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COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT CENTER
32 Tan Da, Buon Ma Thuot City, Dak Lak Province, Viet Nam
Tel: +84 500 397 3388; Fax: +84 500 396 3388
Email: [email protected]; Website: www.cdc.org.vn
============= & ============
SURVEYRESULTSREPORT
ONTHEEFFICIENCYOFTHEPROJECT“CAPACITYBUILDINGFOR
SUSTAINABLECOFFEEPRODUCTION–SCAN”
ImplementationUnit:CommunityDevelopmentCenter(CDC)
January2016
2
OVERVIEW..............................................................................................................................................31.1Trainingcontent....................................................................................................................................41.2CommunicationMethod........................................................................................................................41.3InformationProvided............................................................................................................................5
2.Surveyresultsontheuseofthetrainingdocument............................................................62.1ApplicationoftheDocument.................................................................................................................62.2Useofthematerial................................................................................................................................72.3Farmers’interestinthetrainingtopics.................................................................................................7
3.Surveyresultsonfarmers’applicationofsustainablecoffeefarmingpractices...103.1Topicsonsustainablecoffeefarmingpractices...................................................................................113.2Applicationlevelofsustainablecoffeefarmingpractices...................................................................12
3.2.1Newplanting,re-planting(re-cultivation)andcaringtechniquesforcoffeetreesduringtheearlygrowingperiod......................................................................................................................................123.2.2Fertilizersformaturecoffeetrees.................................................................................................133.2.3Wateringcoffeetrees...................................................................................................................173.2.4PruningandshapingcanopiesforRobustacoffeetrees...............................................................203.2.5Pests,diseasesandcontrolmeasures...........................................................................................203.2.6Coffeeharvesting,initialprocessingandstorage.........................................................................233.2.7Farmers’commentsontheapplicationofsustainablecoffeefarmingpractices.........................24
4.CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................................27AppendixI..................................................................................................................................................28AppendixII:................................................................................................................................................29AppendixIII:...............................................................................................................................................31
3
OVERVIEWThe coffee industry in Vietnam has made significant progress in the past few years. Vietnam has become the second largest coffee exporter in the world, obtaining high revenue from coffee exports, ranked only after rice exports. The coffee industry has developed in terms of coffee output and average productivity thanks to the increased production and larger land area for coffee production. However, this progress has not brought sufficient benefits and significant income for the farmers. The lives of the coffee farmers have not been significantly improved. One of the reasons why is that the farmers have not embraced effective, sustainable and cost efficient production practices. They still use conventional, outdated production practices that cause waste in production supplies and inputs and bring negative impact to the environment including on water, soil and climate. Although coffee producers have been implementing their traditional production practices for many years, they still have to be equipped with further knowledge and skills in terms of sustainable production practices and effective household production management.
There have been many guidelines on coffee production produced by different organizations. However, there is no satisfactory set of guidelines that meets the important need of providing farmers with trainings and capacity building on sustainable production at a large scale. To this end, SCAN (Sustainable Commodity Assistance Network) in collaboration with Solidaridad, the Community Development Center (CDC) and with strong support from the Vietnamese National Agricultural Extension Center, has developed the “Training Material and Training Tool on Sustainable Robusta Production”, under the framework of the project on “Capacity Building for Sustainable Coffee Production”, sponsored by SECO (Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs). This Training Material aims to support effective agricultural extension training to meet the needs of the farmers at a large scale. The Training Material has been developed to include modules with concrete training content that is suitable for basic training courses held during one full day or half a day. The modules are relatively independent so that the trainers are able to select the contents of interest for the trainees, without having to mention other content that the trainees are already familiar with. The Training Material has been designed to include the training content, the guidelines with suitable training tools for the trainers, as well as visual handouts for the trainees based on each content area.
In the framework of the SCAN project, CDC has conducted, in total, 25 training courses for coffee farmers with a total of 1,461 participants located in 3 provinces: Dak Lak, Dak Nong and Lam Dong. With the purpose of evaluating the efficiency of the project, the Community Development Center (CDC) conducted a survey on 3 content areas:
• The quality of the training courses on sustainable coffee farming practices after training;
• The application of sustainable coffee practices by the farmers; and
• The uptake (use) of the document set “Training Material and Training Tool on Sustainable Coffee Production”.
4
1.TrainingQuality
To evaluate the quality of the training courses on Sustainable Coffee Production in the framework of the SCAN project, the CDC conducted surveys on farmers who participated in the trainings on the following issues: training content; communication method; amount of information provided; accessibility; and organization of the training sessions. All these activities were conducted by the CDC after the training period.
1.1TrainingcontentRegarding content, 40,18% of the total number of farmers rated the training content as very necessary; 31,49% as quite necessary; 18.69% as necessary; and 0.21% as not yet necessary.
1.2CommunicationMethod30.46% of farmers rated the communication as very good; 55.17% as good; 6.37% as medium; and 0.21% as not good.
40,18
31,49
18,690,21
Contents
Verynecessary
Quitenecessary
Necessary
NotNecessary
30,46
55,17
6,37 0,21
CommunicaConmethod
Verygood
Good
Medium
Notgood
5
1.3InformationProvided3.29% of the farmers rated that the information provided was too much; 27.52% as substantial (a large quantity); 57.70% as sufficient; and 1.51% as not enough.
