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GC7
--N
anot
echn
olog
y --
1De
part
men
t of
Com
pute
r Sc
ienc
e
Nan
otec
hnol
ogy:
oppo
rtun
itie
s an
d ch
alle
nges
GC7
: Jou
rney
s in
Non
-Cla
ssic
al C
ompu
tati
on
Robi
n M
ilner
The
Com
pute
r La
bora
tory
, Uni
vers
ity
of C
ambr
idge
Susa
n St
epne
y N
on-S
tand
ard
Com
puta
tion
Gro
up, D
epar
tmen
t of
Co
mpu
ter
Scie
nce,
Uni
vers
ity
of Y
ork
GC7
--N
anot
echn
olog
y --
2De
part
men
t of
Com
pute
r Sc
ienc
e
asse
mbl
ers
•as
sem
bler
s, n
anit
es, n
anob
ots
•m
olec
ular
sca
le r
obot
s–
mak
ing
mac
rosc
opic
art
efac
ts•
asse
mbl
ing
anyt
hing
, fro
m s
teak
s to
spa
cesh
ips
•as
sem
bler
s m
ake
conv
enti
onal
fac
tori
es
unne
cess
ary
•CS
cha
lleng
es:
–so
ftwa
re, t
ools
, tec
hniq
ues,
mod
els,
…•
hard
ware
/wet
ware
up
to p
hysi
cist
s, e
ngin
eers
, bio
logi
sts
GC7
--N
anot
echn
olog
y --
3De
part
men
t of
Com
pute
r Sc
ienc
e
nano
scal
e fa
bric
atio
n
•“d
eskt
op” f
abri
cati
on p
lant
, com
pris
ing
–m
any
very
sm
all d
evic
es•
trill
ions
of
mol
ecul
ar s
cale
rob
ot a
ssem
bler
s, c
onve
yors
, m
anip
ulat
ors,
…–
earl
y co
ncep
ts u
sed
cent
ralis
ed c
ompu
ter
cont
rol
–el
ectr
ical
, mec
hani
cal,
chem
ical
, …•
asse
mbl
y in
stru
ctio
ns b
road
cast
to
all t
he r
obot
ass
embl
ers
•ea
ch a
ssem
bler
has
som
e lo
cal s
tate
to
cust
omis
e th
e in
stru
ctio
ns
•un
iver
sal a
ssem
bler
–gi
ven
the
righ
t as
sem
bly
inst
ruct
ions
, and
the
rig
ht r
aw
mat
eria
ls, t
he p
lant
can
ass
embl
e an
ythi
ng
GC7
--N
anot
echn
olog
y --
4De
part
men
t of
Com
pute
r Sc
ienc
e
asse
mbl
ing
arte
fact
s
•gr
owth
and
dev
elop
men
t on
two
leve
ls–
boot
stra
p a
smal
l ini
tial
ass
embl
er p
opul
atio
n•
pool
of
raw
mat
eria
l (m
ainl
y ca
rbon
)•
asse
mbl
e tr
illio
ns o
f na
nite
s (e
xpon
enti
al g
rowt
h)–
eg, t
o bu
ild a
new
nan
o-fa
bric
atio
n pl
ant
•wh
ich
then
ass
embl
es, o
r “g
rows
”, th
e ar
tefa
ct
asse
mbl
e ar
tefa
ctgr
ow
popu
lati
on
http
://w
ww.im
m.o
rg/
http
://
www.
omah
aste
aks.
com
/
GC7
--N
anot
echn
olog
y --
5De
part
men
t of
Com
pute
r Sc
ienc
ethe
MN
T de
sign
cha
lleng
e
•as
sem
bled
art
efac
t is
em
erge
nt p
rope
rty
–of
act
ions
of
vast
num
ber
of n
anit
es•
desi
gn r
equi
res
“rev
erse
em
erge
nce”
–fr
om d
esir
ed e
mer
gent
art
efac
t –
to b
ehav
iour
of
nani
teas
sem
bler
s
desi
gn a
ppro
pria
teas
sem
bler
s
GC7
--N
anot
echn
olog
y --
6De
part
men
t of
Com
pute
r Sc
ienc
e
disa
ssem
bler
s
•as
par
t of
ass
embl
y•
disa
ssem
bly
of r
aw m
ater
ials
req
uire
d fo
r as
sem
bly
•di
sass
embl
y of
“sca
ffol
ding
” req
uire
d du
ring
ass
embl
y
•m
edic
al a
pplic
atio
ns•
scou
ring
cho
lest
erol
fro
m a
rter
ies
•fi
lter
ing
bloo
d to
xins
•re
mov
ing
dam
aged
cel
ls•
repa
irin
g da
mag
ed n
erve
s
•en
viro
nmen
tal a
pplic
atio
ns
•di
sass
embl
ing
toxi
c ch
emic
als
into
saf
e co
nsti
tuen
ts•
conc
entr
atin
g he
avy
met
als
•di
sass
embl
ing
unwa
nted
art
efac
ts
GC7
--N
anot
echn
olog
y --
7De
part
men
t of
Com
pute
r Sc
ienc
e
when
nan
ites
go
bad
•“g
rey
goo”
sce
nari
o–
wher
e re
plic
atin
g na
nite
s es
cape
, go
rogu
e, a
nd
disa
ssem
ble
the
plan
et
•“S
ome
Lim
its
to G
loba
l Eco
phag
yby
Bio
voro
us
Nan
orep
licat
ors”
--
Robe
rt A
. Fre
itas
http
://w
ww.f
ores
ight
.org
/Nan
oRev
/Eco
phag
y.ht
ml
GC7
--N
anot
echn
olog
y --
8De
part
men
t of
Com
pute
r Sc
ienc
e
Fore
sigh
t In
stit
ute
guid
elin
es (
exce
rpt)
•A
rtif
icia
lrep
licat
ors
mus
t no
t be
cap
able
of
repl
icat
ion
in a
nat
ural
, un
cont
rolle
d en
viro
nmen
t.
