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Information visualization based on self-organized maps (SOM)
ERNESTO GUTIERREZ, Universidad de las Americas Puebla
Self-organized maps (SOM) are a well-known neural network model, stable and with a wide spread of applications
including clustering of data and information visualization. Two important characteristics are useful when visualizing a self-organized map: relations between the entities and topology preservation of the data. Many efforts have been made to
present results obtained from a dataset being clustered with SOM. These include showing and presenting classes, relations
and clusters within the map. After all, the main objective of any visualization technique is to provide insight to the user intothe collection to help him/her understand it. We present information visualization techniques based on self-organized maps
from a Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) perspective. We discuss the advantages, open problems and future di rections of
these techniques.
Categories and subject descriptors: H.3.3 Information Search and Retrieval, H.5.2 User Interfaces Graphical User
Interfaces (GUI), I.3.6 COMPUTER GRAPHICS - Methodology and TechniquesInteraction Techniques
General Terms: Visualization
Additional Key Words and Phrases: Self-organized maps, information visualization,
1. INTRODUCTION
Handling and visualizing big collections is one of the main challenges for Human-Computer
Interaction (HCI), Computer Graphics, Visual Design and Psychology. This work focuses on the
HCI perspective.One of the main objectives for information visualization is to provide insightaccording
to (Card, Mackinlay and Schneiderman 1999). Even though, information visualization requires
complex computing processes, algorithms and sophisticated design techniques the ultimate
purpose should be to provide to the user a manner to understand the data being presented.
There are four largely distinctive processes through which users gain insight while using
an information visualization system (Yi et al 2008): 1) Provide Overview, 2) Adjust, 3) Detect
Pattern, 4)Match Mental Model.
Provide Overview is the process through which the user understands globally the
collections being examined. An important underlying concept here is denoted by (Chang et al
2004) as collection understanding that means to have a general idea of the whole collection by
visualizing the entities that constitutes it from a wide perspective, without having previous
knowledge of the contents of the collection. Under this overview approach the user starts a
learning process in which discovers and explores the collection.
Adjust is the process through which the user filters the data being presented. Collections
may have information not interesting for the user. By applying filters or selecting ranges in data
being presented the user gains a better insight.
Detect Pattern means that visualization facilitates the discovery of trends, distributions,
frequencies or structure of the collection.
Match Mental Model refers to the cognitive process by which user understand the data
presented by the visualization. Visualization techniques should provide a mental model easy to
manage by user such that does not represent a high cognitive load.
This said, this work present visualization techniques of big collections based on self-
organized maps. They are reviewed from the HCI perspective, the characteristics previously
defined and other inherent SOM characteristics.
1.1 Visualizing Information using SOM vs. Visualizing SOM
Self-organized maps have been utilized to visualize multidimensional datasets as well as for
clustering and viewing relationships between elements in those datasets. However, there are few
approaches that tackle collection understanding and HCI aspects such as usability, interactivity
and the previous defined concept of insight. Throughout this survey two different approaches are
discussed: 1) Visualizing Information using SOM and 2) Visualizing SOM. The former takes into
account HCI aspect while the latter only tries to visualize SOM characteristics. Nevertheless,
second approach is always necessary to generate first one.
In this survey, we first review the techniques used to visualize SOM and then we review
techniques that take advantages of SOM characteristics to visualize information.
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2. SELF-ORGANIZED MAPS (SOM)
2.1 Neural Network Model
A self-organized map (SOM), or Kohonen map, is a neural network that competes by means of
mutual lateral interaction (Kohonen 1990). A SOM consist of neurons organized in a low-
dimensional grid (typically two dimensions) defining the output layer. Each neuron, in the output
layer, is represented by an n-dimensional weight vector (a.k.a. prototype vector, codebook vector).The input layer is a vector of the same n-dimensionality that represents each entity in the
collection through a succession of iterations over it. The main difference between a self-organized
network and a conventional one is that correct output cannot be defined a priori, therefore a SOM
utilizes an unsupervised learning algorithm. This algorithm classifies the collection and presents
the in a grid 2-dimensional while preserving the topology of the original n-dimensional dataset.
The 2-dimensional grid obtained from the algorithm is the used for visualization through
several techniques described next.
2.2 Visualizing SOM Techniques
U-Matrix
It is the unified distance matrix, the classic visualization method, which shows the distances
between the neurons codified by a scheme of colors (Ultsch and Siemon 1990). Darker colors refer
to bigger distances while lighter refer to closer distances that conform clusters. In figure 1, it is
shown this method. This method originally is a gray scale to depict distances between neurons, but
can also be codified using RGB schema. The objective of this visualization is identified clusters.