1.4Accessibility
31.62% of farmers can access 76-100% of the information that was given in the training; 50.58% of the farmers can access 51-75%; 7.46% can access 26-50%; and 0.41% can access 0-25%.
3,29
27,52
57,70
1,51
AmountofinformaConprovided
Toomuch
Much
Enough
Less
31,62
50,58
7,460,41
AbilitytoaccesstheinformaCon
76-100
51-75
26-50
0-25
6
1.5OrganizationoftheTrainingsessions
33.20% of the farmers rated the organization as very good; 50.86% as good; 5.07% as medium; and 0.07% as not good.
2.SurveyresultsontheuseofthetrainingdocumentTo evaluate the efficiency of the document “Training Material and Training Tool on Sustainable Coffee Production” developed under the framework of the SCAN project, the CDC conducted surveys on trainers and experts collaborating with the CDC, who used this document in the course of the project for training.
2.1ApplicationoftheDocument100% of the trainers applied this document in their presentation, with 100% of the contents included in this document used by 11.76% of the trainers/collaborators and 75% of the contents were used by 88.24% of them.
33,20
50,86
5,07 0,07
OrganizaCon
Verygood
Good
Medium
Notgood
11,76
88,24
0,000,00
Percentageofcontentsused
100%
75%
25%
0%
7
2.2Useofthematerial100% of the trainers/collaborators assessed that this training material is useful, in which, 67.71% rated it as very useful; and 35.29% as useful.
2.3Farmers’interestinthetrainingtopicsThe trainers concluded that 47.06% of the farmers very much liked the content design according to the training topic; 35.29% liked the content design; and 17.65% had a normal degree of interest.
64,71
35,29
0,000,00
Thedegreeofuseofthedocument
Veryuseful Useful Apart Notuseful
47,06
35,29
17,65
0,00
Degreeofinterestinthetrainingtopics
Verylike
Like
Normal
Notlike
8
2.4 Illustratedimages
The images were rated as very suitable by 41.18% of trainers/collaborators, and 58.82% as suitable.
2.5 Formulasandprocessesrecommendedinthetrainingdocument 58.82% of the trainers/collaborators rated the process as entirely accurate; and 41.18% as accurate.
2.6 Informationinthedocument 100% of the trainers/collaborators rated that the information included in this document is not outdated.
58,82
41,18
0,00
Accuracyoftherecommendedfomulasandprocesses
EnZrelyaccurate
Accurate
Notaccurate
41,18
58,82
0,00
Suitabilityoftheillustratedimages
Verysuitable
Suitable
Notsuitable
9
2.7 Frequencyofuse
17.65% of the trainers/collaborators used the document very frequently and 82.35% frequently used it.
2.8 Purposeforusingthedocument 100% of the trainers/collaborators have used the document for both training and technical consultancy. 17.65% have used it for their planting and taking care of their coffee farms.
2.9 ImprovingtheDocument 11.76% of the trainers/collaborators commented that the document’s content needed improvement; 41.18% stated that the illustrated images needed improvement; 11.67% stated that the technical information needed to be improved; and 35.29% did not have any comments.
17,65
82,35
0,000,00
Frequencyofuse
Veryfrequently
Frequently
SomeZmes
Notuse
0102030405060708090100
Training Technicalconsultancy
Extension Takingcareoftheir
coffeefields
Others
100 100
0
17,65
0
Usingthedocumentforcurrentwork
10
3.Surveyresultsonfarmers’applicationofsustainablecoffeefarmingpractices
Objective: To evaluate the degree of application of sustainable coffee farming practices by farmers after participating in trainings and being provided with training material on sustainable coffee production. The survey form includes the following information:
Table3.1SurveyTools
SurveyArea Details
Generalinformationonfarmers Name,age,gender,ethnicity,education,address,telephonenumber.
Informationoncoffeefields Totalcoffeearea;theaverageproductivity;plantingyear;typesofsoil.
Informationontrainingandcoffeefarmingpractices
New-planting,re-cultivation;fertilizing,irrigation;pruning;pestanddiseasemanagement;worksafety;coffeeharvesting,processingandstorage.
Informationontheeffectivenessofapplyingsustainablecoffeefarmingpractices
Theapplicationofthedocument;theusefulnessofthedocument;savingincosts;increasingproductivity;raisingawarenessofenvironmentalprotection.
Farmers’commentsonImprovementofthetrainingmaterial
Contentand/orform.
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
35,00
40,00
45,00
Content Illustratedimages Layout Notcomment Others
11,76
41,18
0,00
35,29
11,76
Commentsonimprovingthedocument
11
Survey sampling: Based on the list of farmers trained under the SCAN project (1461 farmers), CDC conducted a random sampling of 112 farmers located in Lam Dong, Dak Lak and Dak Nong (accounting for 7.67% of total target farmers).
Table3.1Numberofsamplefarmerssurveyedinthe3provinces:
Province No.ofFarmersSurveyed
LamDong 30
DakNong 40
DakLak 42
Survey method: Farmer interviews were based on questionnaires, observation and reviewing records. Document used: “Training Material and Training Tools on Sustainable Coffee Production”.