•Ev
olut
ion
with
in t
he c
onte
xt o
f a
self
-rep
licat
ing
man
ufac
turi
ng
syst
em is
dis
cour
aged
. •
Any
rep
licat
ed in
form
atio
n sh
ould
be
erro
r fr
ee.
•A
ny s
elf-
repl
icat
ing
devi
ce w
hich
has
suf
fici
ent
onbo
ard
info
rmat
ion
to d
escr
ibe
its
own
man
ufac
ture
sho
uld
encr
ypt
it s
uch
that
any
rep
licat
ion
erro
r wi
ll ra
ndom
ize
its
blue
prin
t.
•M
utat
ion
(aut
onom
ous
and
othe
rwis
e) o
utsi
de o
f se
aled
labo
rato
ryco
ndit
ions
, sho
uld
be d
isco
urag
ed.
•M
NT
devi
ce d
esig
ns s
houl
d in
corp
orat
e pr
ovis
ions
for
bui
lt-in
sa
fety
mec
hani
sms,
suc
h as
: 1) a
bsol
ute
depe
nden
ce o
n a
sing
le
arti
fici
al f
uel s
ourc
e or
art
ific
ial "
vita
min
s" t
hat
don'
t ex
ist
in a
ny
natu
ral e
nvir
onm
ent;
…ht
tp:/
/www
.for
esig
ht.o
rg/g
uide
lines
/cur
rent
.htm
l
GC7
--N
anot
echn
olog
y --
9De
part
men
t of
Com
pute
r Sc
ienc
e
evol
utio
n ha
ppen
s
•gi
ven
vast
num
bers
of
nani
tes,
som
e wi
ll go
wro
ng–
if t
hey
are
self
-rep
licat
ing,
the
y wi
ll ev
olve
•ev
olut
ion
is a
n in
evit
able
con
sequ
ence
of
“rep
rodu
ctio
n, v
aria
tion
, sel
ecti
on”
•sa
fety
cri
tica
l app
licat
ion
–cu
rren
t ap
proa
ches
tot
ally
inad
equa
te•
“pro
of o
f co
rrec
tnes
s” d
oesn
’t he
lp w
ith
a m
utan
t–
new
safe
ty t
echn
ique
s an
d to
ols
requ
ired
•de
sign
of n
on-v
iabl
e “a
djac
ent
poss
ible
”–
Fore
sigh
t In
stit
ute
guid
elin
es a
re a
n ex
celle
nt s
tart
•ev
olut
ion
will
expl
oit
anyt
hing
–ev
en (e
spec
ially
) thi
ngs
outs
ide
your
abs
trac
t m
odel
GC7
--N
anot
echn
olog
y --
10De
part
men
t of
Com
pute
r Sc
ienc
e
the
prop
osed
jour
ney
•to
solve
the
MNT
design
cha
lleng
e, s
afely
–de
sign
ing
the
desi
red
emer
gent
pro
pert
ies
•si
mpl
e ru
les
give
com
plex
beh
avio
ur
•bu
t wh
ich
sim
ple
rule
s gi
ve t
he d
esir
edco
mpl
ex b
ehav
iour
?•
thor
ough
und
erst
andi
ng o
f Se
lf-o
rgan
isin
g Co
mpl
ex S
yste
ms
–de
sign
ing
the
lack
of u
ndes
ired
em
erge
nt p
rope
rtie
s–
sear
chin
g fo
r su
itab
le d
esig
ns–
larg
e co
mpl
ex s
earc
h sp
ace,
bioi
nspi
red
sear
ch a
lgor
ithm
s–
effe
ct o
f em
bodi
ed n
anit
es•
stra
nge
phys
ics
at v
ery
smal
l siz
es–
fric
tion
, flo
w, e
tc a
ll ve
ry d
iffe
rent
•in
evit
abili
ty o
f ev
olut
ion
–ev
olut
ion
expl
oiti
ng e
mbo
died
pro
pert
ies