Figure 1. U-Matrix Visualization
P-Matrix
While U-matrix work fine for well-separated clusters, it has problems to identify clusters that
overlap. P-Matrix visualization is based on density measured at the prototype vectors. The P-
Matrix (Ultsch 2003) displays the local density measured with the Pareto Density Estimation
(PDE). Figure 2 shows the P-Matrix used for the same dataset used in Figure 1. The objective of
this visualization is identified clusters.
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Figure 2. P-Matrix Visualization
U*-Matrix
The U*-Matrix is a combination of distance (U-Matrix) and density (P-Matrix) based
visualizations (Ultsch 2004). In figure 3, the U*-Matrix is depicted to show the same dataset thatFigure 1 and Figure 2 shows. The objective of this visualization is identified clusters.
Figure 3. U*-Matrix Visualization
Smoothed Data Histograms
The objective of Smoothed Data Histograms is to visualize the clusters through estimation of the
probability density of the high dimensional data (Pampalk, Rauber and Merkl 2002). This is
achieved by counting a number of most likely positions for each sample. The visualization
obtained with this method is a landscape with island and mountains in densely occupied regions
and oceans in between. In Figure 4, it is shown Smoothed Data Histogram Visualization. The
objective of this visualization is identified clusters.
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Figure 4. Smoothed Data Histogram visualization
Hit Histogram
This visualization shows the number of hits (items mapped in each neuron) codified either by size
or color or both. In addition, a label with the number of hits can be displayed in each neuron toclarified small difference not noticeable by the human eye. In Figure 5, a SOM Hit Histogram
visualization is shown, where number of hits are codified by size and also is added a label with the
number. This visualization is useful to identify the structure and tendencies of data.
Figure 5. Hit Histogram Visualization
Neighborhood Graph
This is another density-based visualization like P-Matrix, U*Matrix and Smoothed Data
Histograms visualization. This method defines graphs resulting from calculation of distances
between neurons (nearest neighbor and radius-based) (Poelzbauer, Rauber and Dittenbach 2005).
The addition of a graph-based approach provides a visualization that shows relations between
neurons. Figure 6, shows this graph-based visualization. This visualization is useful to understand
relations between the items of the map.
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Figure 6. Neighborhood Graph Visualization
Vector Fields
This method can display a flow diagram of vectors either pointing to the center of most likely
cluster or pointing in a way that emphasize cluster boundaries. This visualization method isdesigned for users with a high level of abstraction for vectors (like engineers). A careful analysis
of vectors leads to identify clustering structure, correlations and dependencies of data. Figure 7,
shows and example of this visualization where vectors are pointing to the center of the cluster.
Figure 7. Vector Field Visualization
Sky Metaphor Visualization
It is a visualization that represents each neuron not in the center of the map units but shifts them
towards the closest neighbors (Latif and Mayer 2007). The purpose of this visualization is to
reveal more details about the relations between the elements that are mapped onto the same unit.
In figure 8, it is shown an example of this visualization technique, which is useful in discovering
underlying relations between the elements of the dataset.
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Figure 8. Sky Metaphor Visualization
Metro Map
This visualization method helps to identify the influence of single variables on clustering. It uses
the metro-map metaphor where each line categorizes a variable (Neumayer et al 2007). This
allows seeing different components on one single plot. Figure 9 shows a Metro-Map visualization
where it is possible to observe that high correlation of variables tend to form a cluster, therefore ifwe match this visualization with another focused on clusters we can obtain which variables are
determinant to form clusters.
Figure 9. Metro-Map Visualization
Class Visualization
The Class Visualization technique helps to discover distribution and arrangement of classes over
the map. With this visualization user has a better understanding and thus a better analysis over the
data being presented in the map. In Figure 10, it is shown how Class Map visualization smoothly
colors a SOM according to the distribution and location of the given class labels (Mayer, Aziz and
Rauber 2007). If any manual label is available it helps to assess and compare manual vs. automatic
labeling. In order to achieve this visualization a Voronoi diagram is constructed over the SOM a
graph algorithm is applied to establish the boundaries and then each Voronoi region is coloredaccording to the class or classes that has mapped.
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Figure 10. Class Visualization
2.3 SOM Visualization techniques from an HCI perspective
While visualizations listed above were developed to help users to understand the data being
presented as well as to discover information underlying in self-organized maps most of them
requires high level of abstraction (high cognitive load due to a complex mental model), a profoundunderstanding of what a self-organized map is and what characteristics are being displayed or
highlighted through the visual elements utilized, and in some cases (like in Vector Fields) to have
a good engineering knowledge to be able to take full advantage of them.
It is interesting to note that none of the above visualizations were evaluated with users.
Perhaps, these visualization techniques were developed to help understand very complex datasets
from a scientific perspective.
Following the HCI perspective we remark some interesting characteristics that could be
exploited to help designers to construct visualizations based on self-organized maps.
Table 1. Characteristics of different SOM visualization techniques
Visualization\Best Characteristic
Clustering Relation discovery Structure understanding
U,U*,P Matrices X
Hit Histogram X
Smoothed Data Histogram X
Neighborhood Graph X
Vector Field X X
Sky Metaphor X X
Metro-Map X
Class Visualization X X
As we may observe in Table 1, each visualization method was developed to highlightsome of main characteristics of SOM. For example the U, U* and P matrices visualizations helps
to discover clusters within the SOM, however their visual implementation is not as clear as
Smoothed Data Histogram to show same clusters. Class Visualization vs. Vector Field gives
another example of clarity, both visualizations try to show clustering and to provide a better
understanding of the structure of the dataset, yet Class Visualization is much easier to understand
due to the engineering background needed for Vector Field visualization. This said, is would be
necessary to evaluate visualization techniques in order to select not only the better characteristics
but also the easiest to understand by users.
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In table 2 we show our perspective according to the difficulty or easiness that
visualization presents from a user perspective.
Table 2. Cognitive load for users presented by SOM visualizations.
SOM Visualization Cognitive load for user
U,U*,P Matrices High
Hit Histogram Low
Smoothed Data Histogram Medium
Neighborhood Graph High
Vector Field High
Sky Metaphor Medium
Metro-Map High
Class Visualization Low
3. INFORMATION VISUALIZATION BASED ON SELF-ORGANIZED MAPS
As we state in the introduction, visualization techniques listed above are designed to visualize
SOM characteristics leaving aside HCI perspective.
In this section, we discuss Information Visualization methods based on self-organized
maps. The main difference between this approach and the previous seen (Visualizing SOM), is
that Information Visualization techniques try to incorporate HCI concepts such as interactivity,
usability, insight and collection understanding in order to provide users useful visualizations with
the intention of facilitate information seeking, knowledge discovery, relationships discovery,
exploration and analysis of collections.
We present Information Visualization methods based on self-organized maps and we
analyze their characteristics from HCI perspective.
3.1 WEBSOM
WEBSOM is the traditional example of an Information Visualization based on SOM. Proposed by
(Kaski et al 1999) the WEBSOM method organizes a text document collection and displays the
resultant categorization in a 2D self-organized map using U-Matrix.
In Table 3, it is shown the principal characteristics of this method. It provides an
overview of the collection and through navigation it is possible to view more details about
categorization, however, there is no information about context and it is easy to get loss while
exploring the sea of documents. Inherited from U-Matrix visualization technique, this method
presents a high complex model giving to the user a big cognitive load.
In Table 4, WEBSOM is evaluated according to data presentation approach. As we may
observe in Table 4, the data is presented as a Topic cloud. For users familiarized with SOM it is
clear that relations between documents rely on spatial proximity. Nevertheless, this information
about relations is not codified at all, thus this easily leads to get loss in a sea of labels where no
extra information is provided.
In Table 5, it is noticeable the lack of interaction of this method: neither zoom nor details
on demand. One important issue is the lack of context information while navigating, this
characteristic is important for navigating in big collections.
In general, the idea of using SOM to present big collections was initially good but by not
considering important HCI aspects represents only the first step towards a useful visualization.
WEBSOM method is shown in Figure 11.
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Figure 11. WEBSOM Method
3.2 SOMLib
SOMLib is an Information Visualization Method based on SOM. The objective of SOMLib is to
represent a digital library system taking advantage of organization and categorization provided by
SOM (Rauber and Merkl 1999). In this visualization, authors add a bookshelf metaphor that
assists users in intuitively understanding the contents of the library and at the same time providing
an overview of the collection held.
In Table 3, it is shown that this Visualization Method gives the user a good overview of
the contents of the collection. Navigation options like zoom, pan provides also adjust of level
abstraction. Bookshelf metaphor is easy to understand and to intuitively navigate. However this
limits the visualization only for documents.In Table 4, the SOMLib is analyzed from the data presentation approach. The clustering
characteristic is highlighted by the SOM-based construction of the visualization as well as for the
bookshelf metaphor. Labels for topics are relevant for the proper understanding of the collection
and represents each cluster.
In Table 5, SOMLib is presented by its interaction characteristics. In Figure 12, SOMLib
Visualization is presented (LibViewer according to the author). One little disadvantage of this
visualization is that relation between the elements of the collections is not clearly presented due to
the bookshelf organization
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Figure 12. SOMLib Visualization
3.3 ThemeView and ThemeScape Visualizations
Even ThemeView and ThemeScape use another algorithm for clustering they use similar
visualization techniques to SOM visualizations.
ThemeView uses Sky Metaphor Visualization in a 3D fashion to v isualize documents
collections. Sky metaphor can visualize tendencies in data, clusters and relations but is not well
fitted to visualize the structure of the whole collection.
In Table 3, we can observe that as a cluster-based visualization it provides a
comprehensive overview of the collection being visualized, also provides an easy metaphor that is
well understood by users when labels of topics are displayed.
A series of interactive tools like zoom, pan, selecting, filtering makes this visualization
good for user interaction. ThemeView is showed in Figure 13.
Figure 13. ThemeView Visualization
ThemeScape uses visualization similar to Smoothed Data Histogram in a 3D
Landscape-like fashion.
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It also provides an overview of the collection. The main visual difference with
ThemeViewis the coloring. In Figure 14, it is shown this visualization method.
Figure 14. ThemeScape Visualization
3.4 ET Map Visualization
ET Map visualization is a scalable multilayered and graphical SOM approach for Internet
categorization; it was developed by (Chen et al 1998). This method presents information of web
pages in a hierarchical navigation structure. It uses rudimentary class visualization similar to (Lin
et al 1991), but general idea of hierarchical navigation and presentation of classes is very useful
for users to understand the universe of pages organized by the map. This class visualization helps
to distinguish between clusters but hide the relations among the elements. The navigation presents
an easy map metaphor that users understand without effort.
Due to the navigation emphasis this visualization does not show its full hierarchical
structure so it shows only one layer at a time as we may observe in Figure 15.
Figure 15. ET Map Visualization
3.5 Principal characteristics of Visualizations
In the next tables we show main characteristics previously discussed in each visualization method.
Table 3. Main characteristics that visualizations should provide
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Overview Adjust abstraction
level
Complexity of Mental
Model
ThemeScape X X Low
WEBSOM X High
Viscovery X X Medium
Koua Visualization High
ET Map X X LowSOMLib (libViewer) X X Low
Kartoo X Low
Grokker X X Medium
Cropcircles X X Medium
Docuburst X Low
Information Slices X Low
Treemaps X X Medium
Voronoi Treemaps X X Medium
ThemeRiver X X Medium
Table 4. Presentation of data approach and visualizations
Hierarchy Clusters Topic based Network
ThemeScape X X X
WEBSOM X not very clear
Viscovery X X
Koua
Visualization
X
ET Map X X X
SOMLib
(libViewer)
X X
Kartoo X X X
Grokker X X
Cropcircles X X
Docuburst X XInformation
Slices
X
Treemaps X X
Voronoi
Treemaps
X X
Table 5. Characteristics of visualizations according to interation
Zoom Filtering Details on
demand
Animation and
transitions
ThemeScape X X X
WEBSOMViscovery X
Koua
Visualization
ET Map X X
SOMLib
(libViewer)
X X
Kartoo X X
Grokker X
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Cropcircles X
Docuburst X X X
Information
Slices
X
Treemaps X *
Voronoi
Treemaps
X *
ThemeRiver X X
4. CONCLUSION
We have presented two distinct approaches to visualize data from a self organized-map. First one
(SOM visualization) is oriented only to show SOM characteristics like neighbor distances, number
of elements mapped, clusters within the map and relationships between elements. Second
approach (Information Visualization using SOM) is oriented to help user to understand the
collection, gain insight and add interaction to visualizations. Since our point of view, in second
approach some of these characteristics have not been well tackled. Most visualization methods
showed under second approach are still attached in great part to first approach so they are not
providing insight. It is in here where further efforts should be made in order to accomplish thisobjective of Information Visualization.
We have also presented other Information Visualization methods different to those using
SOM. We contrasted and presented all visualizations together in Table 3, Table 4, Table 5 to
understand advantages and disadvantages while using SOM to present data. For more information
about other information visualization methods references provides useful papers.
In general, self-organized maps provide useful characteristics that help in collection
understanding. In this sense, inherent SOM characteristics should be exploited from HCI
perspective in order to provide insight to the user. SOM visualization techniques can be used
together to improve visualization.
Another important factor is user interaction; in this sense actual Information
Visualization using SOM Methods dont tackle this issue properly. Coloring is a good example of
this, none of these methods were aware about coloring techniques to help user to understand some
not-evident SOM characteristics.
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