Results
3.1TopicsonsustainablecoffeefarmingpracticesThe results of 112 farmers show that the following topics on sustainable farming practices were conducted and accessed by the farmers: coffee renewal; re-planting (re-cultivation) and caring techniques for coffee trees during the early growing period; fertilizer for mature coffee; watering for mature coffee trees; pruning and shaping Robusta coffee trees; pests and diseases for coffee trees and preventive measures; and coffee harvesting, preliminary processing and storing.
Participation in trainings:
TrainingTopic %ofsampledfarmersparticipating
Fertilizerformaturecoffeetrees 99.11%Pestsanddiseasesforcoffeetreesandpreventivemeasures
92.86%
Wateringformaturecoffeetrees 59.82%Coffeeharvesting,preliminaryprocessingandstorage
36.61%
PruningandshapingRobustacoffeetrees 33.04%Newplanting,re-planting(re-cultivation)andcaringtechniquesforcoffeetreesduringtheearlygrowingperiod
7.14%
12
3.2Applicationlevelofsustainablecoffeefarmingpractices
3.2.1Newplanting,re-planting(re-cultivation)andcaringtechniquesforcoffeetreesduringtheearlygrowingperiod
The survey identified that only 18.57% of farmers have areas with new plantations and re-planting. However, most of the farmers who conducted rolling re-planting and new plantations, the areas are an insignificant size.
One of the important issues of re-planting is selecting and using good varieties with high resistance to disease and drought, and that give high productivity and good quality. These criteria are of primary interest for the farmers. 87.5% of the farmers surveyed who implemented re-planting and new planting came to the nurseries to purchase planting material.
The farmers also applied re-planting and new planting techniques such as: soil preparation (applied by 90.63% of farmers), designing lots (46.88%); digging pits and basal application (96.88%); and planting shade trees and windbreak trees (34.38%).
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
80,00
90,00
100,00
UsinggoodvarieZes
SoilpreparaZon(plowing,clearingroots)
Designinglots
Diggingholes,basalapplicaZon
PlanZngshadetrees,windbreak
trees
87,5090,63
46,88
96,88
34,38
%ofplanCng/new-planCngtechniquesapplied
13
3.2.2Fertilizersformaturecoffeetrees
Basisforfertilizationformaturecoffeetrees
The survey results show that the majority of the farmers have used fertilizers based on the coffee trees’ nutritional needs, accounting for 75.89%, and based on harvested productivity accounting for 61.61%. In interviews the farmers said that they were often based on the needs of each stage of growth and development, the specific expression of the leaves when lacking fertilizers and the harvested productivity.
35.71 % of the farmers based their fertilization on soil (i.e. if the soil was good they would apply less fertilizers compared to poor or exhausted soil). However, the farmers did not conduct a soil analysis to have the appropriate formulas to fertilize their fields.
As well, 0.89% of farmers based their decisions on fertilizer experiments and 13.39% were not based on any basis.
Fertilizationpractices
Useoforganicfertilizers17.86% of the farmers interviewed did not use organic fertilizers for their coffee fields; 53.57% used manure; 60.71% made use of plant residues to make fertilizers and about 50% of farmers used microbiological fertilizers, bio-organic fertilizers and mineral organic fertilizers.
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
80,00
CS1 CS2 CS3 CS4 CS5
75,89
35,71
61,61
0,89
13,39
CS1:Basedoncoffeetrees’nutriZonalneedsCS2:BasedonsoilcharacterisZcsCS3:BasedonharvestedproducZvityCS4:BasedonferZlizer’sexperiementsCS5:Notbasedonanybasis
FerClizaConbasis
14
Out of the 92 farmers who used organic fertilizers (accounting for 81.14%), there were 56.52% of farmers who used amounts of organic fertilizer smaller than 15 tons/ha; about 41.30% used between 15 -20 tons/ha and 2.17% used over 20 tons/ha.
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
Notuse Manure Plantsresidues Thebio-organicferZlizers,organicmicroferZlizers,organicmineral
ferZlizers
17,86
53,5760,71
50,00
TypesoforganicferClizers
56,52
41,30
2,17
DosagesoforganicferClizerused
15tons/haorless
From15-20tons/ha
Morethan20tons/ha
15
Most of them used composted organic fertilizers (accounting for 95.24%), out of which the number of farmers who composted under the instruction process that was stated in the document of sustainable coffee production was 60.71%.
73.91% of the farmers surveyed have used organic fertilizers every year, 25% of farmers have applied fertilizers in a cycle of 2-3 years and 1.09 % of farmers have applied organic fertilizers in a cycle longer than 3 years.
As recommended in the training document, the dosage of organic fertilizer should be between 15-20 tons/ha with different fertilizing cycles depending on the organic contents in the soil. However, the farmers did not analyze the soil’s organic contents to find out what the organic content needed, they just based their application on their field observation, the soil’s porosity and field productivity.
4,76
34,52
60,71
UseofcompostedorganicferClizers
Notcompost
Composted
Compostedaccordingtoprocess
73,91
25,00
1,09
ApplicaConcycleoforganicferClizers
Everyyear
From2-3years
Morethan3years
16
UseofinorganicfertilizersNitrogen: 17.86 % of the farmers used nitrogen as recommended; 29.46% used less than the amount recommended and 52.68% used larger amounts than recommended.
