaptable
Construction waste management – steel is consistently recycled
Resource reuse – structural steel can be refabricated and reused
Recycled content – steel has close to 100% recycled content from scrap
Innovation and Design Process (ID)
Use of composite members
Design for deconstruction
Design for adaptabil ity
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
22/51
22|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
The environmental impacts of buildings occur throughout all
To overcome the shifting of burdens from one life cycle stage,
perspective needs to be taken into account
ew n erna ona s an ar s or sus a na y assessmen o
buildings under development follow a life cycle approach
e.g.: prEN 15643-1 Sustainability of construction works - Integrated
assessment of building performance - Part 1: General framework.
ISO/TS 21931-1 Sustainability in building construction - Framework forme o s o assessmen or env ronmen a per ormance o cons ruc on
works - Part 1: Buildings.
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
23/51
23|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
System BoundarySystem Boundary
Construction Operation End of lifeMaterial
Air Emissions
Unit
ProcessWater Water Effluents
Releases to Land
Other releases
Intermediate Material or
Final Product
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
24/51
24|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
25/51
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
26/51
26|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
Comparative analysis between two alternative structural
INTRODUCTION
solutions of a dwelling in the context of sustainable
construction;
Both solutions were designed for a service life of 50 years
according to their respective Structural Eurocodes;
e cyc e env ronmen a ana ys s a es n o accoun e a ance
between the operational energy and the embodied energy of thebuilding;
A sustainability analysis is carried out in order to evaluate which
structural system has a better environmental performance,cons er ng a e cyc e approac .
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
27/51
27|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
Productionof materials
TransportRecycling
ConstructionTransport
Embodied energy
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
28/51
28|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
PROJECT OVERVIEW
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
29/51
29|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
APPROACH
The functional unit
A residential house, for a family of 5 persons,designed to fulfil the requirements of national
regulations about safety, comfort and energy
,
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
30/51
30|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
CASE STUDY
1st Floor – 183 m2 2nd Floor – 183 m2 3rd Floor – 68 m2
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
|S t i bilit f St l St t
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
31/51
31|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
EXTERIOR WALL AND SLAB
– –
1. C 150 profile (walls), C 250 profile (slabs)
2. Gypsum plaster board BA15
3. Rock wool (140mm)4. OSB 11 walls , OSB 18 slabs
5. Exterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS)
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
|Sustainability of Steel Structures H l G á i
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
32/51
32|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
INTERIOR WALLS
– –
1. C90 profile 2. Gypsum plaster board BA15 3. Rock wool (70mm)
4. Gypsum plaster board WA13 5. Ceramic
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
33|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Ger ásio
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
33/51
33|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
Bill of materials
– –
Concrete 70680 kg
Cold formed steel 19494 kg
Rock wool 12335 kgGypsum plaster board 13208 kg
Oriented strand board 7016 kg
Reinforcement steel 1307 kg
Exterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS):
Insulation board (Polystyrene) 330 m
Finish Coat (acrylic) 330 m2
Thermal transmittance (W/m2.oC)
Element U
Exterior wall 0.240Roof 0.292
Terrace 0.289
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
34|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
34/51
34|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
EXTERIOR WALL AND SLAB
– –
1. Internal clay brick wall (11 cm)
2. External cla brick wall 15 cm
3. Mortar (2 cm) + Paint
4. Air space (6 cm)
5. Mineral wool (6 cm)
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
35|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
35/51
35|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
INTERIOR WALL
– –
1. Concrete frame
2. Clay brick wall (11cm)
.
4. Mineral Wool (6cm)
5. Stucco
6. Paint7. Nesting mortar
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
36|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
36/51
36|y Helena Gervásio
Bill of materials
– –
Material Quantities Unit
Concrete C25/30 517482 kg
Reinforcement steel 15877 kg
Brick walls int. + ext. 120852 k
Cement mortar 38508 kg
Insulation board (polystyrene) 1327 kg
Alkyd paint 139 kg
Thermal transmittance (W/m2.oC)
Element U
Exterior wall 0.483
Roof 0.610
Terrace 0.500
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
37/51
38|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
38/51
|
PRODUCTION OF STEEL (IISI)PRODUCTION OF STEEL (IISI)INVENTORY ANALYSIS
System
Raw material
and energypro uc on
(including
extraction) Transportation Steelworks
Natural
Steel
products
Non allocated
EmissionsBy-products
Consumable
s production
Recovery
processes
resources
from earthBy-products
to earth
Merchant
scra
Save
external
o erations
Scrap
Equivalent
By-product
functions
other
steelwork,
etc
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
39|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
39/51
Operational energy quantificationEuropean Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings [2002/91/CE]
ISO 13790 A fully prescribed monthly quasi-steady state calculation method;
A fully prescribed simple hourly dynamic calculation method;
Calculation procedures for detailed dynamic simulation methods.
RCCTE (Dec.Lei 80) - Quasi-steady approach, in which dynamic
utilization factor
annual energy need for heating (Nic) < Ni
v
ENERGY CERTIFICATION OF BUILDINGS
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
40|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
40/51
Winter climatic zones Summer climatic zones
Coimbra Coimbra
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
41|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
41/51
Operational energy quantification
Set point temperature: 20oC
o m ra: c mat c w nter zone 1
Length of heating season: 6 months
Degree-days: 1 460 oC.days
Coolin season
Set point temperature: 25oC
Length of cooling season: 4 months (June-September)
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
42/51
43|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
43/51
OPERATIONAL ENERGY vs. EMBODIED ENERGY
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
44/51
45|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
45/51
ALLOCATION OF SCRAPALLOCATION OF SCRAP Closed material loo rec clinClosed material loo rec clin
-- --
methodology (IISI)methodology (IISI)
Net scrap = RR - S
Steel product(1kg)
LCI credit/debit = (RR – S) x Y (Xpr – Xre)
LCI product = X’ – [(RR – S) x Y (Xpr – Xre)]
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
46|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
46/51
RESULTS OF LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
47|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
47/51
LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS – LIGHTWEIGHT
STEEL FRAME
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
48|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
48/51
LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS – CONCRETE FRAME
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
49/51
50|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
50/51
LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
51|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
8/16/2019 Sustainability Eccs 08
51/51
Steel structures have a positive contribution towards the
sustainability of the construction sector;
Steel industry needs to be recognize by the role played in the
sector;
It is necessary to demonstrate the benefits of steel structures
based in credible data and appropriate methodologies;
Life cycle analysis allow to highlight the advantages of steel
structures, namely, recycling and reuse of structures;
Further initiatives leading to more eficient life cycle performance of
steel structures (e.g. deconstruction, modular construction, design
for adaptability, improvements in the energy efficient, etc).
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering