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8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/suscos-m-emmc-co3-bridges-fatigue-l3 1/48
Pontes I
Luis Borges
L3: 27/10/2013
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards and Catastrophic Events520121-1-2011-1-CZ-ERA MUNDUS-EMMC
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/suscos-m-emmc-co3-bridges-fatigue-l3 2/48
L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
SUSCOS
Conceptual Design of Bridges
Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/suscos-m-emmc-co3-bridges-fatigue-l3 3/48
L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Contents
• L26 – Basis of fatigue design in steel structures
– Definitions and application range
• L27 – Fatigue loads and determination of stresses and stress ranges
– Cycles and stress ranges
• L28 – Fatigue strength
– Fatigue strength curves
– Fatigue details
•
L29 –
Reliability and verification – Application to Road Bridges
– Application to Rail Bridges
• L30 – Brittle fracture
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
L26 – Basis of fatigue design in
steel structures
• Generalities
• Definitions and application range
4
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Fatigue of steel structures
• Fatigue: damage of a structural
part by gradual crack growthcaused by repeated stresses.
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Definitions and application range
FATIGUE
• Crack
• Defect
• Nominal stress range
• Detail category
• Fatigue loading
• Fatigue strength
• Fatigue limit
6
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/suscos-m-emmc-co3-bridges-fatigue-l3 7/48L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Fatigue of steel structures (1)
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/suscos-m-emmc-co3-bridges-fatigue-l3 8/48L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Fatigue of steel structures (2)
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/suscos-m-emmc-co3-bridges-fatigue-l3 9/48
L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Fatigue of steel structures (3)
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/suscos-m-emmc-co3-bridges-fatigue-l3 10/48
L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Fatigue of steel structures (4)
Liberty Ship 1943
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Fatigue of steel structures (5)
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Lully Bridge 1999
Fatigue of steel structures (6)
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Premature fracture in automobile leaf springs(Engineering Failure Analysis, Volume 16, Issue 2, 2009, pp. 648-655)
Premature rupure due to
- Bad conception,
- Metallurgical problems,
- e defeitos de fabricação.
Examples of fatigue collapses
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/suscos-m-emmc-co3-bridges-fatigue-l3 14/48
L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Examples of fatigue collapses
• Wöhler, 1871, trains wheels
– Cracks initiated from the fabrication marking -
XX Century
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
undetectable
crack
Examples of fatigue collapses
ICE Enschede, 1998.Train crash due to failure of a wheel.
Passengers: 287 (ICE-1 max. is 651)
Train crew: 6
Maintenance crew: 2Fatalities: 101
Severe injuries: 88
Minor or no injury: 106
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
ICE Enschede, 1998.Train crash due to failure of a wheel.
Passengers: 287 (ICE-1 max. is 651)
Train crew: 6
Maintenance crew: 2Fatalities: 101
Severe injuries: 88
Minor or no injury: 106
Examples of fatigue collapses
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/suscos-m-emmc-co3-bridges-fatigue-l3 17/48
L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
EPFL/ICOM –
Construction métallique A. Nussbaumer
Examples of fatigue collapses
• Pile fatigue Arteplage Neuchâtel (CH), 2000
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Lack of weld
penetration
Examples of fatigue collapses
Pile fatigue Arteplage Neuchâtel (CH),2000
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
QuickTime™ et undécompresseursont requis pour visionner cette image.
Fatigue corrosion
Offshore platform A. Kielland (1980)
Ekofisk field in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea on March 27 1980.
123 people died
Examples of fatigue collapses
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Fatigue corrosion
Examples of fatigue collapses
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Examples of fatigue collapses
I-35W Mississippi River bridge
At 6:05 p.m. CDT on Wednesday,August 1, 2007, with rush hour bridge
traffic moving slowly through the
limited number of lanes, the central
span of the bridge suddenly gave way,
followed by the adjoining spans. The
structure and deck collapsed into
the river and onto the riverbanks
below. Approximately 100 vehicles
were involved, sending their occupantsand 18 construction workers up to
115 feet (35 m) down to the river or
onto its banks. Northern sections fell
into a rail yard, landing on threeunoccu ied and stationar frei ht train
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Examples of fatigue collapses
I-35W Mississippi River bridge
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Examples of fatigue collapses
I-35W Mississippi River bridge
This image, from the National Transportation Safety Board's Office of Research and
Engineering, shows a fracture in a gusset plate that played a key role in the collapse of
the Interstate 35W bridge
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Examples of fatigue collapses
I-35W Mississippi River bridge
1 year before the collapse:
Fatigue Evaluation and
Redundancy analysis,
July 2006
F i i f h i f
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Fatigue is, one of the main causes of
damage – Bridges among structures
most often dammaged
Motivação
P. Oehme, for steel structures only
Materials used in German
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
EPFL/ICOM –
Construction métallique A. Nussbaumer
Materials used in German
Railways bridges (DB)
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Motivation
• Fatigue is, with corrosion and wear, one
of the main causes of damage in metallic
members.
• Note: In Mechanics, up to 90% collapses
are due to fatigue phenomena!
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Summary
• Fatigue occurs on structural parts due to action
of fluctuating stress
• Cracks grow progressively on specific details
• Global actions are generally weak but localsingularities can lead to high stress
concentrations
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Fatigue: Progressive degradation of structures condition
under repeated actions. The fatigue phenomenon
shows itself in the form of cracks developing at
particular locations in the structure.
Fatigue Life =
No of cycles to
enucleate acrack
+
No of cycles to
propagate a crackto collapse
Fatigue of steel structures
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Material scale
Crack initiation
• Cyclic slip conducting to crack initiation / enucleation
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Material scale
Crack initiation
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Growing a micro crack in a copper specimen (Schijve 2001)
Material scale
Crack initiation
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Material scale
Crack initiation
• During crack initiation, fatigue is a surface
material phenomenon
• Crack initiation depends on:
– Material surface
– Environment
– Cristalography: cristaline system, size of the
grains
– Material properties: anisotropy, elasticity
modulus , tension strength, ductility and
hardening...
– Stress ratio
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
top viewside view
Material scale
Crack propagation
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Material scale
Crack propagation
After crack initiation, fatigue occurs at a
volume level and not only at a surface scale.
Crack propagation depends on:
environment
Certain material properties: módulo de
elasticidade, resistência à tracção,tenacidade, ...
relação das tensões
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Fatigue at a material level
Initiation + Crack propagation
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Fatigue life
4 Important parameters:
• Stress range(Ds)
• Global and local geometry
• Material characteristics
• Environment
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Stress range and mean stress
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Truss
CHS K joints
S355
Length: 8,6 mHeight: 1,8 m
f = 0.7 hz
Qmin = 60 kN
Qmax = 610 kN
Example: tubular truss test
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Example: tubular truss test
• Compression joint?
E E M d
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Examplos local geometry
Global and local geometry
E E M d
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Material characteristics
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
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European Erasmus Mundus
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Environment influence
Actions Environment
Neutral Agressive
Static creep crack growth stress corrosioncracking, SCC
Cyclic pure fatigueFatigue corrosion
corrosion fatigue
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European Erasmus Mundus
8/11/2019 Suscos m Emmc Co3 Bridges Fatigue l3
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L26 – Fatigue and fracture of steel structures
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Fatigue – European Standards
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http://steel.fsv.cvut.cz/suscos
European Erasmus Mundus
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European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Additional reference