Phosphate: 9.82% of farmers used phosphate as recommended, 12.5% of the farmers used less than the recommended amounts and 77.68% used more than the amount recommended.
Kali: 18.75 % of farmers used kali as recommended, 54.46% of the farmers used less than the amount recommended and 26.79% of the farmers used larger amounts than recommended.
Some of the farmers said that because they lacked investment capital they could not apply the
recommended amounts; and besides training courses on fertilizing had been conducted after they
had already applied fertilizers so many farmers could not apply it to their farming. The
recommendations for mature coffee tree fertilizers and dosages should be the following:
Amountoffertilizer&typesofmacronutrientfertilizersneededformaturecoffeetrees.
Typeofsoil
Averageproductivity(tongreencoffee/ha)
Pure(N)(Kg)
Pure(P2O5)(Kg)
Pure(K2O)(Kg)
Bazan 3-4 250-320 80-100 230-300
Othersoils 2.5-3.5 230-300 100-130 200-270
*Forevery1tonofcleanbeans increased, includeanadditionalapplicationof55.2-69kgN;12-15kgP2O5and60-72kgK2O.
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
80,00
Nitrogen Phosphate Kali
17,869,82
18,75
29,46
12,50
54,4652,68
77,68
26,79
UseofinorganicferClizersasrecommended
Asrecommended
SmallerthanrecommendaZon
BiggerthanrecommendaZon
17
Amountoffertilizer&typesofmacronutrientsfertilizersneededforcoffeetreesintheirearlyperiod:
Fertilizers 2ndyear 3rdyear
Nitrogenousfertilizer(kg) 200-250 300-350
Phosphate(kg) 500 550
Kali(kg) 150 250-300
Micronutrientsfertilizers:2.68%ofthefarmerssurveyedusedmicronutrientsfertilizers.
The farmers combined inorganic and organic fertilizers aiming at increasing productivity, rebalancing and developing soil microorganisms, increasing soil porosity, the ability to use inorganic fertilizers and adding moisture.
3.2.3Wateringcoffeetrees
Irrigation water is an indispensable factor for agriculture in general and for coffee trees in particular, so the determination of the amount of water and the irrigation cycle is very important to ensure adequate water supply and to serve the growth and development of the coffee tree in the dry season.
Thescientificbasisofirrigationformaturecoffeetrees
To determine the amount of water and irrigation cycle in the dry season, farmers need to have a scientific basis for their decision based on:
• Coffee tree’s water demand
• Process of flower initiation, flowering, and fruiting in the dry season.
• Types of soil
• Each region’s climatic conditions
• Distribution of tree roots
The survey results show that the farmers’ awareness increased significantly. 98.21% of farmers surveyed based their decision on one of the scientific basis to decide on the amount of water as well as the irrigation cycle for coffee trees. It is noteworthy, because farmers demonstrated the ability to apply scientific knowledge into their production practices. Out of which, basing on the process of flower initiation, flowering and fruiting to decide on the amount of water accounted for the largest rate with 93.63%.
18
Wateringtechniquepractices
Irrigationcycle
Due to the various characteristics of the soil as well as the climate of each region, the irrigation cycle is different. But the irrigation cycle ranges from 20-25 days (accounting for 46.36%), and about 25-30 days (accounting for 28.18%). Most of the farmers are aware that irrigating at the right time and with a sufficient amount of water will help increase the effectiveness of watering and increase the coffee field’s productivity. However, for some other farmers the irrigation cycle is longer or shorter, specifically as follows:
The short irrigation cycle of less than 20 days accounts for 19.09% of farmers; with many reasons such as: the type of soil (gravelly soil, sandy soil, etc.); due to the local climate and farmer’s traditional customs; or because local water source is abundant leading to the overuse of water causing water waste in some cases. The majority of them are located in Lam Dong where the system of using shade trees and windbreak trees has not yet been invested in.
An irrigation cycle of over 30 days was applied by 6.30% of farmers: an irrigation cycle that lasts too long leads to low coffee productivity. And there are some other reasons for low productivity such as: lacking in investment capital, restricted water source, the farmer’s awareness level is not high, etc.
0,00
20,00
40,00
60,00
80,00
100,00
Basedoncoffee’s
demandofwater
Basedonprocessofflower
iniZaZon,flowering,fruiZnginthedryseason.
Basedontypesofsoil
Basedoneach
region’sclimaZccondiZon
Basedonthe
distribuZonoftreeroots
70,00
93,64
54,5567,27
4,55
BasisforWateringCoffeeTrees
19
Depending on the irrigation method, the different amounts of irrigation water used are as follows:
+ Overhead irrigation: 450 to 500 Liters/root
+ Overflow irrigation: 400 to 450 Liters/root Through the survey, it shows that most of the farmers irrigated with sufficient amounts, including 51.61% of farmers who applied an overhead irrigation method and 41.86% of farmers applied overflow irrigation. In addition, there are some farmers who still irrigated with lower or higher dosages because of reasons such as: soil characteristics, local climate, local water amount, farming habits, etc.
Conclusion: In general, farmers are aware of the importance of water to coffee trees by supplying water to the coffee trees in the dry season. However, only 2 of the farmers sampled for the survey, whose names are Kilanh and H’Rim, did not irrigate because of the local water
19.09%
28.18%46.36%
6.36%
IrrigaConcycleforcoffeetrees
Lessthan20days
From25-30days
From20-25days
Above30days
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
OverheadirrigaZon OverflowirrigaZon
35,4837,21
51,61
41,86
12,90
20,93
AmountofirrigaConwater
SmallerthanrecommendaZon
FollowingrecommendaZon
BiggerthanrecommendaZon
20
conditions (the water source is far and scarce), which clearly affected the coffee trees’ productivity.
3.2.4PruningandshapingcanopiesforRobustacoffeetrees
The survey results show that farmers have implemented pruning and shaping canopy techniques effectively. 100% of the farmers surveyed have pruned, cut shoots (including: pruning in which there are two main periods when branches are cut along with many other Orthotropic shoots). This shows that the farmers understood the importance of ineffective branches to the coffee field’s productivity.
3.2.5Pests,diseasesandcontrolmeasures
Pesticideuse
The effects of pests and diseases on coffee trees are very impactful including affecting quality and productivity, so they need to be handled before seriously affecting coffee productivity and quality. Therefore, the measures selected for pest and disease prevention should meet criteria such as: destroying pests and diseases effectively; not affecting human health, the environment and surrounding areas, and saving on investment costs, etc.
Farmers have, so far, used pesticides when pests and diseases appeared. They did not know the harmful effects of pesticides to humans and the environment. However, through the survey, after having received training there is a positive change in farmer awareness of pesticide use: 24 farmers out of the total surveyed (accounting for 21.43%) had not used pesticides and 31 out of 88 farmers who used pesticides (accounting for 35.23%) had used pesticides for the right disease objective, and did not use it widespread. Instead they applied measures of integrated pest management and especially 0% of the farmers have used banned pesticides. The chart below is the comparison of measures on pest and disease control.
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
Usingasscheduled
Applyingondiseasedobjects
ApplyingonenZreareas
UsingpesZcides
includedintheListofbannedpesZcides
47,73
35,23
59,09
0,00
Pestcontrolmeasuresoncoffeetrees
21
Theapplicationofpestcontrolmeasures
After having been trained, the farmers gradually applied measures of pest management into their coffee farming process, because of its low investment capital but high effectiveness and that it does not affect human health and environment. After training, 98.21% of farmers applied these IPM/ICM measures1. Although they have not applied all of the pest and disease management measures, they are aware that applying these instead of using pesticides is very good. Farmers regularly apply the following measures: pruning, shaping, regularly visiting fields, managing shade trees and windbreak trees etc. The degree of application of pest and disease management measures is shown below:
Applyingsafetymeasuresintheuseofpesticides
Protectiveequipment:After training, the farmers were aware of the harmful effects of pesticides to users, specifically those who had not worn protective equipment during the application. 88.64% of farmers used protective equipment while 11.36% have not used them. Most of the farmers are an ethnic minority whose awareness of such issues is limited. Although protective equipment is being used, it is not sufficient, since they have only acquired the basic equipment such as masks, rubber gloves, protective hats, protective clothing, and safety goggles.
1 Using good varieties; pruning and shaping branches for ventilation; managing shade trees and windbreak trees;
fertilizing appropriately and balanced; watering sufficiently; managing weeds; visiting fields regularly; using natural enemies; using hand-made measures: cutting, uprooting, catching and trapping (etc.); using pesticides according to the 4-right principle: the right pesticide, the right time, the right dosage and concentration, and the right way.
0,0010,0020,0030,0040,0050,0060,0070,0080,0090,00100,00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
29,09
96,36
64,55 61,82
80,00
68,18
94,55
3,64
60,9155,45
Integratedpestmanagement(IPM)measures
22
Transporting,storingandusingpesticides
The methods for safely transporting, storing and using pesticides is very important for our health and environment. Through training, farmers were recommended on methods for safely transporting, storing and using pesticides in order to avoid affecting human health and the environment as follows:
• No transporting of pesticides along with food, livestock feed, livestock, or passengers
• Using pesticides without leaking
• Not buying too many pesticides
• Storing pesticides (unused or leftover) in the right place and in the right way
• Carefully reading and applying the pesticide as instructed
• Ensuring that pregnant women and children, the elderly, and patients do not apply pesticides
• The equipment used for applying must be safe
• No applying of pesticides when there is unbroken sunshine
• No spraying of pesticides when there is upwind
• No eating, drinking and smoking while spraying
• Cleaning the tools and equipment carefully
• Ensuring isolation time after spraying
• Pesticide bags must be cleaned, collected and buried after use
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
80,00
90,00
100,00
65,38
42,31
100,00
73,08 74,36
5,13
39,74
UseofpersonalprotecCveequipment
23
3.2.6Coffeeharvesting,initialprocessingandstorage
Farmers have applied recommendations in the process of harvesting and initial processing aiming to get the best coffee quality. 87.2% of farmers harvested ripe coffee with the rate of more than 80%; 47.7% of farmers dried coffee on canvas nets; 53.2% farmers dried coffee in cement yards; 5.5% of farmers used dryers (only 9.2% of the farmers interviewed dried coffee on the ground); 52.3% of farmers dried coffee in too thick a layer; and 89% of farmers dried coffee that reached a moisture degree below 12.5%.
Farmers have normally used bags of fertilizers to store coffee. But after training their awareness of this issue increased: 79.82% of farmers used new bags to store coffee; 89.91% stored coffee separately from contamination sources; 64.2% of farmers kept a distance of 30 cm between the stored coffee and the wall and 15cm from the floor; and 67.89% of the farmers controlled the coffee moisture at 12.5% or less.
24
3.2.7Farmers’commentsontheapplicationofsustainablecoffeefarmingpractices
Thedocument’scontentsonsustainablecoffeeproduction
83.03% of the farmers surveyed applied the contents as recommended in the document. Farmers said that the document is very useful for their coffee farming: 54.84% farmers assessed the document as very useful; 36.56% as useful; and 8.6% of farmers assessed that the document was not useful (because there were some people who did not read the document carefully).
The utility of this document demonstrated positive impacts such as: improving farmers’ awareness on coffee production; increasing coffee quality; saving input costs; increasing the
0,010,020,030,040,050,060,070,080,090,0
BQ1 BQ2 BQ3 BQ4
79,8
64,2
89,9
67,9
BQ1:StoringincleanbagsBQ2:30cmfromwall,15cmfromfloorBQ3:StoringseperatelyfromcontaminaZonsourceBQ4:Moistureforstoringat12.5%
Technicalstoragemeasures
0,000,00
8,60
36,5654,84
EvaluaConofthedocument'suClity
Completelyno
Mighthave
Yes
Veryuseful
25
coffee field’s productivity and increasing profits as well as ensuring the sustainability of coffee cultivation.
Theeffectivenessofapplyinggoodagriculturalpractices
The survey results show that 60.71% of farmers saved in investment costs, and 53.57% achieved increased productivity. Out of which, 85.29% of farmers decreased their investment costs by 25% or less, and 14.71% of farmers decreased their investment cost from 25%-50%. 78.33% of farmers increased productivity by less than 25%, and 21.67% of them increased productivity by 25%-50%.
Besides the application of good agricultural practices to increase productivity, there are many other influential factors, out of which weather is the most important. In 2015, many regions surveyed in Dak Lak and Dak Nong faced a long drought, leading to water shortages and decreased productivity.
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
Savingcost IncreasedproducZvity
60,71
53,57
39,29
46,43
EffecCvenessagerapplyinggoodagriculturalpracCces
Yes
No
0,00
20,00
40,00
60,00
80,00
100,00
Savingcost IncreasedproducZvity
85,2978,33
14,71 21,67
EffecCvenessagerapplyinggoodagriculturalpracCces
0-25
25-50
26
70.5% of farmers became aware of the importance of protecting their environment by limiting
the use of pesticides, collecting and handling pesticide bags in the right manner, ensuring
isolation time, and saving water.
Improvementstothedocument
The survey results show that 63.04% of the farmers assessed that the document had good
content and form; 17.39% of farmers stated that the document’s content needed improving; and
6.52% of farmers stated that the document’s form needed improving such as clearer illustrated
images; and 13.04% of the farmers had no opinion.
Conclusion
In general, the awareness of the farmers on sustainable coffee production was enhanced. Since trainings on watering and fertilizing had been conducted after the watering and fertilizing period, the farmers could not apply this knowledge into their practices yet. However, in interviews most of them answered that they would fully apply the recommendations included in the document into their coffee farming and management. They evaluated that the knowledge provided in the trainings was very useful for their coffee cultivation.
The farmers expressed their wish that there be more training on sustainable coffee production and especially the Farmer Field School training that would help them have access to and apply scientific techniques in coffee farming.
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
Good Improvingincontent
Improvinginform
Nocomments
63,04
17,39
6,5213,04
EvaluaConofthedocument
27
4.CONCLUSIONThe survey results show that the project “Capacity Building on Sustainable Coffee production” has achieved positive results. Successfully developing the “Training Material and Training Tool on Sustainable Coffee production” document is one of the noteworthy successes in this project. This document is highly appreciated by the trainers and farmers as well as project stakeholders. Thanks to the training conducted in the framework of the SCAN project, coffee farmers in Vietnam have increased their awareness and capacity on sustainable coffee production.
28
AppendixI
TRAINING RESULTS EVALUATION FORM
Name of the training course: ..........................................................................................
Time: ................................................................................................................................
Location: ..........................................................................................................................
Aiming at improving the organization of the training, please provide comments to the
following contents (Tick X in the most appropriate box):
1. Training content
¨ Very necessary ¨ Quite necessary ¨ Necessary ¨ Not yet necessary
2. Trainer’s communication method:
¨ Very good ¨ Good ¨ Medium ¨ Not good
3. Amount of information provided
¨ Too much ¨ A lot ¨ Enough ¨ Not enough
4. Ability to access the information
¨ 76-100% ¨ 51-75% ¨ 26-50% ¨ 0-25%
5. Organization of the training course
¨ Very good ¨ Good ¨ Average ¨ Not good
6. Other comments: ..........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
Thank you sincerely for your comments and evaluation! Wishing you good health, peace and success!
29
AppendixII:
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES ON USING THE DOCUMENT, “TRAINING MATERIAL &
TRAINING TOOL ON SUSTAINABLE COFFEE PRODUCTION – SCAN”
On behalf of the SCAN International Coordination Board and the SCAN Vietnam Coordinator, the Community Development Center (CDC) sincerely thanks the experts for the cooperation and accompanying us during the course of the implementation of the project “Capacity Building for Sustainable Coffee Production” sponsored by SECO and implemented by SCAN and CDC in Vietnam.
To evaluate the effectiveness of the document “Training Material and Training Tool on Sustainable Coffee Production” developed under the framework of the SCAN project, the CDC would like to send you, the trainers and CDC collaborators the Survey questionnaires on using this document. The CDC is very happy to receive your comments. (This information is used for survey purposes only).
GENERAL INFORMATION:
Full name: Gender: ¨ Male ¨ Female Age: Ethnicity: Place of work: Telephone: Email:
INFORMATION FOR THE SURVEY:
1. Did you use this document for your training?
¨ Yes ¨ No
2. Is this document useful to your training?
¨ Very useful
¨ Somewhat useful
¨ Useful
¨ No
3. Were the farmers who participated in the training interested in the contents
designed according to the training topic?
¨ Very interested
¨ Average interest
¨ Quite interested
¨ No interest
4. What percentage of the lecture’s content did you use for the training?
¨ 100% ¨ 75% ¨ 50%
¨ 25% ¨ 0%
5. Are the illustrated images suitable to the content?
¨ Very suitable ¨ Suitable ¨ Not suitable
30
6. Please let us know whether or not the formulas and processes recommended in
this document were accurate?
¨ Completely accurate
¨ Inaccurate
¨ Accurate
7. Is the information in this document outdated?
¨ Not outdated
¨ Outdated
¨ Somewhat outdated
8. How often do you use this document?
¨ Very frequently
¨ Sometimes
¨ Frequently
¨ Never
9. Do you use this document for your current work?
¨ Training
¨ Technical consultant
¨ Extension
¨ Planting, taking care of your
coffee plants ¨ Other…………………
10. To help improve this document, please provide comments on what needs to be
improved?
¨ Content
¨ Illustrated images
¨ Layout ¨ Other………………………
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AppendixIII:
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES
ON THE APPLICATION LEVEL OF THE SUSTAINABLE COFFEE FARMING PRACTICES
Surveyor: ................................................................................................ Date of survey: ..........................
Location: .....................................................................................................................................................
Dear All,
I am the CDC’s technical expert, and I would like to ask a few questions for the purposes of surveying on the application of sustainable coffee farming practices – under the framework of the SCAN project.
This is just a voluntary communication, and your household was randomly sampled to collect information serving the survey. Please provide some information below:
GENERAL INFORMATION:
Full Name:……………………………………………………… Gender: ¨ Male ¨ Female
Age:…………………Education: ………………………Ethnicity: ………………………………….
Address:………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Telephone number:………………………………………Mobile:……………………………………
Coffee growing area:…………Yield:…………..Planting Year:…………Types of soil:…………...
SURVEY INFORMATION:
A. Which training sessions have you attended?
No. Topic Attended When Trained by
1 New planting, replanting (re-cultivation) and caring techniques for a new coffee plantation
2 Fertilizing for mature coffee trees
3 Watering mature coffee trees
4 Pruning and shaping Robusta coffee trees
5 Pest and diseases on coffee trees and control measures
6 Coffee harvesting, preliminary processing and storage
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B. Which practices have you applied to your coffee farming process?
I. New planting, replanting (re-cultivation) and caring techniques for a new coffee plantation. ¨ Using good varieties ¨ Preparing the soil (plowing, uprooting) ¨ Designing lots ¨ Digging holes and basal application
¨ Planting shade trees and windbreak trees ¨ No new planting and replanting (re-
cultivation)
II. Coffee fertilizing:
1. Basis for the use of fertilizer on mature coffee trees: ¨ Based on the coffee trees’ nutritional needs ¨ Based on soil characteristics ¨ Based on harvested productivity
¨ Based on fertilizer experiments ¨ Not based on any basis
2. Fertilization technique practice: a. Using organic fertilizers
- Types of organic fertilizers used: ¨ None ¨ Manure ¨ Plant residues
¨ Bio-organic fertilizers, organic micro fertilizers, organic mineral fertilizers -
- Manure dosage:(5 kg green fertilizer = 1 kg manure; 5kg manure = 1kg Micro-organic fertilizer) ¨ Less than 15 tons/ha ¨ From 15 tons/ha to 20 tons/ha ¨ Over 20 tons/ha
- Is fertilizer composted? ¨ Not composted ¨ Composted ¨ Composted as process
- Fertilization cycle: ¨ Every year ¨ Every 2-3 years ¨ Over 3 years
b. Inorganic fertilizers: ¨ Yes ¨ No
If any, which are fertilizers? NPK: Rate:…………….….Dosage………… …Tons/ha/year. Application frequency:………… Rate:………………. Dosage ……………Tons/ha/ year. Application frequency:………… Rate:………………. Dosage ……………Tons/ha/ year. Application frequency:………… Rate:………………. Dosage ……………Tons/ha/ year. Application frequency:………… Urea: Dosage………………..Tons/ha// year . Application frequency:………… AS: Dosage……………….. Tons/ha// year. Application frequency:………… Lân: Dosage………………...Tons/ha// year. Application frequency:………… Kali: Dosage………………..Tons/ha// year. Application frequency:…………
Zinc Sulfate: Dosage…………….…..Tons/ha// year. Application frequency:………… Borax Dosage…………….…..Tons/ha// year. Application frequency:…………
III. Watering coffee trees: 1. The scientific basis for coffee irrigation: ¨ Based on the coffee tree’s demand for water ¨ Based on flower initiation, flowering and
fruiting in the dry season.
¨ Based on the type of soil ¨ Based on each region’s climatic condition ¨ Based on the distribution of the tree roots
33
2. Irrigation practices: a. Irrigation cycle:
¨ Less than 20 days ¨ Between 20 to 25 days ¨ Between 25 to 30 days ¨ Over 30 days.
b. Irrigation methods: ¨ Overhead irrigation: Dosage………………….liters/ tree/time ¨ Overflow irrigation: Dosage………………….liters/ tree/time.
IV. Pruning coffee trees 1. Pruning frequency in a year:
¨ Once a year ¨ Twice a year ¨ More than twice a year 2. Which branches should be pruned:
¨ Dead, dry, broken branches ¨ Heliotrope branches (branches that already
bore fruit, and after the harvest only a few thin weak leaves remain)
¨ Weak branches, twigs and branches with stems growing inwards, etc.
¨ Cutting orthotropic shoots
V. Pests, diseases and control measures for coffee trees: 1. Use of pesticides
¨ No pesticide use ¨ Using as scheduled ¨ Using on the diseased objects
¨ Applying to the entire area ¨ Using pesticides included in the banned list
2. Application of Integrated pest management (IPM) ¨ Did not apply ¨ Applied IPMIf any, which practices have you applied? ¨ Using good varieties ¨ Pruning and shaping for ventilation ¨ Shade trees and windbreak trees management ¨ Applying balanced appropriate fertilizer ¨ Watering sufficiently ¨ Wild weed management ¨ Visiting fields regularly
¨ Using natural enemies ¨ Using manual measures: cutting, uprooting,
catching and trapping… ¨ Using pesticides according to the 4-right
principle: the right pesticide, the right time, the right dosage and concentration, and the right way
3. Occupational safety in applying pesticides a. Protective equipment
¨ Protective helmet ¨ Protective clothing ¨ Gauze mask
¨ Gloves ¨ Boots ¨ Mask
¨ Safety goggles ¨ No protective equipment
is being usedb. Transport, storage and use
¨ No transporting of pesticides along with food, livestock feed, livestock, or passengers ¨ Using pesticides without leaking ¨ No buying excessive amounts of pesticides ¨ Storing pesticides (unused or leftover) in the right place and in the right way ¨ Reading carefully and applying as instructed ¨ Ensuring that pregnant women and children, the elders and patients do not apply pesticides ¨ Equipment used for applying pesticides must be safe ¨ No applying pesticides when there is unbroken sunshine ¨ No spraying of pesticides when there is upwind, no eating, drinking and smoking while spraying ¨ Cleaning tools and equipment carefully ¨ Ensuring isolation time after spraying
34
¨ Bags of pesticides after use must be cleaned, collected and buried.
VI. Coffee harvesting, preliminary processing and storage 1. Harvesting
¨ Picking ripe coffee above 80% ¨ Picking ripe coffee below 80% a. Types of processing
¨ Selling fresh coffee cherries ¨ Wet processing ¨ Dry processing2. Preliminary processing
¨ Drying on the ground ¨ Drying on a canvas, net ¨ Drying on a cement yard ¨ Using a dryer
¨ Not drying in too thick a layer (less than 5cm)
¨ Dry coffee moisture should be below 12.5%
3. Storage ¨ Storing coffee in clean bags (Not used bags of fertilizers) ¨ Storing coffee 30cm away from the wall and 15cm from the floor ¨ Storing separate from contamination sources (toilets, fertilizers, pesticides, oil, etc.) ¨ Storing coffee at a moisture of 12.5%
VII. Other comments: 1. Regarding the document’s contents on sustainable coffee production:
Have you applied the contents as recommended? ¨ Yes ¨ No
If any: Is this document useful to your coffee farming?
¨ Not at all ¨ Maybe
¨ Yes ¨ Very useful
If not: Why have you not applied the techniques? ………………………
..........................................................................................................................................................................
2. When applying these good agricultural practices, how effective are they?
¨ Saving investment costs (0 – 100%): ..................................................... .............................................
¨ Increasing productivity (0 – 100%): ....................................................... .............................................
¨ Enhancing awareness of environmental protection: ............................... .............................................
3. For you, what needs improving in this document? ¨ Content ¨ Form ¨ Other …………………
“ConnectingKnowledge,ServingCommunity”
35
4. Please provide your comments on the issue of sustainable coffee farming: .............................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT CENTER
